Abaculi Wanderers futhi amakghonwabo. abaculi Russian abajikelezayo kwekhulu le-19

Ifa uyasala ngabaculi abajikelezayo, esikhulu ngempela futhi enezici. Baqala zibonisa ukudwetshwa yakhe zabantu abavamile, ngisho nendlela yabo yokuphila, imikhuba, imizwa kanye nesimo ngokomzwelo. On the emidwebweni abaculi Wanderers ungabona futhi izigcawu kusuka emlandweni isiRashiya, ihlanganise amandla longapheli umoya zabantu abavamile. Phakathi yobuciko kwalesi sikhathi ayatholakala ekumeni zabantu abadumile futhi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Umlando likasoseshini

Abaculi Wanderers kwakungamadodana namaqiniso wokuqala Russian. Bona waqhathanisa amakghonwabo esiqinile canons zezemfundo, kude ngokoqobo lanamuhla nezimfuno ukuphila wesimanje. Association of nemibukiso ezijikelezayo zazibizwa kanjalo ihlelwe Petersburg. umlando abathandwayo kulo mphakathi. Ngo-1863, nane the best abaphothula Academy of Arts yafuna kobuholi isinqumo kuze nokuzikhethela ngenkululeko isihloko iphethini mncintiswano. Njengoba benqaba, abafundi abasha abazange bangabaze phumani semfundo ukuhlela inhlangano khulula. Ngo-1870, ngokusho V Perov bona, kanye abaculi eMoscow ngikudalile Association of nemibukiso abajikelezayo. Esichasiselweni wokuqala wavulwa kakade 1871. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, lo namaqiniso osemusha waya ukuyichazela ukuphila okuyikho njalo ukuhlupheka futhi abantukazana abacindezelekile, engaphansi amandla ocebile nabanikazi bemihlaba. Imibukiso ukuthi okuhleliwe abaculi abajikelezayo leyo micimbi yaba yimpumelelo enkulu, futhi kule mikhakha ahlukahlukene iningi labantu.

Ngaphezulu kwempilo likasoseshini owawuse nemibukiso amane nesishiyagalombili eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Riga, Yaroslavl, Tula, Saratov, Chisinau, Kazan, eKursk, Voronezh, Poltava, laseKharkov, Odessa, Kiev nakwamanye amadolobha. "Ukuchayeka Abantu" futhi baqala ukuhlala emadolobheni amancane, nasemizaneni nakweminye emincanyana. imfundo zabantu abavamile - ingenye imibono bezingelwa abaculi Wanderers. Uhlu labahlanganyeli omphakathi kuhlanganisa Okugweda engcono abadwebi ka yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye eminyaka lwamashumi amabili. Phakathi kwabo nemaloizvestny GG Myasoedov, Petrov, I. Kramskoy, K. Sawicki, G. Savrasov, A. Kuindzhi, Shishkin, Repin, Vasnetsov, Levitan, S. Ivanov, . Arkhipov nezinye ubuntu ovelele.

imisebenzi yokudala

Novemba 29, 1871 Petersburg wavula embukisweni eqala ukuhambela. On ukuchayeka ayethula imisebenzi abadwebi elishumi elinamithandathu. imidwebo amane nesikhombisa yafakwa embukisweni tetsamelilwati takhe wona. Kamuva, e Moscow, isibalo imidwebo embukisweni safinyelela 82. Lo mbukiso esifanayo kamuva wathuthela Kiev futhi laseKharkov. imidwebo enjalo ngabaculi Russian we Wanderers, njengoba "Meyi Ebusuku" (I. Kramskoy), "Abazingeli at Phumula", "i-Portrait of a I. yomthengisi S. Kamynina," "Umdobi", "i-Portrait A. N. Ostrovskogo" (VG . Perov), "i Ehlasela Ingabe kufika" (A. Savrasov), "ezingenalutho" (I. Pryanishnikova) langena umlando imidwebo Russian. Ezinkondlweni zakhe babhekana namaqiniso wathembela hhayi kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho Umdwebo isiRashiya, kodwa futhi ipumelelo classical kanye wesimanje art emhlabeni. abameleli abaningi lenkampani eminyakeni ezahlukene bebheke Academy of Arts wavakashela amazwe, lowemukela isipiliyoni asebenza nabo, wafunda ikhono nangenkathi kanye izitayela ezahlukene. imibono yabo kanye nemigqondo kubo ukusebenza imisebenzi. Ukudala Peredvizhnik buvezwa ukuhamba izwe ubuciko yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye eminyaka lwamashumi amabili.

