Italy eMpini Yezwe I: izici phambi kwama-Italian

Ngobusuku obandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-Europe kwadingeka umbimbi ababili basempini: i Entente (France, Britain, Russia) futhi Triple Alliance (eJalimane, e-Austria-Hungary, i-Italy). Nokho, lapho Izwe Elidala shí zokuchitha igazi, ibhalansi zamanxusa ishintshile. NgoMbuso Kuyi- Apennine nhlonhlo wenqaba ukusekela eJalimane nase-Austria-Hungary, Kwathi ekuqaleni empini Serbia, bese ne Entente. Ngenxa yalokho we demarche engena Okokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Italy ke lihlehlisiwe. Izwe, ningathandi ahileleke a omakhelwane mpi, wamemezela hlangothi kwabo. Kodwa angasondeli namanje kuhlulekile.

Amagoli nezithakazelo Italy

Buholi betepolitiki Italy (kufaka phakathi i-King Victor Emmanuel III) ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, wafuna nokuqalisa imiklamo eziningana geopolitical. Endaweni yokuqala kwakukhona bemisa amakoloni eNyakatho Afrika. Kodwa umbuso waba nezinye nezifiso, eyagcina okubangelwa entry wezwe phakathi Okokuqala Umhlaba. umakhelwane wayo enyakatho kwaba-Austria-Hungary. Ohlanga abakwaHabsburg elawulwa hhayi kuphela sifinyelela phakathi iDanube futhi aseBalkan, kodwa futhi insimu amangalelwe ngohlelo aseRoma: Venice, eDalmathiya, Istria. Engxenyeni yesibili ye-Italy XIX leminyaka e umfelandawonye Prussia wathatha omunye Austria uphikise umhlaba. It wayephakathi kwabo Venice. Nokho, wonke akazange ukuphatha ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi Austria nase-Italy.

Triple Alliance, ezazihlanganisa kwala mazwe womabili, isibe isixazululo ebucayini. AmaNtaliyane babenethemba lokuthi abakwaHabsburg, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ibuyiselwe kubo ngu North-Eastern emazweni awo. Ikakhulukazi eRoma wencike ithonya eJalimane. Nokho, "kusho udadewabo omkhulu" we-Austria futhi hhayi ixazululwe ubudlelwano phakathi kubangane bawo ezimbili. Manje, lapho Italy langena kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, it sa izikhali ngokumelene wangaphambili nengisebenza ngokuwa umfelandawonye.

Isivumelwano ne Entente

Ngo 1914-1915 GG., Nakuba ayesempini European ejwayele kuphela bachitha igazi ngesilinganiso kuze kube manje kunanini ngaphambili, uhulumeni wase-Italy idabukile phakathi kweenqhema ezimbili eziphikisanayo, oscillating phakathi izithakazelo zabo ezinkulu-amandla. Yiqiniso, hlangothi yayisematheni okunemibandela kakhulu. Abezombusazwe ezidingekayo kuphela Pick uhlangothi, bese lezempi umshini bazothola imali ngokwayo. E-Italy, njengazo zonke ezinye eziyinhloko zaseYurophu amazwe, ngaphambi ezimbalwa emashumini ukulungiselela entsha jikelele kanye Amazing impi abantu besikhathi.

Ukuhileleka Roman wayezimisele ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ekugcineni, amagqubu ubudala ngokumelene Austria kanye nesifiso ukubuyela enyakatho mpumalanga esifundeni won. April 26, 1915 e-Italy iye esiphethwe Entente imfihlo London Pact atheleka. Ngokusho isivumelwano, umbuso wawungowami balwe eJalimane nase-Austria ukuze ujoyine umfelandawonye yeFrance, izwe laseBrithani nelase-Russia.

