Iosif Stalin: A Biography, umndeni, izingcaphuno. ubuzwe kukaStalin

Kuze kube manje, impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngempilo Iosifa Vissarionovicha Stalina. Lena ndoda wonke 2 isizukulwane ukuze uthole ngaphambi bonke abanye abantu ekuqondeni kwabo hhayi kuphela apharathasi isimo, kodwa futhi kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele. KukaStalin ubuzwe futhi manje kubangela eziningi imicabango yabantu, ekugcineni kwaphoqa nenqwaba izinguqulo, ezinye zazo manje kucatshangelwe.

Imfihlakalo umsuka

Ngokuhlola inqwaba amafayela, ungakwazi bazithole ezihlukahlukene izithenjwa amaqiniso kungathiwani esivuna lokhu noma imfundiso. Ngakho, inguqulo-Armenian wukuthi ubuzwe kukaStalin kuhlobene kanina, owayesebenzisa ngenxa yawo nobumpofu bawo waphoqeleka ukuba sizosebenza njengothisha wezingubo e ezivamile umthengisi ocebile. Ngemva wakhulelwa, ngokushesha ngishade Vissarion Dzhugashvili. Kodwa kule nguqulo namanje alinikezi ubufakazi obanele ukwazi ukuthi ubuzwe kwaba uStalin.

ithiyori Georgian uthi izimpande zawo phindela isikhulu esisodwa okuthiwa Egnatoshvili. By the way, ngesikhathi lapho Stalin baba ngamandla, wayilondoloza ukuxhumana nabazalwane bakhe.

okufushane Russian

Ngokwe-theory Russian (uma kubhekwe njengento enjalo), uyise kukaStalin kwaba wohlanga olukhulu kusukela Smolensk, ogama lakhe lalingu-Nikolai Przewalski. Wayehamba kakhulu futhi ngempela usosayensi odumile u-. Ngo-1878, lapho wagula kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho ukwelashwa endaweni Gori, eCaucasus. Lapha Przewalski wahlangana nesihlobo ezikude isikhulu, igama lakhe iyona Catherine, owahamba yimali futhi kwadingeka ukuba ashade nomuntu wezicathulo abavamile Vissarion Dzhugashvili. Yena, lowo kwakungumuntu ngempela ehloniphekayo, kodwa nomkhaya wakhe usizi kancane laphazamisa lonke khona kombhangqwana. Iqiniso ukuthi they dlulisa Izingane ezisencane kakhulu ezintathu. Ngenxa yalokhu, Vissarion baba kakhulu ukuphuza futhi ngokuvamile yaphakamisela isandla sayo kumkakhe. Kodwa naphezu kwazo zonke ubunzima bokuphila kwakhe, Catherine wakwazi charm owaqamba is ngakho benamandla ubuhle bayo ukuthi waqhubeka ukuthumela imali yakhe.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nguqulo, okuyinto kwakufanele ukuba asikhanyisele ubuzwe kukaStalin empeleni ngempela sengozini. Ngizothanda futhi ukwengeza ukuthi akusiyo kangaka Russian njengoba kungase kubonakale efika kuqala, kusukela Przewalski elisuka owayevela eBelarus.

Stalin owayebonakala emkhulu azi kahle ukuthi sonke umphakathi uyaqiniseka yomsuka obungemthetho. Khona-ke uyise ukubuhlaba echaza. Cishe wayazi, kodwa nje ayikwazanga ukusamukela. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye izimpi zokudakwa wabulawa, kodwa Soso oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala ongakaze ezwe noma yimiphi imizwa ngakho.

ukuphila

Yiqiniso, uStalin Iosif Vissarionovich kwaba ihlala sibalo ihlelo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuphila kwakhe kwenzinye izingxabano ezihlukahlukene, imibuzo engaphezu kuka izimpendulo livela biography njalo inakekelwe. ubuntu akhe ayachubeka ukukhiqiza eningi izinganekwane, okuyinto ozama ukuqonda wokuphila kanye nabacwaningi. Ungaphinde uqale endaweni lokuzalwa umashiqela sika. Ngokwemibiko ethile, ingeyokuqala kubonisa Gorey, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi Stalin kungenzeka ukuthi uzelwe, kodwa budebuduze Batumi. Okulandelayo - leligazi uthayi adumile kanye noyise ukufana ne isihambi Przheval'skiy.

