Izinkantolo International, nemisebenzi yabo nezimiso

izinkantolo International international umthetho yenza njenge abagunyaziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ezindaweni ezithile. zikhungo akhiwa futhi usebenza ngokuhambisana nezivumelwano noma, njengoba umthetho, ngokuvumelana UN Security Act. Cabanga kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini izinkantolo ngamazwe.

I-International Criminal Court esimweni abaholi laseJalimane lobuNazi

Ungomunye izikhungo ezimbili ogunyaziwe, elalihlanganyela ngokugcwele izinjongo zabo. Lezi izinkantolo ngamazwe ukusebenza ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Eyokuqala kwamiswa ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano phakathi ohulumeni yeRussia, France, izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States ngemvume ngo-August 8, 1945. umsebenzi walo kwaba ukubukeza icala futhi kokwenza isinqumo maqondana ngabaholi bezempi uhulumeni iJalimane lamaNazi. I-oda we indalo yayo, lolimi yomthetho zachazwa Charter, lebhalwe isivumelwano.

Ukwakheka izikhungo

izinkantolo International futhi izinkantolo akhiwa abameleli abavela emazweni ehlukene. Umi Ngo-August 1945, inkantolo siqanjwe amalungu amane kanye nenani elilinganako amasekela - owodwa kusukela amazwe ilungu sivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye sebesho abakhulu umshushisi yayo nezinye izikhulu ababethunyiwe. Ukuze abamangalelwa Kusolakala iziqinisekiso nenqubo, kuhlanganise nokuhlinzekwa abavikeli. Umshushisi omkhulu usebenze njengomahluleli kokubili ngokuzimela kanye ngokuhlanganyela nomunye.

amandla

Basuke kunqunywa izimiso izinkantolo ngamazwe. Ngokuqondene inhlangano kuqala imigomo inkomba kuhlanganisiwe ukubuyekezwa:

• Amacala ayebekwe ukuthula (ukulungiselela, ukuhlela nokuziphatha empini ephula izivumelwano).
• ukwephulwa Military (isinyathelo okuphambene nemithetho noma amasiko impi).
• Obugebengu aphambene nobuntu (ukubulala, ukudingiswa, ubugqila, nokuqothulwa nezinye izenzo ezinyantisayo ngokumelene izakhamuzi).

isikhathi sokusebenza

Inkantolo lokuqala lamiswa ukuqhuba esingenamkhawulo ukuthi izinqubo. Ngo Berlin waba indawo unomphela. Kwaba umhlangano wokuqala ekuqaleni Okthoba 1945 umsebenzi zenhlangano lwalulinganiselwe e mkhuba ngokungeyikho ngokubhekisela inqubo eNuremberg. Yenzeka kusuka 20 November 1945 kuya ku-1 Okthoba 1946. Imithetho kanye Regulations selitholakele oda kwesivivinyo futhi imihlangano. Isijeziso eziyizimbangela Kusolwa ukufa noma isiphetho. Isinqumo, okuyinto elihunyushwe amalungu ikundla, kufanele kubhekwe sokugcina. Wayengekhona ekubuyekezweni futhi iqaliswe ngokuhambisana oda we Control Council of Germany. Lokhu umzimba kwaba kuphela sikhungo ugunyaziwe ukushintsha isinqumo futhi icubungule isicelo a iziboshwa ushwele.

Ngemva ukwenqaba izicelo icala, wagwetshwa ukufa, isigwebo wabulawa ngo-October 16, 1946 ebusuku okokuqala. Disemba 11 Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwenza kwaba nomfutho yi-General Assembly, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa izimiso ngamazwe zomthetho obusingethwe Charter lokhu seziKhalazo kanye nekhono lakhe lokwahlulela.

Tokyo ngezilingo

Inkantolo yesibili sesakhiwe icala lendoda izigebengu Japanese. Siqukethe abameleli amazwe nanye. Umshushisi omkhulu waqokwa induna ayebusa amabutho Japanese. Agcina eseyinto omele US. Zonke ezinye zithi ngimisile abashushisi ezengeziwe. Icala aphethwe kusuka 3 Meyi 1946 kuya ku-12 Novemba 1948. Waqeda enkantolo ngokuqiniseka.

Isimo namuhla

INgqungquthela kohlanga kobandlululo umiselwe ezingaba ukwakha izinkantolo samazwe onke esisha zokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye lalawa izenzo ke uzimisele ukuthi icala osolwa kohlanga kufanele baphathwe yezwe senziwa lapho, iziphathimandla ogunyaziwe. Kungenzeka kokubili inhlangano yangaphakathi kanye izinkantolo ngamazwe. Okwamanje sithi sixoxa ekwakheni umzimba unomphela ukuthi uyocabangela isikali iphasi zombelele.

