Izikhali nezikhali zeVikings: incazelo, isithombe

Ama-Vikings ... Leli gama lamakhulu eminyaka edlule liba igama lomndeni. Ifanekisela amandla, isibindi, isibindi, kodwa bambalwa abheke imininingwane. Yebo, amaVikings athola ukunqoba futhi adumile kubo iminyaka eminingi, kepha lapha akubanga nje kuphela ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zanamuhla nezisebenzayo.

Umlando omncane

Isikhathi samakhulu eminyaka kusukela ku-VIII kuya ku-XI leminyaka emlandweni kuthiwa yi -Viking Age. Lezi zizwe zaseScandinavia zazihlukaniswa nokulwa, isibindi nokungahloniphi okukhulu. Isibindi nempilo engokwemvelo yayilinywa ngazo zonke izindlela ezingenzeka ngaleso sikhathi. Ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwabo okungenasisekelo, amaVikings athola impumelelo enkulu kwezobuciko bokulwa, futhi kwakungeyona nto ebalulekile lapho impi yenzeka khona: emhlabathini noma olwandle. Balwa kokubili ezindaweni ezisogwini futhi ejulile kuleli zwekazi. Akuyona nje kuphela iYurophu eye yaba yindawo yokulwa. Ukuba khona kwabo kwaphawulwa ngabantu baseNyakatho Afrika.

Ukuphakama kubonakala ngokuningiliziwe

AmaScandinaviya alwa namazwe angomakhelwane hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokukhipha kanye nokucebisa - basekela izindawo zabo zokuhlala emazweni anqotshwe. Vikings izikhali kanye zempi ezihlotshiswe uhlobo umhlobiso. Yilapho abadwebi nabadwebi bezandla babonisa ubuciko babo. Kuze kube manje, kungase kuboniswe ukuthi bekule ndawo abaye babonisa ngokugcwele amakhono abo. Ngokuphathelene nesigaba esingezansi sezenhlalo, izikhali ze-Viking, ezithombeni zazo zimanga ngisho nezisebenzi zanamuhla, zibonise izindaba eziphelele. Yini esingayisho mayelana nezikhali zamaqhawe ase-castes aphakeme futhi abe nesizukulwane esihle.

Iziphi izikhali zeVikings?

Izikhali zamasosha zahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isimo sezenhlalo sabanikazi babo. Amasosha asezindaweni ezinhle ayephethe izinkemba nazo zonke izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinkomba. Izikhali ze-Viking zamakilasi aphansi zazihlanganisa imicibisholo kanye nemikhonto ehlukahlukene.

Izici zokuvikelwa

Ngisho nesikhali esiphelele kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi ngezinye izikhathi singenakufeza imisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo, ngoba phakathi nempi amaVikings ayenesitha sabo ngokuxhumana okusheshayo. Ukuzivikela okuyinhloko kweViking empini kwakuyisihlangu, njengoba ezinye izikhali ezazingabizi zonke izikhali. Kuvikelwe ikakhulukazi ngokuphonsa izikhali. Iningi lazo laliyizihlangu ezinkulu nxazonke. Ububanzi bawo bube ngamamitha. Wavikela umlindi emadolweni akhe waya enkathini yakhe. Ngokuvamile isitha sabhidliza ngamabomu lesi sihlangu ukuze sinqande i-Viking yokuvikela.

Isivikelo samaViking kanjani?

Isihlangu senziwe ngamabhodi 12-15 cm ubukhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezingqimba eziningana. Babenamathele ndawonye neglue eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile, futhi isikhwama esivamile sasivame ukukhonza njengesendlalelo. Ukuze uthole amandla amakhulu avela phezulu, isihlangu sasigcwele isikhumba sezilwane ezifile. Imiphetho yezihlangu yayiqiniswa ngamapulangwe e-bronze noma ensimbi. Isikhungo kwakuyi-umbon, isisindo semithi. Wavikela isandla seViking. Qaphela ukuthi ukugcina lesi sihlangu ezandleni zakhe, ngisho nangenkathi yempi, kwakungeyona amandla onke umuntu. Lokhu kuphinda kuboniswe idatha engokwenyama yamaqhawe alawo maxesha.