OMfelandawonye waqinisekisa Italy ngokujoyina kwezinye izindawo. Kwakungenxa Tyrol, Istria, Gorizia futhi Gradisca, kanye ne-port ebalulekile Trieste. Lezi ezivuna babekhokha ngenxa kokujoyina ingxabano. Italy eshicilelwe isimemezelo bememezela impi ngo-May 23, 1915. Futhi izihambeli Roman bavuma ukucoca isimo babenesithakazelo eDalmathiya nezinye izifundazwe Balkan ngemva kwempi. Inkambo izenzakalo wabonisa ukuthi ngisho nangemva ukunqoba okuzisholo amaNtaliyane asikwazanga ukuthola amasimu amaningi amasha esifundeni.

entabeni impi

Ngemva entry Italy sika ku kweMpi Yezwe I, umsinga isiNtaliyane, owawusuka eduze nomngcele wase-Austria-Italian. Kwakukhona emikhulu cishe esingaweleki Alps. Impi ezintabeni Ngabamba amaqembu ukuba impi ekuthuthukiseni amaqhinga, luhluke ukuthi wayekwenza eNtshonalanga noma Eastern Front. Ukuze unikeze amabutho abaphikisi wadala isimiso ikhebula izimoto Funiculars. Amadwala ezakhiwa izinqaba yokufakelwa, okungadingi ngisho ngiphuphe British nesiFulentshi owalwa emathafeni Belgium.

Italy eMpini Yezwe I wadala ekhethekile amabutho alwayo abaqwali nasesiphephweni troopers. Babamba izinqaba futhi wabhidliza ngocingo oluhlabayo. izimo Intaba impi wenza sengozini evamile ngenkathi kwesimo endaweni izindiza. ubuchwepheshe Austria, wayisebenzisa ku Eastern Front-Alps uye wakuphatha kabi kakhulu. Kodwa Italy e kuqala iMpi Yezwe I usebenzisa zasemoyeni isithombe kwesimo endaweni ekhethekile ukulungiswa emathafeni-kubabulali.

izimpi positional

Ekuqaleni umkhankaso ku section entsha phambi izibhelu ukhiye waba esigodini somfula Soca. AmaNtaliyane, oyibamba ngaphansi kokuqondisa uMphathi Jikelele Luidzhi Kadorny, waqala ukuhlasela ngokushesha ngemva olusemthethweni sempi Meyi 24, 1915. Ukuze aqukethe isitha, Austrians kwadingeka ukuba ngokushesha redeploy eWest regiments owalwa Galicia ne-Russian ibutho. umzimba owodwa uye walungiselela eJalimane. amayunithi Austro-Hungarian ngezihluthu isiNtaliyane, ubeke umyalo Jikelele uFranz von Gettsendorfa.

ERoma, thina lokuthi into engalindelekile kuzosiza amabutho ukuhambisa ngangokunokwenzeka, ensimini ka ngaphansi koMbuso Habsburg. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenyanga yokuqala yempi Italian wakwazi sibamba bridgehead emfuleni Soca. Nokho, ngokushesha yaba sobala ukuthi esigodini ill-fated iyoba yindawo sokufa ezinkulungwane nezinkulungwane amasosha. Ubude iminyaka 1915-1918. loMfula i-Isonzo kwakucishe 11 izimpi.

Italy eMpini Yezwe I wenza amaphutha ambalwa. Okokuqala, imishini yobuchwepheshe ibutho laso abasasilele ngokucacile ngemuva abaphikisi. Ikakhulukazi lubonakale kwaba umehluko wezikhali. Okwesibili, lapho kusaqalwa lo mkhankaso Ngazizwa yokungabi nokuhlangenwe nakho yempi Italian, uma iqhathaniswa naso Austrians efanayo namaJalimane owalwela ngokuba ngomnyaka wesibili. Okwesithathu, eziningi ukuhlaselwa bahlakazeka, kubonakaliswa Tactical ubuthakathaka abasebenzi strategist.

