Republic ePhalamende: izibonelo kumazwe. republic ePhalamende: uhlu

Kukhona amafomu eziyisisekelo eziningana uhulumeni ezweni lanamuhla, okuyinto kwakhiwa ngokomlando. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila uhlelo wezepolitiki njengokufaka republic ePhalamende. Izibonelo zamazwe ungathola kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini lokhu?

Yephalamende Republic (izibonelo zamazwe akulolu zohulumeni ingatholakala ngezansi) - uhlobo uhulumeni lapho bonke dlakathi fanele kuze umzimba ekhethekile zomthetho - ephalamende. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni ahlukahlukene ibizwa ngokuthi ehlukile: Bundestag - eJalimane, wePhalamende LoMbuso - e-Austria, i-Saeima - ePoland, nokunye ..

Ifomu uhulumeni "republic ePhalamende" libhekene ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi kuba iPhalamende elakha uhulumeni, okuyinto ngokugcwele kukho, futhi ikhetha umongameli wezwe (ezimweni eziningi). Njengoba zonke kuyilokhu okwenzekayo umkhuba? Ngemva kokhetho lwango yasephalamende Yabantu Party ngokuwina iningi ukwakha umfelandawonye ngesisekelo kumiswa okuyinto uhulumeni omusha. Kulokhu, party ngamunye uthola eziningi "amaphothifoliyo" ngokuhambisana isisindo yayo umfelandawonye. Futhi ngakho, imisho embalwa, futhi kungaba umbalo lebhizinisi ezifana republic ePhalamende.

Izibonelo zamazwe - the 'emsulwa "republic ePhalamende - kungaholela kulokhu okulandelayo: kuba eJalimane, e-Austria, e-Ireland, India (lena izibonelo zakudala kakhulu). Kusukela ngo-1976, inani labo ingezwe ePortugal kusukela ngo-1990 - isizwe Afrika Cape Verde.

Musa ukudida imiqondo ezifana lapho sebebuswa inkosi asephalamende republic ePhalamende, nakuba zinezikhwepha ayefana kakhulu. Ukufana eyinhloko ukuthi zombili luba igunya uba iPhalamende kanye nomongameli (noma nkosi) has kuphela umsebenzi omele, ie kuphela uhlobo uphawu yezwe. Kodwa umehluko oyinhloko kula zinhlobo zohulumeni kuyinto republic ePhalamende lapho umongameli likhethwa yiphalamende njalo, futhi kulesi sikhundla yokubusa kwamakhosi omkhulu sitholwa njengefa.

Republic: kamongameli, ePhalamende, exubile

Kuze kube manje, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu uthi. Kuye ngobukhulu nobubanzi amandla umongameli - umongameli - ovelele republic lobumengameli. Isibonelo Classic of republic kamongameli sonke isikhathi wayebhekisela kulabo-United States, izibonelo bendabuko republic ePhalamende - eJalimane, e-Italy, Czech Republic kanye nabanye.

Futhi, uhlobo lwesithathu lwabelwe kanye Republic - okuthiwa okuxubile. Ngo uthi esinjalo, ezimbili amagatsha afakwa cishe amandla afanayo futhi ulawule nomunye. Izibonelo kunazo yesiteleka lamazwe ezinjalo - France, Romania.

I izici eyinhloko republic ePhalamende

Zonke States of republic ePhalamende abe nezici ezifanayo, okumele abe efakwe ohlwini:

• amandla esiphezulu kungokwalabo ngokuphelele inhloko kahulumeni, kungenzeka kukaNdunankulu noma Shansela;
• UMongameli ukhethelwa isikhundla akusona abantu, nePhalamende (noma ibhodi ekhethekile);
• undunankulu baqokwe umengameli, nakuba eliphakanyiswe isibalo sabaholi ukwakha umfelandawonye iningi;
• umthwalo isenzo Uhulumeni uzalela ikhanda layo;
• zonke izenzo uMongameli kuyakuba isebenza kuphela uma ezisayinwe kukaNdunankulu noma uNgqongqoshe efanele.

republic ePhalamende: kuhlu lamazwe

Ukwanda emhlabeni lolu hlobo uhulumeni libanzi. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo cishe amathathu republic ePhalamende, kuyafaneleka ukuthi isibalo esisodwa kulokhu akuyona. Iqiniso lokuthi Kwamanye amazwe kunzima kakhulu ukuba kuthiwe uhlobo oluthile. Izibonelo ePhalamende Republic banikwa ngezansi (basuke basakaza phezu izingxenye zomhlaba):

• Europe - Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, i-Italy, i-Estonia, i-Ireland, Iceland, eJalimane, ePoland, Portugal, Malta, eLithuania, eLatvia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia neSlovakia;
• Eshiya - Turkey, Israyeli, Nepal, eSingapore, eNdiya, Bangladesh, Iraq;
• Afrika - Ethiopia;
• eMelika - Dominica;
• Oceania - Vanuatu.

Njengoba singabona, republic ePhalamende, uhlu okuhlanganisa emazweni angaphezu kuka-30, kukhona wansuku zonke esifundeni European. Esinye isici ukuthi ngokushesha Ubamba iso - iningi lala mazwe (ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma Europe) libhekisela athuthukile kwezomnotho isimo ophumelele ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa yeningi.

Uma thina acabangele amazwe emhlabeni simo ezingeni umbuso wenengi (inhlangano Economist Intelligence Unit), singabona ukuthi we 25 uthi eziye yaklonyeliswa isimo eliphezulu kakhulu "intando yeningi ngokugcwele", emazweni angu-21 - i-republic ePhalamende, amakhosi ohlanga. Futhi, kula mazwe abaholi kule simo IMF ngokuya lengenako GDP yezwe. Ngakho singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi ngempumelelo kakhulu futhi yimpumelelo ifomu ibhodi (isikhathi esebenzayo) eqinisweni ePhalamende Republic.