Isihlangu seViking akuyona nje ukuzivikela, kodwa umsebenzi wobuciko

Umqhawe ngesikhathi sokulwa ahluleka ukulahlekelwa yisihlangu, wasebenzisa ibhande elincanyana, ubude obungalungiswa. Kwakunamathele ngaphakathi ngaphakathi emaphethelweni ahlukile wesihlangu. Uma kudingekile ukusebenzisa ezinye izikhali, isihlangu singaphonswa kalula ngemuva. Yabuye yenziwa ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa.

Ezimweni eziningi, izihlangu eziqoshiwe zazibomvu, kodwa nazo zahlangana nemidwebo ehlukahlukene ekhanyayo, okuyinkimbinkimbi eyayixhomeke emakhono ochwepheshe.

Kodwa njengakho konke okuvela ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuma kwesihlangu kwashintsha. Futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye. Amasosha ayebizwa ngokuthi izikhali ezinjengama-alimondi, ezahluke kakhulu kubaphambili bawo ngesimo, zivikela umlindi cishe ngokuphelele phakathi kwe-shin. Babuye babonisa isisindo esincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabangaphambi kwabo. Kodwa-ke, kwakungavumeli ukulwa emikhumbi, futhi kwenzeka kaningi, ngakho-ke akutholakanga ukwabiwa okukhethekile kwiVikings.

Isihluthulelo

Inhloko yeqhawe yayivame ukuvikelwa yisigqoko. Uhlaka olukhethekile lwayo lwakha amaqembu amathathu amakhulu: 1 - ikhanda, 2 - kusukela ebunzini kuya ku-nape, 3 rd - kusukela endlebeni kuya endlebeni. Izigaba ezine zahlanganiswa ngalesi sisekelo. E-vertex (endaweni lapho kwakukhona ukuwela kwezingxube) kwakuyi-spike ekhaliphile kakhulu. Ubuso bomqaphi buvikela kancane imaski. Ngaphambi kwesihenqo sasinamathiseli we-chain, okuthiwa yi-barmitse. Ama-rivets akhethekile asetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izingxenye ze-helmet. Ezingcwecwe ezincane zensimbi zakha i-hemisphere - indebe yesigqoko.

Isihluthulelo nesimo senhlalo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi leminyaka amaVikings ayenamakhanda amancane afanayo, futhi ipuleti lempumpo eqondile lasebenza ukuvikela ubuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, endaweni yabo beza tselnokovanye i helmets ne-chinstrap. Kukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi indwangu noma indwangu yesikhumba ibanjwe ngaphakathi kwe-rivets. Izithunjwa zembatho zinciphisa amandla okushaya ekhanda.

Amaqhawe alula ayengenawo amakhanda. Amakhanda abo avikelwe ngama-caps akhiwe ngoboya noma isikhumba esikhudlwana.

Izigqoko zabanikazi abacebile zazihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso namamaki ezinemibala, zaziwa ngamasosha empini. Izihloko ezinezimpondo, ezigcwele amafilimu omlando, zazingavamile kakhulu. Ngenkathi yeVikings, bafakaza abantu amandla aphezulu.

Imeyili

AmaViking achitha isikhathi eside empilweni yabo, ngakho-ke ayazi ukuthi amanxeba ayevame ukuvutha, futhi ukwelashwa kwakungavuthi njalo, okwakudonsela i-tetanus ne-blood poisoning, futhi kaningi kubulawa. Yingakho izikhali zisiza ukuba zisinde ezimweni ezinzima, kodwa ukuze zikwazi ukuzigqoka eminyakeni eyi-VIII-X. Abanamandla kuphela abacebile.

I-mail chain ngeemikhono emifushane nobude ekhondeni yayigqoke amaVikings ekhulwini le-VIII.

