Ukuqala Yezinguquko England: izimbangela, usuku, imiphumela

INkathi yeziNguquko eYurophu - esivusa setepolitiki, zenkolo ezaholela ikhefu ne iSonto lamaKatolika kudalwa izimfundiso ngokuyinhloko entsha uqhosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi sigaba kuhilelani ukuhanjiswa kobunikazi komhlaba, ukwakha isigaba okuthiwa izikhulu ezintsha futhi ushintshe yonke uhlamvu yamasiko eziningana emazweni Western Europe.

INGEMUVA mkhuba

Ukuqala Yezinguquko laseNgilandi laliphethwe phambili Amathrendi kakade abasafufusa kwamanye amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Iqiniso lokuthi e eJalimane ekuqaleni XVI leminyaka, imfundiso okwandile Martina Lyutera , futhi wadala entsha, iLuthela isonto, owawungumnyaka ngokuphongoza iSonto. Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye-mlando bavame ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi lezi zinguquko ziye wayenezizathu ngokujulile zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Iqiniso liwukuthi kule nkathi zezindela namasonto kwakungamadodana enkulu abaninimhlaba izinduna kanye nonxiwankulu, futhi sithole amandla kanye gentry isilinganiso babenesithakazelo ukuthola umhlaba amaphasela. Royal amandla, isidingo sabo ukwesekwa waya eziningi sina izinyathelo ukuze ekuphucweni sezindela futhi isonto impahla wazinika wakhe abalandeli.

Izizathu izinguquko kuleli zwe

Ukuqala Yezinguquko England kufanele kubhekwe njengengxenye izici ukuthuthukiswa ngenhlalakahle yezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko. Leli zwe waba ngowokuqala owalubhada indlela imisebenzi ukuthuthukiswa zama-Capitalist. Kulapha aqala isingeniso asebenzayo imishini ekukhiqizeni, kokusungulwa ezihlukahlukene amadivaysi technical, okuye kwaholela ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha umkhakha nokurhwebelana. Yingakho esimweni labasacala kwakhiwa ungqimba onxiwankulu nosomabhizinisi ababenesithakazelo okucebisayo futhi inzuzo.

Lokhu amafilosofi entsha lithole yande kakhulu ngisho kamuva sasekelwa amandla wasebukhosini. Esinye isizathu ukuthi nomthelela ukushintsha okuphawulekayo ezinjalo - Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuleli zwe akukaze lakhiwe absolutism. Ukuqala Yezinguquko England okufanele kuhambisane yokuthi zokugcina: amakhosi okuhle kuyadingeka ikakhulu ukusekelwa onxiwankulu futhi izikhulu ezintsha, okuyinto baye baba neqhaza elikhulu kwezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo, ukuze bakwazi neze kushaywe indiva.

Iminyaka yokuqala wokubusa kwenkosi entsha

Ukuqala Yezinguquko England, sihlehlela Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVI. Kwase kakade wavuthwa izimfanelo anele izinguquko ezinkulu yonke imikhakha yempilo. Nokho, lapha ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kakade waqala ukwakha ibandla elisha, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iziphathimandla Katolika wathatha izinyathelo sina yokulicindezela. Ukuvela ngeNkathi Yezinguquko waqala nenkosi entsha Tudor lwamakhosi. UHenry VIII ka, ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, ekuqaleni asekelwe ebuKatolikeni futhi ngisho wabhala upapa abazinikezele iphamfulethi evikela ukholo. Nokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ubuqambi kwaba okuzisholo nokuthi umbhalo kungokwalabo nabasizi bakhe abaseduze Thomas More wayesebenzisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-King washada Ekaterine Aragonskoy, okuyinto eyabangela anti uMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma uCharles V Waphishekela Inqubomgomo rapprochement ne iSonto France: izwi, ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe kwaphawulwa ukwesekwa ngoba ubuKatolika. Nokho, maduzane nje, uHenry VIII washintsha evele Yiqiniso, isizathu ukuthi babe izinguquko ezinkulu kule nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe.

zezinhlekelele emkhayeni

Sekuvele waveza ukuthi izwe liye wavuthwa izizathu ezijulile futhi ezimisele izinguquko yonke imikhakha yempilo. Onxiwankulu futhi izikhulu ezintsha wafuna ukuthola ezweni zezindela namasonto ukuthi, eqinisweni, kwabangela ama-Icebo lika. Ukuqala Yezinguquko England, usuku ngokuvamile libhekisela 1534, Nokho, kungenxa, izici zangaphandle. Iqiniso ukuthi INkosi yafuna ukuba ihlukane nomkayo ngoba enganikanga inzalo yesilisa, futhi ngaphandle ke wayemdala kakhulu. Ukuze lokhu ingezwe omunye nemizana isimo ngenxa yezizathu siqu: Henry wathandana Anne Boleyn, owawudinga imishado engokomthetho.