Inani elikhulu izimbangela kwenzinye izingxabano kanye nosuku lokuzalwa. Izazi-mlando baye bakwazi ukuthola incwadi irekhodi Gori Assumption Cathedral Church, lelo rekhodi lokuzalwa kwakuhlukile kusukela ngalolo suku, okuyinto ubhekwa olusemthethweni. isitayela Old ukuthi kwenzeka ngo-December 6, 1878, ncamashi inombolo efanayo lapho futhi ubufakazi iziqu ezingokomoya.

Ekuqaleni, zonke izincwadi ezisemthethweni aqukethe usuku lokuzalwa kukaStalin kweqiniso, kodwa ngo-1921, ngokuvumelana nomyalo wakhe siqu, kuwo wonke amadokhumenti, lezi zinombolo ashintshiwe, futhi ucacise steel akuyona 1878 futhi ngo-1879. Njengoba ososayensi zezombusazwe uthi, kwaba nesilinganiso esifanele ukuze bamboze kwaqala hhayi kuphela ahlukile, kodwa futhi illegitimacy.

ngonyaka nzima Njalo ukuchaza kungani biography kubonisa izinsuku ezimbili lokuzalwa, ubuzwe kanye Stalin wayesalokhu inqwaba umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ahlukene zokuphila kwakhe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuyoba azungeze ngokwakhe uhlobo halo ukungaqiniseki, kwakukhona umbuthano elincane ngisondelene kakhulu naye nabantu ababengazi okuningi ngaye. Mhlawumbe yingakho bemangala awufi ukufa okujwayelekile hhayi futhi ngesikhathi izimo ngokwanele engaqondakali.

ukuphila kukaStalin igcwele ezihlukahlukene pseudonyms, okuyinto isiyonke lapho 30.

ibhodi

Isikhathi umhlaba njengoba inhloko yezwe kwaphawulwa isikhathi lenqwaba nokubulawa, collectivization, futhi omunye ezimpini ezesabekayo kakhulu esabulala eziningi zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwemvelo, kumelwe ukuba eU.SSR, konke kwakungasho ezweni lapho bahlakulele intuthuko, ngokuvumelana nokuzinikela umholi wabo.

Ekumeni of Stalin ezazilengiswe yonke indawo, futhi kwaba isikhathi okuqinisekile ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kakhulu kwezomnotho. Ngenxa ukukhuthazwa kokudumisa konke nakangaka "uyise izizwe", kwakubalulekile ikakhulukazi maqondana ingqalasizinda enkulu zezakhiwo, okwakhiwa kuso ngokushesha okukhulu, waliguqula izwe kwezolimo esasingasemqamelweni Selilonke retardation, isimo ezimbonini. Lona umgomo oyinhloko, kodwa ukuwufinyelela, kwakudingekile ukuba bandise futhi ivolumu yomkhiqizo wezolimo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesigaba sabasebenzi. Ngakho, collectivization kwaba isixazululo esiphelele salolu. Ngo abalimi yangasese ngokoqobo kuthathwe izwe labo futhi ziphoqelelwe ukuba ukusebenza amabhizinisi ezinkulu zezolimo yohlobo isimo.

Iqiniso mayelana kwesikhathi wokubusa umholi namanje ngeke uzithole. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, empeleni futhi ezweni lanamuhla, futhi nakakhulu phakathi nokuphila kwakhe akazange akhulume ngakho esidlangalaleni. Lonke isikhathi Stalin (waze waba ngesikhathi umongameli woMbuso) kungenxa hhayi kuphela ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu futhi ubushiqela eqinile. Kuphephile ukusho inani elikhulu ezicashile omuhle, okuyinto ithonywe kumiswa abantu Russian namuhla:

• Sebenza ngobuqotho ukuze azuze umphakathi kwasekuqaleni.
• Ukunqoba kuka-1945.
• Buhle unjiniyela kanye nesiphathimandla esikhulu.
• izwe-Independent.
• Innocence esikoleni umfundi amantombazane.
• Ukuziphatha.
• Umama-Heroine.
• Ubumsulwa abezindaba.
• Ukwenqatshelwa isisu.
• Vula isonto.
• Ukuvinjelwa: Russophobia, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, inkohlakalo, ngomzimba, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nobungqingili.
• Nokushisekela izwe lakithi.