Izingubo nezikhali zamakilasi ahlukene ahluke kakhulu. Amaqhawe alula okuvikelwa asetshenziselwa izigqoko zesikhumba kanye nethambo lesigxobo, futhi kamuva izitsha zensimbi. Lezi jekethi zazikwazi ukukhombisa ngokuphelele umthelela.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu

Ngokulandelayo, ubude be-mail chain beyanda. Ngekhulu le-XI. Amaphuzu avele esitezi, esamukelwa kakhulu ngabagibeli. Kulezi zikhali zezinketho, kwavela imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi-lokhu kwakuyi-valve ebuso kanye ne-balaclava, eyasiza ekuvikeleni umhlathi omncane nomphimbo weqhawe. Isisindo sawo sasiyi-12-18 kg.

I-Vikings yayiqaphele kakhulu ngeposi, ngoba yayivame ukuxhomeka empilweni yempi. Izingubo zokuzivikela zazizuzisa kakhulu, ngakho-ke azange zishiywe empini futhi azilahleki. Ngokuvamile izikhali zezintambo zazizuze njengefa.

I-Lamellar Armor

Kufanelekile ukubhekisela kwezikhali ze-lamellar. Bangena esitokisini seVikings ngemuva kokuhlasela eMiddle East. Igobolondo elinjalo lenziwe ngamapulangwe esensimbi lamellas. Babekwe emigqeni, behlanganisana kancane, futhi baxhunywe ngentambo.

Futhi ezembatho zempi yamaVikings zibandakanya ama-bracers nama-leggings. Zenziwe ngezitshalo zensimbi, ububanzi bayo buyi-16 mm. Baboshelwe izibambo zesikhumba.

Inkemba

Inkemba inesikhundla esiphakeme esigodini seViking. Lokhu kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Kwabalindi, wayengeyona nje isikhali esithwala ukufa esiseduze nesitha, kodwa futhi umngane omuhle ohlinzeka ngokuvikelwa komlingo. I-Vikings yabheka zonke ezinye izakhi njengoba kudingeka ekulwa, kodwa inkemba yindaba ehlukile. Wayehlobene nomlando womndeni, wadluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni. Umqhawe waqonda inkemba njengengxenye ebalulekile yakhe.

Emathuneni amasosha ngokuvamile athola izikhali zeVikings. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kusivumela ukuba sijwayelane nokubukeka kwayo kwasekuqaleni.

Ekuqaleni kwe-Age Viking, ukufakela iphethini kwakusakazeke, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-quality ere quality kanye neyezinsuku zamanje, kwaze kwaba khona ukwenza ama-blades ayenamandla futhi alula kakhulu. Ukuma kwe-blade kwakuhlukile. Isikhungo sedonsela phansi sithuthele esibambini, futhi ama-blade ashaya ngokuqondile ukuphela. Lesi sikhali senze ukuthi sikwazi ukuletha izimangalo ezisheshayo nezinembile.

Izinkemba ezihlangene ezimbili ezinezingalo ezicebile zenza njengesikhali sabantu abacebile baseScandinavia, futhi empini ayengasisebenzisi.

Ekhulwini le-VIII-IX. Esigabeni samaVikings, izinkemba zaseFranks zivela. Zibukhali kusuka ezinhlangothini ezimbili, futhi ubude be-blade eqondile ehambela endaweni eqondile bekungaphansi kwemitha. Lokhu kunikeza izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi izikhali ezinjalo nazo zifanelekile ukusika.

Ukuphatha izinkemba kwakunezinhlobo ezehlukene, zahluka ngokuma kwe-hilt nekhanda. Ukuhlobisa izingalo, isiliva kanye nethusi kwakusetshenziswa esikhathini sokuqala, kanye nezimali.

Emakhulwini e-IX no-X, izingalo zihlotshiswe ngehlobiso ezenziwe ngamacwecwe ethusi kanye ne-tin. Kamuva kwimidwebo yesibambo kwakungenzeka ukuthola izibalo ze-geometric etafuleni le-tin elalihlanganiswe ngethusi. Le mikhakha yayigcizelelwe ngethusi yethusi.

Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwesigaba esiphakathi kwesibambo, singabona isibambo esenziwe ngophondo, amathambo noma izinkuni.

Isigabhu sasikhuni, ngezinye izikhathi sigcwele isikhumba. Ngaphakathi, umgogodla wawuphathwa ngendwangu elithambile, okwakusavunyelwe emikhiqizo ye-oxidation ye-blade. Ngokuvamile kwakunesikhumba esilisiwe, indwangu eboshwe noma ubomvu.

