I-Decay ye-Old Russian State: Umlando, Izimbangela Nemiphumela

Ukuwa kwezwe elidala laseRashiya kungenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi eziphawulekayo zakudala zakuqala. Ukubhujiswa kwe-Kievan Rus kwashiya impendulo enkulu emlandweni we-Eastern Slavs naseYurophu. Kunzima ukubiza usuku oluqondile lokuqala nokuphela kokuhlukaniswa. Isimo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezwe sehlile iminyaka engaba ngu-2, sigxila egazini lezimpi ze-internecine nokuhlasela kwamanye amazwe. Incwadi ethi "The Decay of the Old State State: Ngokufushane" kuyadingeka ukuba ufunde kuzo zonke izici zomlando ze-post-Soviet space.

Izimpawu zokuqala zenkinga

Izizathu zokuwa kwezwe elidala laseRussia zifana nezimbangela zokuwa kwazo zonke izici ezinamandla zezwe lasendulo. Ukwakhiwa kokuzibusa kusukela phakathi kwababusi basekhaya kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko nokuthuthukiswa kwama-feudalism. Isiqalo ukufa kukaJaroslav the Wise. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, uRusi wayebuswa yizizukulwane zikaRurik - amaVikings amenywa ukuba abuse. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubusa kwalesi sizukulwane kwakwemukela wonke amazwe ombuso. Kuwo wonke umuzi omkhulu kwakukhona omunye noma enye inzalo yesikhulu. Bonke babecindezelekile ukuba bakhokhele isikhungo futhi banikeze iqembu labadlali uma kwenzeka impi noma ukuhlasela emazweni angaphandle. Uhulumeni oyinhloko wahlangana eKiev, okwakungeyona nje kuphela yezombangazwe kodwa futhi iyindawo yokukhulekela yaseRussia.

Ukubuthakathaka kweKiev

Ukuwa kwezwe elidala laseRashiya kwakungekho okungenani ngenxa yokukhubazeka kweKiev. Kwakukhona imizila emisha yokuhweba (isibonelo, "ukusuka kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki"), owawuzungeza inhloko-dolobha. Futhi emhlabathini, ezinye izikhulu zathola ukuhlukunyezwa okuzimele emphakathini futhi zishiya imali yazo, zibavumela ukuba zikhule ngokuzimela kusukela phakathi. Ngemva kokushona kukaJaroslav, kwavela ukuthi ubukhosi bukaRurik bukhulu, futhi wonke umuntu ufuna ukuthola amandla.

Amadodana amancane e-Grand Duke afa, kwaqala impi eqhubekayo ye- internecine. Amadodana kaJaroslav azama ukwehlukanisa uRus omunye nomunye, ekugcineni anikeze igunya eliphakathi. Eziningi zezikhulu zithinteka ngenxa yempi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa yiPolvvia - abantu abahlala emadolobheni abavela emazingeni aseningizimu. Bahlasela futhi bahlukumeze imingcele, njalo njalo. Izikhulu eziningana zazama ukuphinda zihlukumeze, kodwa zingaphumelelanga.

Ukuthula kuLyubech

UVladimir Monomakh uhambela inhlangano yazo zonke izikhulu edolobheni laseLyubech. Inhloso eyinhloko yokubuthwa kwakuwukuvimbela inzondo engapheli futhi kuhlangane ngaphansi kwebhansela elifanayo ukuze kuqedele ukuphakanyiswa kwabantu. Wonke umuntu uyavuma. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunqunywe ukushintsha inqubomgomo yasekhaya yaseRussia. Kusukela manje, zonke izikhulu zathola igunya eligcwele phezu kwempahla yakhe. Wayezohlanganyela emkhankasweni ovamile futhi aqondise izenzo zakhe nezinye izikhulu. Kodwa intela kanye nezinye izintela esikhungweni zaqedwa.

Isivumelwano esinjalo sivumelekile ukuyeka impi yombango egazini, kodwa kwasungula ukuqala kokuwa kwezwe elidala laseRussia. Eqinisweni, i-Kiev yalahlekelwa amandla ayo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wasala isikhungo samasiko eRussia. Yonke insimu yayihlukaniswe yaba yizifunda ezingu-15- "amazwe" (imithombo ehlukene ikhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo kuya ku-12 kuya ku-17). Cishe kufinyelele phakathi nekhulu le-12 leminyaka, izwe labusa ngezikhulu eziyisishiyagalolunye. Isihlalo ngasinye sobukhosi sathola ifa, okwakuthonya ukubonakala kwama-dynasties kula mazwe. Phakathi komakhelwane kwakukhona ubuhlobo obuhle, futhi isikhulu saseKieyna sasisacatshangwa ngokuthi "ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu."