I izinkantolo ngamazwe, ezichazwe ngenhla, lwalulinganiselwe ububanzi lubandlululo kanye yesikhashana. Uma umzimba unomphela izokwakhiwa, khona-ke kufanele kube khona imingcele enjalo.

Ilungelo labaqeqeshi inkantolo unomphela

Le nkinga eminyakeni yamuva, uKhomishane wasebenza UN egameni le-General Assembly. Kuze kube manje, izincomo okulungiselelwe mayelana nokumiswa umzimba unomphela ngesisekelo isivumelwano kubasekeli ngendlela isimiso (Charter). Amandla enkantolo mhlawumbe kufanele kubandakanye ukucabangela of amacala mayelana izakhamuzi. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi enikeziwe ukusabalala zamakhono futhi isimo.

Njenganoma izinkantolo ngamazwe langaphambilini, umzimba unomphela kumele kubhekwe ubugebengu ngokumelene ukuphepha kwesintu emhlabeni, kanye nezinye izenzo ezifanayo, okuyinto afakiwe esigabeni 'YeSizwe ". Lokho kusho ukuthi umthetho wendawo ethile inkantolo kufanele ukuxhumana Imihlangano olufanele ngamazwe.

Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, umbono owandile udaba temakhono kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi, ngokuhambisana okuyinto umzimba igunya kufanele nomkhawulo Ukucabangela lezi zenzo njengoba kohlanga, ubudlova, ubugebengu obenziwa esintwini kanye nokuvikeleka kwabantu ngobuningi. I zamukelwa kuphela uyavuma iinthombe Charter of ecacile izenzo ulimi kanye nezijeziso ngamunye wabo. Isiphetho eyinhloko unswinyo kufanele inikezwe isikhathi esithile noma ukuphila. Umbuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa isigwebo sokufa, uhlala impikiswano namuhla.

isakhiwo

izinkantolo Langaphambilini ngamazwe sakhiwa abamele amazwe iqhaza kule izivumelwano ezifanele. Ukwakheka inkantolo wayehlukile. Endabeni ukwakha umzimba unomphela ke okuthiwa izobandakanya Usihlalo kanye Vice-likaMongameli. Lesi sakamuva ngeke imisebenzi kokubili zokuphatha kanye zokwahlulela. Ngokuqondene ukuhlola izimo isigwebo enkantolo letinhloso kulindeleke ukuba ngabele emakamelweni abafanele. Kucatshangwa ukuthi umsebenzi oyokwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. Kumele kube nophenyo oluzimele. It izobanjelwa egameni umphakathi wezwe lonke bayabuthana emazweni abakuwo.
2. Investigation kohlaka ngokusebenzisa iziphathimandla kazwelonke ogunyaziwe.

inqubo Yugoslavian

Ngo-1993, 25 Meyi,-UN Security Council izwi lesinqumo. Ngokusho ke lasungulwa, inkantolo engavuni amazwe kushushiswa abaphehla ukwephula umthetho zosizo elaliyiYugoslavia. On the indawo yaleli zwe oluqale impi, okuyinto eyaba esibuhlungu ngo-sabantu. Ngo ukwakha Statute senkantolo sivunyiwe. It abelethwe umzimba ethile maqondana abantu abenza kokunikezwa kwe- Geneva Imihlangano kanye nezinkambiso. Phakathi izenzo ezinjalo - infliction ngenhloso ukuhlupheka noma ukubulala, ngesihluku esiyinqaba nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuthatha abantu kalowo, ukudingiswa kwabantu abaningi emthethweni, zisebenzisa izikhali ezikhethekile, ukuqothulwa kohlanga, nokunye.

yenhlangano

Kulesi Yobulungisa 11 amajaji azimele. Basuke ethunyelwe States futhi akhethwe yi-General Assembly iminyaka 4. Uhlu inikeza -UN Security Council. Njenganoma izinkantolo ngamazwe langaphambilini, kulokhu kukhona umshushisi. Ngo-May 1997, ukwakhiwa omusha wakhethwa. Ngo ukwakheka kwale ikundla 2 no 1 nokulingwa isikhalazo ekamelweni. Ngo ugijimela zokuqala ezintathu, kanti eyesibili - abantu abahlanu ogunyaziwe. Ingabe inhlangano e-The Hague. Statute ulawula inqubo izimo, kwenta tinhlaka yezinkolelo. Iphinde esungulwe amalungelo abasolwa futhi abamangalelwa, kuhlanganise ukuzivikela.