The Battle of Asiago

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1916 umyalo Italian enanisenzile kakade imizamo ezinhlanu okudlulisela Soca esigodini, kodwa wahlupheka fiasco. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Austrians ekugcineni alungele ukuba balwe sina. Amalungiselelo kuhlasela kwadonsa izinyanga ezingu-eziningana. ERoma sasazi ngakho, kodwa e-Italy phakathi neMpi Yezwe I lovamile kulelive kuncike kubangane bawo futhi ngo-1916 wayekholelwa ukuthi Austrians ngeke engozini ukuziphatha imisebenzi asebenzayo i-Alps, lapho bona abazange bazi lonke Eastern Front.

Njengoba lohleliwe ngamasosha we Habsburg ohlanga yimpumelelo esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo phezu yesibili isiqondiso eyayiyoholela encirclement lesitha e ukhiye Soca Valley. I Austrians operation bagxila esifundazweni Trentino 2000 izibhamu 200 elihamba Battalion. ukuqala kungazelelwe, ngokuthi Battle of Asiago, umkhankaso-May 15, 1916, futhi kwaqhubeka amasonto amabili. Ngaphambi kwalokho, Italy ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala sasingakafiki sibhekene nokusetshenziswa nezikhali zamakhemikhali, sesivele wathola eziyihlazo eku Front Western. Ubuthi kuhlaselwa ngesisi washaqeka lonke lelo zwe.

Ekuqaleni, Austrians smiling inhlanhla - baye bathuthela 20-30 amakhilomitha. Nokho, Okwamanje, ukuze bathathe isinyathelo waqala ibutho Russian. Yaqala edumile Brusilov okuhlambalazayo Galicia. Zingakapheli nezinsuku Austrians zinhlanga kuze kube manje ukuthi kwadingeka ukuba kabusha ukudluliswa izingxenye usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga.

Italy eMpini Yezwe ayehlukile ngesimo sawo engakwazanga uyawasebenzisa amathuba okuhlanganyela ukuthi zanikezwa izimo. Ngakho phakathi Battle of Asiago Luidzhi Kadorny ibutho umkhankaso counteroffensive ngesikhathi izimo yimpumelelo kakhulu, kodwa ihlulekile ukubuyela izikhundla zabo zangaphambili ukuzivikela. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili yempi phambi Trentino ngayeka cishe phakathi indlela ukuthi sekudlule Austria. Ngenxa yalokho, futhi ngakolunye amatiyetha zempi, futhi ohlangothini ukungqubuzana ngezihluthu Italian akakwazanga ukufeza decisive ahlula. Impi yaba positional kakhudlwana futhi isikhathi esiningi.

The Battle of Caporetto

Ezinyangeni ezalandela, amaNtaliyane aqhubeka nemizamo iyize ukushintsha front line, kuyilapho Austro-baseHungary bavikela ngokucophelela. La manzi ayeyisivikelo imisebenzi embalwa esigodini Soca nempi ye entabeni ortigara e June - July 1917. It kakade isibe oda ajwayelekile sezinto uye kwashintsha kakhulu ekwindla ka okufanayo. Ngo-Okthoba, Austrians (kulokhu basekela amaJalimane) aseqalile a okuhlaselayo ezinkulu e-Italy. Uma yelulwa yonke phambi Disemba impi (Battle of Caporetto) isibe omunye kwekulu lonke neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Ukusebenza waqala neqiniso lokuthi Okthoba 24 enamandla wezikhali bombardment izikhundla eziningi Italian yacekelwa phansi, kuhlanganise umyalo izikhungo, imigwaqo kanye imisele. Khona-ke, elihamba German kanye Austrian wathuthela okuhlaselayo esabekayo. lwaphuka Front. Abahlaseli ashaqe edolobheni Caporetto.