Yingakho umzabalazo wangempela weKiev uvele. Izikhulu eziningana zingaphinde zisebenze enhlokodolobha nasezikhaleni. Ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwama-dynasties ahlukahlukene kwaholela edolobheni nasezindaweni ezizungezile ukuba zinciphise. Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala ze-republic emhlabeni kwakuyinhloko ye- Novgorod. Lapha ama-boyars anelungelo elihle (inzalo yabalindi abayitholile leli zwe) laqinisa ngamandla, ngokuyisisekelo linciphisa ithonya lesikhulu. Zonke izinqumo eziyisisekelo zenziwa yi-veche yabantu, futhi "umholi" uphathiswe imisebenzi yomphathi.

Ukuhlasela

Ukuqothulwa kokugcina kwezwe elidala laseRussia kwenzeka ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaMongol. Ukungalingani kwe-Feudal kwabangele ukuthuthukiswa kwezifundazwe ngabanye. Idolobha ngalinye lalilawulwa ngqo yisikhulu, ngubani, lapho ekhona, angakwazi ukwabela ngokufanele izinsiza. Lokhu kwabangele ekuthuthukiseni isimo sezomnotho kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwesiko. Kodwa nalokhu, amandla okuzivikela aseRussia awela kakhulu. Naphezu kweLyubecheskiy Mir, ukuhlakulela izimpi ngenjongo ethile ethile kwenzeka izikhathi eziningana. Babenomdlandla abakhangwa ezizweni zasePolovtsian.

Phakathi nekhulu le-13 isongo esesabekayo esasibhekene neRussia - ukuhlaselwa kwamaMongolia avela empumalanga. Kule mibono yezinhlayiyamu yayilungiselelwa amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ngo-1223 kwakukhona ukuhlasela. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukubuyisana nokuzijwayeza amabutho aseRussia namasiko. Emva kwalokhu, uBatu Khan uhlele ukuhlasela nokugqilaza u-Rus ngokuphelele. Owokuqala ukushaywa kwakuyizwe laseRyazan. AmaMongol abo ahlasela emasontweni ambalwa.

Ukuphazamiseka

AmaMongol aphumelela ukusebenzisa isimo sangaphakathi eRussia. I-Principalities, nakuba ingazange ilwa, yenza umgomo ozimele futhi awuzange isheshe ukusizana. Wonke umuntu wayekulindele ukunqotshwa komakhelwane ukuze azuze kuwo. Kodwa konke kwashintsha ngemva kokubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwamadolobha ambalwa eRyazan. AmaMongol asebenzisa amaqhinga okuhlasela emkhakheni wezwe. Ngokuphelele, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-300 kuya ku-500 bahlanganyele ekuhlaselweni (ngokucabangela izinqola eziqashiwe ezizweni ezithintekile). Ngenkathi uRus engabamba abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 abayizinkulungwane ezivela kuzo zonke izikhulu. Amasosha aseSlavic ayenokubaluleka kwezikhali kanye namaqhinga. Kodwa-ke, amaMongol azama ukugwema izimpi ezivamile futhi bakhetha ukuhlaselwa okusheshayo okusheshayo. Ukuphakama kwezinombolo kwenza kube lula ukudlula imizi emikhulu kusuka ezinhlangothini ezahlukene.

Ukuphikiswa

Naphezu kwesilinganiso samandla angu-5 kuya ku-1, amaRussia anikeze ukuhlaselwa kobudlova kwabahlaseli. Ukulahlekelwa kwamaMongol kwakungaphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ngokushesha bagcwaliswa iziboshwa. Ukuwa kwezwe elidala laseRussia kwaqedwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezikhulu ngaphambi kokusongelwa kokuqothulwa okuphelele. Kodwa sekuphuzile kakhulu. AmaMongol ashesha ngokufudukela eRussia, echitha esinye isiphetho ngemva kwesinye. Kungakapheli iminyaka emithathu, ibutho likaBatuya lamasosha angu-200 000 lalimi emasangweni aseKiev. AmaRussia anesibindi avikela isikhungo samasiko kuze kube sekugcineni, kodwa amaMongolia ayephindwe izikhathi eziningi. Ngemva kokuthunjwa kwedolobha, lashiswa futhi labhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokugcina elihlangene lamazwe aseRussia - iKiev - laphela ukudlala indima yesikhungo samasiko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe zaseLithuania kanye nemikhankaso yemiyalo yamaKatolika yamaJalimane yaqala. I-Russia yaphela ukuphela.

Imiphumela yokuwa kwezwe elidala laseRussia

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, cishe wonke amazwe aseRussia ayelawulwa ezinye izizwe. I-Golden Horde ilawula empumalanga, eLithuania nasePoland - entshonalanga. Izizathu zokuwa kombuso waseRussia Old zikhona ekuhlukaneni nasekulahlekeni kokusebenzisana phakathi kwezikhulu, kanye nesimo senqubomgomo esingekho emthethweni. Ukubhujiswa kwesimo sombuso nokuhlala ngaphansi kokucindezelwa kwamanye amazwe kwashukumisa isifiso sokubuyisela ubunye kuwo wonke amazwe aseRussia. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakheni umbuso onamandla waseMoscow, khona-ke uMbuso waseRussia.