Imidwebo ephilayo ye-Viking Age isinika umbono wokuthi indlela isikhumba sasigqoke ngayo. Ekuqaleni babesegxeni lehlombe elibhekene nehlombe ngakwesobunxele. Kamuva, isikhumba sasimiswa esikhwameni sezinyawo.

Sachs

Izikhali ezinobuthi zeVikings zingamelwa nguSaxon. Kwakungasetshenziswanga kuphela empini, kodwa futhi epulazini.

U-Sachs ngummese onesihlangu esikhulu, osola lwakhe luloliwe ohlangothini olulodwa. Wonke amaSaxon, ekwahlulela ngemiphumela yokumba, angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: ubude obude buyi-50-75 cm, nobude obufinyelela ku-35 cm ubude. Kungabonakala ukuthi lezi zinsuku ziyisibonelo samagundane, iningi lalabo abaphathi bamanje abalethela isimo Imisebenzi yobuciko.

I-Ax

Izikhali zeVikings zasendulo yizimbi. Phela, iningi lamasosha lalingasicebile, futhi into enjalo yayitholakala kunoma yimuphi umndeni. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi amakhosi abuye awasebenzise empini. Isibambo se-axhi sasingama-60-90 cm, futhi umkhawulo wokusika - u-7-15 cm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakungeyona inzima futhi kuvunyelwe ukuqhuba ngesikhathi sempi.

Izikhali ze-Viking, izikhonkwane "ezinentshebe," zazivame ukusetshenziselwa izimpi zasolwandle, njengoba zaziphethe umgoqo wesigcawu phansi kwesigcawu futhi zifanelekile ukugibela.

Indawo ekhethekile kufanele inikwe i-ax ephethe isibambo eside. I-blade ye-axhi ingaba ngamasentimitha angama-30, isibambo - 120-180 cm. Akuzange kube yinto eyisikhali esiyintandokazi yamaVikings, ngoba esandleni seqhawe elinamandla saba isikhali esinamandla kakhulu, futhi ukubukeka kwayo okuthakazelisayo kwanciphisa ngokushesha ukuziphatha kwesitha.

Izikhali ze-Viking: izithombe, umehluko, izindinganiso

AmaViking akholelwa ukuthi izikhali zinamandla omlingo. Igcinwe isikhathi eside futhi izuzwe njengefa. Ama-Warriors abanomcebo nesimo, izikhonkwane ezihlotshisiwe kanye nezikhonkwane ezinezinhlobonhlobo, izinsimbi ezihloniphekile nezingezona ezifayo.

Ngezinye izikhathi bayabuza: siyini isikhali esiyinhloko samaVikings - inkemba noma imbazo? Ama-Warriors awazi kahle lezi zikhali, kodwa ukukhetha kwakuhlale kugcinwe i-Viking.

Umsindo

Izikhali ze-Viking azikwazi ukucabanga ngaphandle komkhonto. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane ne-sagas, izikhali zasenyakatho zazihlonipha kakhulu lolu hlobo lwezikhali. Ukutholakala komkhonto akudingi izindleko ezikhethekile, ngoba i-shaft yenziwa yedwa, futhi iziphakamiso zazilula ukukhiqiza, nakuba zazihlukile ngokubukeka kanye nenhloso futhi azidingi insimbi eningi.

Noma yimuphi umpi angase ahlomile ngomkhonto. Ubukhulu obukhulu bamvumela ukuba abambe kokubili ngezandla ezimbili nangesandla esisodwa. Imikhonto esetshenzisiwe ikakhulukazi ye-melee, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi njengesikhali sokuphonsa.

Ikakhulukazi kudingekile ukuyeka amacebiso omkhonto. Ekuqaleni, iVikings yayinezikhwama ezinamacebiso afana ne-lance, ingxenye esebenzayo yento ephansi, ngokushintshe kancane kancane ku-tulle encane. Ubude bayo buya kusuka ku-20 ukuya ku-60 cm. Kamuva, imikhonto eneziphakamiso ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezivela emagqabini azinhlamvu ezincantathu esigabeni zihlangene.