Break neRoma

Ukuqala Yezinguquko England, lapho usuku eduze ahlobene kwezombusazwe sangaphakathi iNkosi, wayephakathi umphumela yisisusa luyingxenye zangaphandle, okwaholela inhlekelele ubudlelwane phakathi kukahulumeni kanye iSonto LamaKatolika. Ngokusho imithetho isikhathi, ukuvumela ayengakwenza isehlukaniso kuphela upapa. Bathi kuye uHenry imvume ngayinye ukudivosa. Nokho, upapa wenqaba. Isizathu kwakuwukuthi empeleni yayingaphansi kokulawula ephelele uCharles V, owayeneminyaka indodana yomfowabo ka-Ekateriny Aragonskoy. Khona-ke inkosi ofuthelene yamemezela ukuthi akasakuthandi kungaphansi igunya likapapa wamemezela ukuzimela iSonto LaseSheshi.

Izinguquko ekuphathweni

Lo mcimbi elikhulu kunawo European kwakuyisiqalo Yezinguquko England. 1534 kulesi sici kwakushintsha: kwaba khona-ke inkosi wakhipha uMthetho Wegunya Eliphakeme, okuyinto wamemezela kuye ikhanda lika esontweni lakhe laseSheshi. Lesi isilinganiso, Nokho, akusho ukuhlelwa kabusha olukhulu ekuphathweni isonto njengoba ngokuyisisekelo nomthelela amazinga engenhla ezokuphathwa ngenkathi emkhakheni waqhubeka idivayisi efanayo. Kwathiwa lalilokhu episcopate.

Ukuqamba enhlanganweni

Kwamakhosi kanye iNguquko eNgilandi, eqinisweni, hhayi kakhulu kuyaphikisana, njengoba kuye kwaphawulwa, isibonelo, eFrance. Ngokuphambene, e-UK uhulumeni uqobo wenze isinyathelo sokuqala kulezi zinxushunxushu kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo. Naphezu aphikelele nemikhuba yamasiko yamaKatolika kanye episcopate, uHenry VIII aqala ukulawula ukwabiwa wesabelo kobufundisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igunya zaziphinde zibe nelungelo lokuqoka ababhishobhi. Kodwa lezi zinyathelo babe olukhulu nakakhulu: uhulumeni sesiqhubeke kwezincwadi impahla Izigodlo: imigexo kanye nezwe. Kugcine wahlala isikhathi eside endaweni yengcebo: base basakaza phakathi nabakhulu onxiwankulu elalisanda kumiswa.

izici zayo

Izici kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni eNgilandi zazimi kanje: Okokuqala, kwakungadingeki ephelezelwa izinhlekelele ezinkulu, njengalezo eFrance noma e-Germany (emashumini eminyaka ambalwa yokuqala yagqashuka Huguenot impi, kanye kwesibili kwaqala izimpi zenkolo kanye neMpi ongumlimi). Okwesibili, yezinguquko kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho kanye zenkolo ezenziwa igunya lasebukhosini. Kulesi ungabona ezinye izici ezifanayo kanye ababusi German lapho isibalo kwababusi kubuye kusekelwe imfundiso entsha. Nokho, e-England ukuthi kwakwenzeka ezweni lonke. Ekugcineni, iNguquko wathatha ngokulinganisela kakhulu kuleli zwe. Ngokusho eziningana ochwepheshe, iSonto LaseSheshi uthethe ngokwesilinganiso, Lesisemkhatsini, indawo ephakathi Katolika amaProtestani. ENgilandi wahlala rites yamaKatolika kanye episcopate.

Isimo sengqondo umphakathi

Omunye izindikimba main emlandweni Ngasekuqaleni isikhathi zanamuhla Yezinguquko England. Kafushane mayelana kuqhathaniswa emibuthanweni yakhe kwezenhlalo, ungabika lokhu okulandelayo: iningi onxiwankulu futhi izikhulu ezintsha wamukela kube lenguquko. Nokho, kwakukhona neze. Phakathi kwamaProthestani kwakukhona nalabo ukuthi ebezidinga eminye lula inhlangano Church isibonelo abalandeli bakaCalvin. Nokho, abanye ngokuthi ukubuya yamaKatolika. Inkosi ngokulinganayo waphishekela zombili izingxenye nokuphikiswa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwezinto ezweni uye walondoloza ngokulinganisela yayo. Nokho, ababesekela ngaphezulu olukhulu ushintsho esontweni okungukuthi usalulondolozile ngisho Wasukuma waya endaweni XVII ekhulwini yayo isikhundla. Babizwa ngokuthi amaPuritan futhi kwaba ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa zabo, futhi kwakungekho-English wobunxiwankulu revolution wokubusa uCharles I uStuart.