AmaNtaliyane wagijimela ukubaleka ihlelwe kahle. Kanye amabutho kwesokunxele nezinkulungwane zababaleki. Wabusa nezinxushunxushu engakaze ibonwe emigwaqweni. EJalimane nase-Italy ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I kuthiwa ngokulinganayo ehlaselwe ezibucayi, kodwa ekwindla ka-1917 kwaba amaJalimane bakwazile ukugubha ukunqoba eside elindelwe. Bona Austrians isihambile ngu 70-100 amakhilomitha. Phambili kwavinjwa kuphela Piave emfuleni, uma umyalo Italian yamemezela ukugqugquzela omkhulu kakhulu yonke impi. On the front kuyinto neobstrelyannye abafana engu-18 ubudala. Ngu-December, ingxabano isibe kabusha isikhundla. AmaNtaliyane abalahlekelwe abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-70. Kwakuyisikhathi ukunqotshwa nezesabekayo akakwazanga ukuhlala ngaphandle kwemiphumela.

The Battle of Caporetto wangena ngempi nomlando njengoba omunye imizamo embalwa yimpumelelo ukuze ifohle namaJalimane Austrians isikhundla phambi. Baye batfole lelizinga, hhayi okungenani ngokusebenzisa wezikhali ukulungiselela ngempumelelo, futhi bagcine ekusithekeni ngokuqinile ukunyakaza lixuku. Kulinganiselwa ezihlukahlukene, baye basondelana abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2,5 ngo-operation nhlangothi zombili. Ngemva kokunqotshwa e-Italy washintsha oyinhloko (indawo ye Luidzhi Kadorny wathatha u-Armando Diaz), kanye oMfelandawonye zanquma ukubathumela kuya Apennines nezinsizasenzo. Nakuba abantu ababephila futhi inzalo mass abalazi Battle of Caporetto zikhunjulwe ngokukhethekile ngenxa inoveli edumile emhlabeni wonke "A Farewell ukuze Arms." Umbhali wayo u-Ernest Hemingway ayelwa egibele phambili Italy.

Battle of the River Piave

Entwasahlobo ka-1918 ibutho lamaJalimane Ngagcina nini wazama ukwephula ngokusebenzisa Front positional Western. AmaJalimane babefuna ukuba la Austrians ukuqala okuhlaselayo abo e-Italy ukuba abophe khona ngangokunokwenzeka kwezinhloko zamaviyo Entente.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Empire Habsburg yayijabulela iqiniso lokuthi ngoMashi, amaBolshevik alethwe Russia aphume impi. phambi Eastern kwakungasekho. Nokho, kakhulu Austro-Hungary yayisikhokhiwe kakhulu mpilo iminyaka impi, futhi wabonisa ukuthi Battle of Piave (15-23 June 1918). Okuhlaselayo petered aphume emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa nje ngemva kokuqala ukusebenza. Athintekayo hhayi kuphela ukunwetshwa ibutho Austria, kodwa futhi isibindi amaNtaliyane crazy. Fighters abaye babonisa ukukhuthazela esingakulingisa Amazing, ziye zabizwa ngokuthi "caimans Piave".

Ukunqotshwa yokugcina-Austria-Hungary

Ekwindla kwaba ukuqala ukuhlasela Entente ku izikhundla isitha. Lapha kufanele sikhumbula izizathu kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Italy ezidingekayo ezifundeni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yezwe, okuqondene Austria. Habsburg umbuso ekupheleni 1918 sekuqalile iba yingxenye yomhlabathi. Plurinational State kabaze baba lakho ukuma empini kwesikhathi eside ukuzithumela kwezinye izindawo nokufa. Ngaphakathi Empire Austro-Hungarian waphula zombango: i baseHungary kwesokunxele phambi lwamaSlav yafuna ukuzimela.

ERoma, wamanje isimo yikona okungcono ukuze kufezeke izinhloso okuyiwona kokubili kwenzakala Italy Yokuqala iMpi Yezwe. A amaziyo emfushane imifanekiso zokugcina impi ewumnqamula-juqu ye Vittorio Veneto ngokwanele ukuthi bangaqonda ukuthi oMfelandawonye luphumelele, ukuze ngizuze zonke esalele ukusebenza esifundeni. Kwakuhileleke ngezigaba ezingaphezu kuka-50 isiNtaliyane, kanye izigaba 6 oMfelandawonye (Britain, iFrance ne-United States abajoyine).