igama kukaStalin lihlotshaniswa isifiso sakhe hhayi kuphela babumbane, kodwa ke futhi uqinise izwe e esikhathini esifishane, kodwa akekho enikeza umbono ngenxa amandla akhe futhi intando ukunqoba, ukuthi akakwazi ukuhumusha izinhlelo zabo zibe ngokoqobo.

umndeni

Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich oluthukuswe ngokucophelela konke ukwaziswa ngabo, akukho okuhlukile ngempilo yakhe yangasese. Yena ngokucophelela wabhubhisa zonke izinhlobo imibhalo ukuthi ngandlela-thile kukhulunywa ngalo umndeni nothando izindaba zakhe. Ngakho, isizukulwane samanje zingaletha kude ophelele, esakhiwa inombolo encane amaqiniso eliqinisekisiwe nobufakazi lofakazi eziningana, ogama izindaba zigcwele amaphutha nezinto ezinganembile.

Eyokuqala ngomfazi Stalin, lapho eneminyaka engu-26 kuphela ubudala, baba Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesenalo akukho qembu leziteketiso yakhe emikhulu, akukho "isisindo zezombusazwe" ekhethekile emphakathini, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, wayesefile kakade abadumile idumela wamavukelambuso inveterate ngubani inesifiso jikelele ukulingana umqondo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo Ngifuna ukwengeza ukuthi ngisho lezo zindlela olunegazi futhi oshumayela imigomo siyithola, amaBolshevik wayefuna isihenqo romanticism. Futhi kwakukhona mbumbulu abadumile Koba. Kwakuyisikhathi iqhawe etemibhalo ngohlobo Robin Hood ezaziphanga abacebile awunika konke abampofu.

Kato wayeneminyaka engu-16 kuphela ubudala lapho bashada wayohlala endlini shabby, hhayi kokuba cishe akukho bazitholele okokuziphilisa. ubaba wakhe njengoba kwezinto njengoba Soso ngokwakhe, kanjalo uyiphile wasethokoza esemishadweni yawo, phakathi fighters Caucasian ngoba inkululeko Koba wayevele igunya elifanele. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yenzeka ngezandla zakhe lapho cishe nsuku zonke babe izindodla zemali, abaceli ngisho nesenti leli wabo awuhambanga ngcono wokuphila komkhaya futhi le.

Ngenxa yempilo yaso okukhulu wamavukelambuso, wacishe akazange abuye, ngakho esikhathini esiningi nomkakhe abazichitha wedwa. Ngo-1907, ukukhanya livela indodana jikelele enikezwa igama kaJakobe. Ngakho, ukuphila owesifazane othile owayehlupheka kuba nzima ngezinye izikhathi, abese ewela waphathwa yesifo sezintwala. Njengoba lenye imali abazange babe (ngenxa yokuthi bonke sasetshenziswa izidingo inhlangano), kufe. Njengoba ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi, Soso kakhulu bashonelwe owesifazane ayekuthanda baba ngisho ngokufutheka redoubled ukulwa nezitha zabo. Yakov, Okwamanje, waqala ukuphila nabazali Kato, lapho eseneminyaka engaphansi kuka-14 ubudala.

Nadia abasha kakhulu Alliluyeva waba wesibili lover Soso. Babethandana nomunye ngobuqotho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukubonakaliswa uthando leyo minyaka, ikakhulukazi ukulwa enjalo abanolaka inguquko, kwakubhekwa njengento ubuthakathaka. Ngakho, ngo-1921 wazalwa indodana yesibili ka Stalin, owayebizwa ngokuthi Basil. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthatha, noJakobe. Ngakho, Koba ekugcineni kuba umndeni agcwele. Kodwa kaningi indaba endala, uma singekho kwanhlobo isikhathi nganoma yisiphi nezinjabulo ofana nawo wonke umuntu endleleni eya lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Ngo-1925, e umndeni kukhona Svetlana kancane.