Alexei Savrasov

Landscape umdwebi. Kuyinto omunye wabasunguli be-Association of the Wanderers. Ngo 1844 umculi osemusha ngokumelene nentando kayise engena School of Painting ephothulwe ngempumelelo e-1850. Eyokuqala namathafa Alekseya Kondratevicha - "Buka of the Kremlin e sezulu esibi", "Buka eMoscow kusukela Sparrow Hills" - benamandla imibono romanticism. Savrasov ngenkuthalo uhlanganyela nemibukiso, futhi lifundisa eSikoleni of Ukuqopha kanye Painting. Ngo-1862 ehamba phesheya, wafike waya kuyikhono embukisweni London, Paris, Munich, Dresden, Berlin, Copenhagen nabanye. Ikakhulukazi yabakhanga umculi German futhi abadwebi IsiZulu ngesifiso sakhe kutimela kanye iqiniso. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Alexei Kondratyevich wabhala omunye imidwebo yakhe edumile - "Elk Island", ngoba ngalo kamuva umklomelo ngesikhathi mncintiswano eMoscow. Kusukela 1870 yena nomkakhe balihamba eRussia (Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Novgorod). Okuvelayo yakhe ubuhle umama nemvelo izithombe ke okuhambisa. Ngakho kukhona "chitha iVolga" nesithi "Ehlasela Ingabe Ufike". Ukuthi lezi imidwebo banikezwe embukisweni bokuqala futhi ihlelwe Russian abaculi Wanderers. Esikhathini imisebenzi kulotshiwe 870 sika, kukhona ezikhulayo nokukhathazeka edangele: "Ukushona kwelanga marsh", "Moonlight", "Ithuna we iVolga", "Rye". iminyaka yakhe yokugcina umculi ayichitha sicindezeleke kakhulu.

Ivan Shishkin

Amagama Peredvizhnik eyaziwa kude lé nemingcele njengezitha zezwe lokhokho. Isibonelo esimangalisayo kulesi - Shishkin. Nge igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa umlando landscape yasekhaya, indalo yakhe baye baba zabuna kazwelonke futhi kwakuqala ukwanda okukhulu. umculi Ikusasa wazalwa ngo idolobha elincane Elabuga yomthengisi umndeni e 1832. Ngo-1848 ngesikhathi engena Kazan yokuzivocavoca, kepha akaqedanga ke. Emuva ekhaya, isikhathi eside ifuna indlela yakhe yesikhathi esizayo. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili Shishkin abasha engena School of Painting, endaweni yekhanda lakhe egxilile izifundo zabo futhi emsebenzini. I lomculi njalo udonsa. Yakhe ephefumulelwe bemvelo, amahlathi kanye namathafa yasemakhaya, ongumlimi ukuphila. Okokuqala, woza kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, umsebenzi Shishkin - kuyinto "Pine phezu kwedwala." Umdwebo namafutha ababethi 1855. Ngo-1856, u-Ivan wangena Academy of Fine Arts (Petersburg). Imisebenzi yakhe ekuseni igcwele uthando. Ngo 1858 ebhala omunye imidwebo yakhe edume kunazo zonke, "Buka esiqhingini Valaam." Ukuze lo msebenzi, ngo-1860 yena yanikezelwa ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide embukisweni zezemfundo. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu (1860) Shishkin wathumela phesheya. Phakathi nale nkathi lapho kudala nemaloizvestny wobuciko "Buka eduze Dusseldorf", okwethulwa embukisweni Paris. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe ekhaya Ivan osondela I.Kramskoy - umsunguli we "Artel abaculi." Eminyakeni eyalandela wabhala inombolo ebukeka ( "Ngo eduze eMoscow", "I Izinkuni owawuhilelekile lapho-ukugawula", "Umkhumbi Grove", "Ihlathi Stream"). Imisebenzi yakhe ngaso sonke isikhathi esegqoka nemibukiso ezikufanelayo Russian abaculi Wanderers. Kuze kube namuhla, obukhulu kakhulu landscape athandwa kakhulu.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy

abaculi Russian abajikelezayo kwekhulu le-19 wadala omkhulu portrait igalari. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, benza kuchazwa abantu kakhulu kuleli zwe, abantu abanegama wesayensi namasiko. yobuciko eziningi zaqanjwa ngomyalo edumile art abavikela futhi ngalendoda P. Tretyakov. Ngiqinisile portraitist brilliant kwaba Kramskoy. Uyabaqinisa ithalenta lo mculi ekhaliphile sokusebenza kwengqondo uvele Kwesimo Lva Tolstogo. Lokhu wobuciko yabhalwa ngo-1873 e Yasnaya Polyana. Iyahola umculi kuletha umqondo ocacile futhi abahlakaniphile umbhali. Ukubona umlobi odumile Russian isekelwe (ukubaluleka ngaphakathi nangaphandle lula) Ngokuphambene ezisekelwe. Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile isithombe Archaeology "Nosizi lusizi" ukuveza imizwa komama ukujula. Eminyakeni 1860-1870 wayengumuntu ngenkuthalo bazibandakanye enhlanganweni nemibukiso, okuyinto kwenziwa abaculi Wanderers. Umsebenzi Kramskogo "Kristu Ugwadule" esethulwa emihlanganweni ukuchayeka yesibili. Ifa umculi, ikakhulukazi i ekumeni zabantu abavamile, "Polesovschik", "akwaziwa" "Umlimi ngesifonyo," etc ...

Ilya Efimovich Repin

Mhlawumbe esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni Umdwebo isiRashiya kwakuwulimi mdwebo "Barge Haulers". Encwadini yakhe ethi, umculi yabonisa ngokucacile ukuwa isithombe zabantu abavamile. Ngaphambi Repin kule edabukisayo kakhulu kanye emangalisayo indaba akekho kubhekwane. Kulokhu, umculi yabonisa buciko kwakhe kuzo zonke izindlela yobuciko ekupheleleni. Enye indalo Repin abalulekile - "Isakhiwo Procession eSifundazweni eKursk". Nakuba yabhalwa ngo-1883, lo mdwebo bakhangwa isixazululo engavamile ebabazekayo compositional. udwendwe sezenkolo kufanekiswe esithombeni limelela isithombe lilonke emzaneni nge wonke amaqembu zayo kanye amakilasi. Ngothando nangozwela umbhali ephethwe ukudweba izithombe abalimi abavamile. Indawo ekhethekile imisebenzi umdwebi kuthatha wamavukelambuso indaba ephathwayo. Lwenza Umdwebo "Ngaphansi okugada", "Okungalindelekile", "Ukwenqaba Confession." Kodwa ngo-1880, u-Ilya Yefimovich libhekisela Kwesimo uhlobo, baveza abanegama wesimanje ezifana D. uMendeleyev, A. Delvig, Glinka nabanye.

Vasiliy Maksimovich Maksimov

Amakhono akhe wokuqala kwezobuciko azitholile ku workshop isithonjana-imidwebo. UVasili Maksimovich Uqede Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts ekilasini yokudweba zomlando. Yonke imisebenzi yakhe umculi isikunikezele isithombe yokuqala emhlabeni ongumlimi. imidwebo yakhe musa kuthinte nokucija izifundo kanye nemibala egqamile. Nokho, lesi sici kuphela yabakhanga abathandi art. Imisebenzi yakhe edume kunazo yilezi: "Konke esikhathini esidlule", "umyeni Iziguli", "Umndeni Isigaba". Kanye nezinye abaculi abaningi abajikelezayo kwekhulu le-19, Vasily Maksimovich emsebenzini wakhe ulwela zibonisa izimiso ophila lokudala kanye namagugu isikhathi sakhe.

Vasiliy Grigorevich Perov

Wazalelwa Tobolsk ngo-1834. Ngo usakhula, umculi osemusha eya School of Painting. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala okuphawulekayo "Ukufika ume uphenyo." Ubuciko ebhaliwe lapho esemusha, kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu phezu nemibukiso yasemgwaqweni. Ngokushesha, umdwebo "ENtshumayelweni endaweni Village" Vasily waklonyeliswa wendondo yegolide. imidwebo bakhe bokuqala libonise orientation kwezenhlalo-esibucayi lembhali. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lokhu - "udwendwe yasemaphandleni on Easter", "Ukufundisa edolobhaneni", njll Eminyakeni kamuva Perov selivela komdwebi portrait-landscape .. Kuze Him fanele the ekumeni of Dostoevsky futhi Alexander Ostrovsky. Lokho Vasily wayengomunye initiators of imisebenzi asebenzayo we lobambiswano.

Abrama Efimovich Arkhipov

Lo mculi kunikezwa indawo ebalulekile Umdwebo uhlobo isikhathi. Ngo wemisebenzi yakhe yobungcweti Arkhipov esiphezulu iqiniso ukuboniswa empilweni abantu elula yasemakhaya. Umdwebo wakhe "The Return", "Esikhathini Eye", ziye ubhekwa emhlabeni wonke. Ngo eminye yemisebenzi yakhe wambula izinkinga zezenhlalo ( "washerwomen", "usuku yesisebenzi" nokunye. D.), baveza elisindayo ongumlimi zabasebenzi.