Uhlu amazwe ngenhla, futhi kungenziwa emelelwa kumephu elandelayo ukuthi republic ePhalamende abashe orange:

"Pros" futhi "nebubi" zalesi zohulumeni

Izinzuzo main isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona kukhona okulandelayo:

• uhlelo wephalamende inikeza ubunye legatsha zomthetho elikhulu;
• ngezinhlelo zikahulumeni, njengoba umthetho, thola ukusekelwa egcwele ePhalamende, iqinisekisa operation esitebeleni of lonke uhlelo lukahulumeni;
• Lokhu uhlelo lokulawula ikuvumela ukuba ngikwenze ngokugcwele isimiso ukumelwa kazwelonke kuhulumeni.

Nokho, Kukhona e republic ePhalamende nemibi ukuthi kukhona ingxenye aphume kokufaneleka isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Eyokuqala nokuntengantenga izinyunyana womanyano, okuvame ukuholela zinhlekelele zezombusazwe (izibonelo ezicacile - Ukraine noma Italy). Futhi, ngokuvamile kakhulu uhulumeni sokusebenzisana kudingeke uwuyeke ewusizo ngezenzo wezwe, ukuze ihambisane ne-line ngemibono we isivumelwano sokusebenzisana.

Enye kusimo abalulekile republic ePhalamende - zinobungozi usurpation wamandla uhulumeni wombuso uma iphalamende eqinisweni, liphenduka evamile "umshini wokushaya" imithetho.

Ngokulandelako, cabangela izici isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni republic ePhalamende: Austria, eJalimane, India nePoland.

I-Federal Republic of Austria

Iphalamende Austrian ubizwa ngokuthi "Okudla" namaPhini akhe ukhethelwa isikhathi esiyiminyaka emine. ephalamende wezwe central - Federal amacala Austria - siqukethe emakamelweni amabili: Natsionalrat (183 amasekela) kanye Bundesrat (62 amasekela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ukudla yakho ine ngamunye nezinye izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye e yase-Austria.

E-Austria, amaqembu obhalisiwe mayelana 700 kuphela, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi kuleli ephalamende Austrian emelelwa ezinhlanu kuphela.

I-Federal Republic of Germany

Iphalamende German futhi akhethwe iminyaka emine. Siqukethe emakamelweni amabili, Bundestag, kuhlanganise 622 kwamaphini, kanye Bundesrat (amalungu 69). Zamaphini we Bundesrat - kuba abamele zonke 16 yamazwe zwe. Ngamunye uthi federal babe kusuka 3 kumalungu 6 kuleli ephalamende likazwelonke (kuye ngokuthi ungakanani Zomhlaba).

Iphalamende German akhethwe Federal Shansela, ngubani uphokophele ngqongqotshe futhi, eqinisweni, yilokho umuntu oyinhloko esimweni. Kusukela ngo-2005, leli hhovisi eJalimane kuthatha Angela Merkel - Ihhovisi lokuqala zesifazane Federal Shansela emlandweni wezwe.

I-Republic of Poland

Polish ePhalamende Sejm yigama, liphinde bicameral. Iphalamende Polish inezingxenye ezimbili: empeleni Diet, esakhiwa 460 amasekela futhi iSigele, eyakhiwa amasekela 100. Saeima likhethwa by ukumelwa ezilinganiselwe, ngokusho indlela D'Hondt. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthola isihlalo ePhalamende Ekudleni kungaba labo abase bethole okungenani 5% wamavoti Ukhetho lonke (kwasinda kuphela abameleli yobuhlanga esizweni esincane amaqembu).

I-Republic of India

India futhi republic ePhalamende lapho bonke amandla athweswe ephalamende bese uhulumeni, lapho kwakhiwa. ephalamende Indian ihlanganisa Yabantu Chamber kanye noMkhandlu we States - umzimba esimele izithakazelo uthi ngabanye.

I Yabantu House (Lok Sabha) amasekela okhethwe ivoti jikelele ethandwa. Ubude (esiphezulu ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo yeNdiya) isibalo amalungu iNdlu Yesizwe - abantu 552. Ukuphila nomhlangano we House iminyaka 5. Nokho, kungenzeka Lok Sabha ziyoncibilika nguMongameli ekuseni, futhi kwezinye izimo umthetho Indian inikeza ukwelulwa Chamber unyaka owodwa. India eliholwa Wabantu Chamber isikhulumi ngemva kwamakhetho yakhe kulesi sikhundla ubophekile ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni party.

kwakhiwa Ithiphu States (Rajya Sabha) is yindlela yokhetho engaqondile futhi kuhlanganisa 245 amalungu ePhalamende. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, indlela yokwakheka Rajya Sabha ibuyekeziwe ngumuntu wesithathu.

Ekuphetheni ...

Manje une umbono walokho republic ePhalamende. Izibonelo zamazwe futhi lisibonisa kule iphepha elimhlophe: kuba-Austria, eJalimane, e-Italy, ePoland, India, Singapore, eCzech Republic nakwamanye amazwe (Imininingwane --30 uthi). Ekuphetheni, singasho ukuthi isimo sezombusazwe uhulumeni kunezinzuzo zako kokubili futhi nezihibe. Nokho, namuhla republic ePhalamende - kuba ifomu lekahle futsi ngempumelelo kahulumeni emhlabeni.