Mayelana nobuhlobo phakathi kwabashadile kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo, inani elikhulu puzzle ahlale, futhi kuze kube manje, hhayi kuphela ngempilo yabo ndawonye, kodwa futhi nokufa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuphila komuntu onesifo uhlamvu nzima, njengabo Stalin, kwaba ngaphandle kwesizathu nzima. It is ukuthi kungaba buthule izinsuku ezintathu, ngenkathi ukucabanga ejulile ezaziwayo. Ngithemba kwakunzima hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuthi kufanele ukuthi umyeni wakhe engumashiqela - wayengenazo indlela ukuxhumana. Wayengasebenzi abangane, futhi zethuka ukuqala, ngisho ubungani, ngokuba besaba ulaka umyeni wakhe, owayevele athathe baye bacabanga ukuthi owesifazane wakhe uhlestyvat futhi "ihlumela". Hope lalidinga abavamile, abantu, ekhaya, ubuhlobo obufudumele.

ukufa okusolisayo ngumkayo

Novemba 8, 1932 ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali wafa Alilueva UNadezhda ngomfazi Stalin, ogama ubuzwe akukwazi ngokucacile vumela, njengoba umama wayo owesifazane oqotho German noyise - kwesigamu Roma. Le nguqulo sikhulu sathi kwakuye kwaba lokuzibulala, asolwa ke shot yingozi ikhanda kwawena. Ngokuphathelene imibiko yabezindaba mayelana nokufa Wethemba, uStalin wavumela kuphela ukuthi lo wesifazane usala leli zwe, kodwa yini kwaba imbangela yokufa - awazange ecacisiwe.

Elinye iphuzu okufanele - kuzama Koba zonke izinto yokuthi umkakhe eshona ngenxa appendicitis, kodwa weza endaweni amabili (futhi ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi, imithombo - ezintathu) Isazi kwadingeka ukuba anikeze umbono mayelana nokufa, kodwa yokwenqaba ukubeka isignesha yakhe ukuba leli phepha ukuze bangabhekani. Ukufa kwakhe namanje kubangela eziningi impikiswano, futhi ngakho okwamanje kukhona izinguqulo eziningana ngalesi sigameko.

Izinguqulo eziningana ngomfazi kokufa kukaStalin

Ngesikhathi kushona Hope Ngangineminyaka engu-31 kuphela ubudala, futhi kulomkhosi kudonselwa kukhona mass amahemuhemu. Ngokuphathelene ezinye version uzungu okwenzekayo, kuyafaneleka lesi sibalo, njengoba Trotsky. Wake kwaba okunganambitheki kuhulumeni futhi Stalin mathupha, ngakho ngemva ezithile Bukharin wazama asicindezele okungokomzwelo unkosikazi womholi. Bazama ukumenza akholwe ukuthi umyeni wakhe nguye nolaka futhi, ngenhloso ukuhlela Holodomor, collectivization futhi mass nokubulawa. Trotsky wacabanga ukuthi ngenxa scandal kwezombangazwe, okwakusho obekumele ukuhlela Ithemba kungaba ukugumbuqela Stalin, ngaphandle ubudlova. Ngakho nomkakhe babengakwazi go crazy futhi nje ukudubula kusukela ulwazi olutholwe, okungase ukwamukela.

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, umkhosi wokugubha 15 Okthoba Revolution, ngesikhathi idili ngesikhathi ezibiyele, uStalin wathi into engemukeleki umkami, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waba demonstratively kwesokunxele etafuleni waya endlini yakhe, bese maid wezwa ingacaci.

It has ilungelo lokuphila futhi inguqulo esiqinisekisa yezokuphepha Iosifa Vissarionovicha. Ngokwale ndaba, ngemva edilini, uStalin awuhambanga ekhaya, waya kwelinye izindlu zabo futhi wathatha naye nomkakhe, Jikelele. Hope, esikhundleni salokho, wayekhathazeke kakhulu futhi washaya ucingo ekhaya onogada. Isikhulu esiphethe waqinisekisa ukuthi umyeni wakhe ukhona ngempela, futhi asikho nesisodwa, kodwa owesifazane. Ngakho, inkosikazi sezwa ngalokho, hhayi iphuze amambuka futhi bazibulala. Stalin akuvakashelwe ethuneni Wethemba.