Imiphumela izinguquko eSontweni

Ezenye ngeNkathi Yezinguquko eNgilandi sibe sibi kakhulu ngoba iyunithi yayo setepolitiki, zenkolo. Ukusabalalisa umhlaba batholakele ngesikhathi zezindela we Izicukuthwane ezintsha kanye nonxiwankulu, inkosi ngaleyo ndlela ezidalwe ubuso babo ukusizakala. Ngakho, izwe ubumbe ungqimba zabantu abanesithakazelo kokuqhubeka izinguquko kanye nokuhlanganiswa isimo esikhona manje. Izicukuthwane entsha ngabe ukulondoloza izwe kutholwa, futhi ngakho konke ngazwi linye asekelwe wokubusa U-Elizabeth I, indodakazi yenkosi yase-Anne Boleyn, eyathatha inkambo ukulondolozwa izinguquko, okuyinto aqaphela uyise.

Omunye yi ngeNkathi Yezinguquko kwaba ukudalwa ibandla elisha-Anglican, esekhona namanje namuhla. kwekuhlela kabusha Lokulingene nomthelela ukulondolozwa kwalo ngisho ukusatshalaliswa, kuyilapho imisinga eziwukweqisa abashonelwe inani nabasekeli bakhe.

Kuchubeka inqubomgomo amaProtestani ukwamukelwa

Iminyaka ngeNkathi Yezinguquko eNgilandi, ihlanganisa isikhathi kusuka 1534, lapho uHenry VIII wakhipha uMtsetfo Eliphakeme, futhi kuze 1603, lapho yokushonelwa indodakazi yakhe, u-Elizabeth I, okuyinto, empeleni ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo kayise. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi ngemva kokufa kwenkosi izinqubomgomo zakhe baqhubeka ibamba lendodana yakhe kwezinsana, Edward VI, elalingelamaFilisti party amaProthestani. Nokho, wabusa isikhathi esifushane, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe ukubusa, indodakazi Genriha uMariya, eyaba inqubomgomo ukubuya sobuKatolika. Yena wayeshade King of Spain, umsekeli ubuKatolika, kanti kuqale ushushiso amaProthestani.

Nokho, ngemva kokufa -Elizabeth I wamemezela inkambo imvume imfundiso entsha kuleli zwe. ukuguqulwa kaHenry usemthethweni, EsengamaProthestani iye wamemezela njengoba inkolo isimo, futhi kwathatha yobuKatolika ulinganiswa umbuso. AmaKatolika kwakudingeka zikhokhe izintela ephakeme kunaleyo amaProthestani. Ngakho, e-UK ekugcineni waqinisekisa iNguquko iphiko ngokulinganisela.

Inani

INkathi yeziNguquko England wadlala indima juqu ukuthuthukiswa capitalism kuleli zwe. Iqiniso ukuthi inkolo entsha wamemezela main isidingo umgomo kwandzisa lwati impahla kanye ekuqongeleleni amafa kwezomnotho. Lokhu amafilosofi okuhambisana ngokugcwele iimfuneko osomabhizinisi kanye nonxiwankulu. Kusukela manje, isifiso sabo umholo wabo wathola ukulungisiswa uqhosha. On ushona obengeziwe Yezinguquko imibono ukhuluma iqiniso ukusabalala mkhuba samaPuritan okuyinto wakhuthaza ushona kabusha.

Ukuthuthukiswa capitalism ngokomongo ngeNkathi Yezinguquko

INkathi yeziNguquko England kumele umongo ubonisa ngalolu shintsho eYurophu iyonke. Isizathu ukunqoba kwayo kumelwe khonga ngaphakathi the ukuvuthwa of ubudlelwano kosozimali futhi ukuphothulwa isigaba wobunxiwankulu, okuyinto asekelwe lokhu kuthambekela. Ngenkathi amanye amazwe, njenge-France, i-Reform Movement wahlulwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kwakusenabakhulekeli ubudlelwane obuqinile amakhosi asendulo.

INkathi yeziNguquko England (bheka ithebula ngezansi sibonisa nezimbangela zayo, Yiqiniso futhi umphumela) kwaba yingqophamlando ushintsho esingokwenkolo eYurophu.

England eqinisweni kwaba ezweni capitalism enqobile, futhi ungqimba izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho edingekayo substantiation, ukuthi wamnika eNkathini Yezinguquko. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele yokuthi Yezinguquko nomoya walo uhambisane ngokuphelele ukuzihlanganisa sengqondo isiNgisi, nge liyasiza futhi yayo kahle.