Ama-Vikings alwa emazwenikazi ahlukene, futhi izibhamu zabo zasebenzisa ngobuciko izakhi zezikhali zesitha emsebenzini wabo. Isikhali seViking sashintshwa eminyakeni engama-10 edlule. Ama-Spears ayengekho. Baye bahlala behlala isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuqiniswa endaweni yokushintshela e-turret futhi babefanelekile ukushaya izimpi.

Ukuphelela kokuthola umkhonto, empeleni, kwakungekho umkhawulo. Kwaba uhlobo lobuciko. Amaqhawe anamandla kakhulu kulokhu akukona kuphela umkhonto ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezandla zombili, kodwa angakwazi ukukubamba ngendiza bese ayithumela kwisitha.

I-Dart

Ukuze usebenze ngokulwa emakhilomitha angaba ngu-30, udinga isikhali esikhethekile samaVikings. Igama liyi-dart. Wayekwazi kahle ukufaka izikhali eziningi kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ngobuciko umpi. Lezi yimikhonto emitha eyi-1.5. Amathiphu abo angafana nemikhonto ejwayelekile noma ama-harpoons afanayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi i-petioles enezingxenye ezimbili futhi ingxenye encane yahlangana.

Anyanisi

Lesi sikhali, esivamile ku-Age Viking, sasivame ukukhishwa esiceleni esisodwa se-elm, umlotha noma i-yew. Kwasebenza ukulwa kude kakhulu. Imicibisholo yomcibisholo kuze kube ngamasentimitha angu-80 ubude obenziwe nge-birch noma imithi ye-coniferous, kodwa impela imdala. Amathiphu amakhulu ensimbi kanye namapulazi akhethekile afaka imicibisholo yamaScandinavia.

Ubude bezingxenye zokhuni zafinyelela ngamamitha amabili, futhi izintambo zazivame ukuboya izinwele. Kwakudinga amandla amakhulu ukusebenza ngezikhali ezinjalo, kodwa kwakungamadoda aseViking ayedumile ngawo. Umcibisholo uthinta isitha kude kwamamitha angu-200. Ama-Vikings ayesebenzisa iminsalo hhayi kuphela ebhizinisini lempi, ngakho-ke imicibisholo yayihluke kakhulu, inikezwe inhloso yawo.

Sling

Lokhu futhi yisikhali sokuphonsa amaVikings. Kwakungekho nzima ukukwenza ngezandla zakho, ngoba kwakudingeka intambo noma udweshu kanye nesibhumba sesikhumba, lapho kwakhiwe khona itshe elizungezile. Inani elanele lamatshe laliqoqwe ngesikhathi sokufika ogwini. Ngesinye isikhathi ezandleni zeqhawe elinemakhono, ukubethela kuyakwazi ukuthumela itshe ukushaya isitha ngamamitha ayikhulu ukusuka kuViking. Isimiso sokusebenza kwalesi sikhali silula. Omunye umkhawulo wendophi wawunamathele esihlakaleni somkhonto, kanti enye yayibanjwe esigxotsheni. I-sling yashintsha, yandisa isibalo sezinguquko, futhi ekugcineni isibhamu sasingagudluki. Itshe lihamba ngesiqondiso esicacisiwe futhi lalwa nesitha.

Ama-Vikings nezikhali zempi zihlale zigcinwa ngendlela ehlelekile, njengoba zibona ukuthi ziyingxenye yazo futhi ziqonda ukuthi kwakukhona ukuthi umphumela wempi wawuxhomeke.

Ngokungangabazeki, zonke lezi zinhlobo zezikhali zazisiza amaVikings ukuba athole inkazimulo yamaqhawe angenakunqotshwa, futhi uma izitha ziyesaba kakhulu izikhali zaseScandinavia, abanikazi ngokwabo babemphatha ngenhlonipho nangokuhlonipha, ngokuvamile bebanika amagama. Izinhlobo eziningi zezikhali ezazibandakanya ezimpi zamanzi zazuzwa njengefa futhi zenziwa njengesiqiniseko sokuthi le nsizwa encane yayizoba nesibindi futhi iqine empini.