umama umholi sika

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, ubuzwe kanye nemvelaphi ligubuzelwe imfihlakalo, futhi konke kuhlobene ngempilo yakhe yangasese, kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Kwakukhona eziyinqaba ubudlelwano phakathi Stalin futhi unina lokuzalwa. Lokhu kusho okuningi amaqiniso, ngisho eyodwa wethula yakhe abazukulu kuphela uma abaphezulu waphenduka 15. Catherine G. kwadingeka imfundo encane noma bengaholelwa nhlobo, wayengakwazi kanjani ukubhala, ukukhuluma Georgian kuphela. umama kukaStalin, ogama ubuzwe akuyona indaba zokuphikisana, kwaba ngempela owesifazane nobudlelwano futhi awakaze wesaba ukuveza imibono yakhe siqu kunoma iyiphi isihloko, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho izindikimba zezombusazwe. Akazange thiya ukuntula imfundo. Ezinye iziphetho kungenziwa ethathelwe ukuvumelana kwabo, okuyinto okunzima ukuba izincwadi igama, kanye namanothi Cishe isikhathi eside. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, naphezu kwalolu kome zokuxhumana, asikwazi ithi kuye indodana yakhe akazange unina anakekelwe. Wayengumngane ngaphansi njalo futhi egadiwe odokotela best, kodwa, naphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobudala, impilo yakhe akazange ngcono. Ngakho, ngo-May 1937, wagula samakhaza, ngenxa okuyinto yena washona ngo-July 4. Ubudlelwano wayemubi kangangokuba wayengeke akwazi ngisho nokuthola khona emngcwabeni wakhe, kodwa okunomkhawulo Wreath okudweba nombhalo othi.

"Baba esizwe 'ukufa

Kwaba 1953. kokufa kukaStalin Sekuyisikhathi eside wafuna ngabaningi. 1 Mashi, wachitha usuku lonke ehhovisi lakhe, wayengabhekiseli wahlanganyela umbono yezindlela ezibaluleke isimo-mail futhi akazange ngisho kwadingeka kwakusihlwa. Ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, akekho owayevunyelwe ukuba amvakashele, kodwa kakade 11 ebusuku nesinye sezikhonzi ngentando yakho yaya lapho kwakukhona yesehlakalo esibi phambi kwamehlo akhe. Ngemva amakamelo ezimbalwa, wabona Stalin sidindilize futhi ayikwazanga likhulume izwi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa odokotela walwa wokuphila kwakhe.

Ngakho, kulo nyaka ka- kokufa kukaStalin yakhethwa nemibono engqubuzanayo emphakathini. Abanye bakujabulela ukuthi umashiqela futhi engumashiqela ngelinye ilanga kwafika amadodana iyophela okunengqondo. Abanye, kunalokho, kubhekwa umholi imvelo edude we amambuka ngubani, ngandlela-thile, beye bahileleka ezinhlekeleleni kokufa kwakhe.

Ngeke uqiniseke ukuthi u-100% uqiniseke ukuthi abaqhamuzi bephezulu be-Politburo bahileleke ekufeni kwakhe. Ekhumbula ezinye zezinkumbulo zikaKrrushchev yena kanye nabangani bakhe abaseduze, umholi kulo nyaka wayengasenalo ithuba lokubusa umbuso, wayekwazi ukubona i-marasmus ne-paranoia, okusho ukuthi indlela yokufa engenakuxoshwa. Naphezu kokuthi akusekho, izingcaphuno ezidumile zikaStalin, njengokuthi "Shoot!" Noma "Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvotelwe kanjani - kubalulekile, njengoba kubalwa", wasifinyelela. Zizofaneleka isikhathi eside, ngoba isikhathi sokuphila sika "Baba weZizwe" siye sangena kuzo zonke izincwadi zokufunda futhi sahlala enkumbulweni yabantu abaningi.

UStalin: Indoda yaseRashiya yesizwe saseGeorgia

Ukuze aqonde ubuntu bakhe, kuyadingeka ukuba afinyelele iziphetho zakhe kuphela ngesisekelo samaqiniso ambalwa awaziwayo kusukela enkulumweni eqondile yomholi ngokwakhe. Into eyodwa ingashiwo ngokuqiniseka: uJoseph Stalin, ubuzwe bakhe bungabangela ukungqubuzana okuningi, - ubuntu buhle kakhulu. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa kwakhe kuzohlale kunezakhi eziningana ze-subjectivism, esekelwe ekuqondeni komuntu ngamunye emhlabeni nomlando weSoviet.

Ezweni lanamuhla, ubuzwe bukaStalin bungabangela ukuphikisana okunye, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-halo ethile yezimfihlakalo zokuzalwa nokuvela kwakhe, kodwa, njengoba umholi ngokwakhe ethanda ukuthi: "Angiyena iYurophu, kepha isiRussia-esivuthiwe isiJeorgia-asiya."