Ngenxa yalokho, lo offensive we Entente cishe ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. amabutho Austrian Demoralized, zihlakazeke ungaphazanyiswa yilabo izindaba ezivela ekhaya, abantu abenqaba ukulwa ophikweni olunamandla ngemva division. Ekuqaleni kuka-Novemba, ibutho uye capitulated ngokuphelele. I ukuxolelana esasayinwa ku 3 izinombolo kanye 4 yokulwa kumisiwe. Kwesonto ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane nesemthethweni. Impi yaphela. Manje yisikhathi lokunqoba nakwezombusazwe abawinile.

izinguquko indawo

I yezingxoxo inqubo, lwaqala ngemva Okokuqala iMpi Yezwe, sasingekho kancane eside ngaphandle langempela wokuchitha igazi njengezilo esinamathambo Izwe Elidala. Isiphetho eJalimane nase-Austria okuxoxwe ngokwehlukile. Habsburg umbuso zigoqiwe naphezu ukuqala ukuthula eside elindelwe. Manje amazwe Entente abangu nezinkampani uhulumeni omusha republic.

osomaqhinga Austrian nababesizana elalihlangana emzini isiFulentshi eSaint-Germain. Izingxoxo sebelithathile ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. yi wazo wawudlula eSaint-Germain-Treaty. Ngokusho kwakhe, Italy ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I got Istria, South Tyrol futhi izingxenye eDalmathiya futhi eCarinthia. Nokho, leli thimba lamazwe enqobile ayefuna ukuqashelwa kabanzi nokuthi wayezama ukwandisa ubukhulu Austrians ashaqe izindawo. Ngenxa backroom aqondisa kuphumelele futhi uthumele kwezinye iziqhingi ngasogwini eDalmathiya.

Nokho, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo nakwezombusazwe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, imiphumela Italy wanelisekile akuyona lonke lelo zwe. Iziphathimandla yayifisa Kungaba kusengenzeka uqale ukunwetshwa emazweni aseBalkan futhi uthole okungenani ingxenye angomakhelwane esifundeni. Kodwa ngemva kokuwa ayengaphansi Empire Austria, elakhiwa lapho eYugoslavia - Kingdom of namaSerbia, eCroatia futhi Slovenes, okwakubekelwa ngeke sikuvumele ngamasentimitha indawo yabo siqu.

Imiphumela impi

Njengoba imigomo Italy e-kweMpi Yezwe I futhi engakaze kufinyelelwa, kwakukhona ukungeneliseki komphakathi kanye elisha zokuhlola ezasungulwa St Germain ukuthula sivumelwano. Yena kwakufanele nemiphumela efinyelela kude kangaka. Ukudumazeka sahlanganisa ukulahlekelwa omkhulu wokuphila nokubhubhisa kubangelwa lizwe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ithobela Italy ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, waba isithulu amasosha 2 million nezinduna, lesi sifo sabulala inani abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-400 (futhi zabulala abantu abangaba ngu 10,000 abazihlelele izifundazwe esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga). It akha ukugeleza yokuthutheleka okukhulu kwababaleki. Ezinye zazo ephethwe ukubuyela ekuphileni zakhe zangaphambili endaweni lwakubo.

Nakuba leli zwe lalikhungethwe ngakolunye uhlangothi nge Kubanqobi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, imiphumela Italy kwatholakala ukuthi azinaso ezingaphezu kuka omuhle. ukunganeliseki komphakathi zokuchitha igazi saba abangenangqondo kanye bamlandele ku 1920, bomnotho uye ngamsiza ukuba amandla Benito uMussolini kanye wamaFascist Party. Tindlela efanayo imicimbi elinde naseJalimane. Kwala mazwe womabili, abafisa ubuyekeze umphumela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ekugcineni idedelwa esibi nakakhulu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1940, e-Italy akayikhohliwe ukuzibophezela ahlangene ukuze amaJalimane, wenqaba kubo ngo-1914