I-International Court of Human Rights. International Court of Justice. enkantolo ukulamula umbango international

Nje emakhulwini ambalwa edlule, izindlela eyinhloko ukuxazulula izingxabano ngamazwe nezinye ezazihilelekile kwakungafani zezombusazwe kanye impi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yesibili isetshenziswa kaningi kunezokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi ngosizo yayo kwakunokwenzeka ukufeza imiphumela okukhulu uma ukunqoba. Kodwa njengoba ekukhuleni komphakathi uye savela isiko laso zomthetho. Kwacaca ukuthi impi yingozi kokubili ezinqotshiwe futhi victors. Ngakho, inkampani waqala ukufuna izindlela ngokunethezeka lokuxazulula izingxabano ngamazwe. umfutho omkhulu ukucabanga okunjalo ukuvela umkhakha othize zomthetho, okuyinto ezilungisiwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezihloko nge isimo uthi.

umthetho International ngokuyinhloko basiza ekuhlakuleleni indlela yokuxoxisana phakathi kwamazwe, ngazo kungaba cishe zonke izinkinga. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuqaliswa kwezinkambiso zomthetho ngamazwe, sidale amabhizinisi akhethekile anezithunywa isimo izinkantolo. Kuze kube manje, izinkantolo bahoshé zalelo nani elikhulu izifundo kokubili umthetho kwasobala nokwabantu ngabanye. Kulesi sihloko sizobe ukuchaza futhi embule izici eyinhloko izinkantolo wezizwe ezihlukahlukene.

Umqondo izinkantolo ngamazwe

Ngoba noma yisiphi isakhamuzi abavamile cishe njalo uhlala umbuzo imfihlakalo lokho nezivumelwano zezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe. Kungakhathaliseki isimo nesiqondiso nezivumelwano zezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe kukhona isiqondiso eyodwa engokomthetho yomsebenzi zemizimba ezinjalo. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi iyiphi nezivumelwano zezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe - phetho isivumelwano ethize esiphakathi States. Njengoba sazi lokhu kanye nezinye izici, ungakhetha umqondo owodwa. Ngakho, inkantolo international - umzimba wadala kuphela ngesisekelo isivumelwano ethize ngamazwe ukubhekana futhi ukubhekana izingxabano phakathi uthi bemvelo ezahlukene futhi kwezinye izimo abantu. Namuhla kukhona izinkantolo eziningi ezahlukene, ngamunye okuyinto unomthwalo wokuba nomkhakha othize yomthetho ngamazwe. Leli phephandaba izokwethulwa edume kakhulu kubo.

Isimo sezomthetho mayelana Nelungelo izinqumo kwamakhotho ngamazwe

Kunemibuzo eminingi mayelana nendlela ukusebenzisa umthetho izinkantolo ngamazwe. Inkinga wukuthi akukho ndlela eyodwa lapho izixazululo okusesihlokweni esithi, iziphathimandla esetshenziswa ezingeni likazwelonke kwamanye amazwe. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe athuthukile umqondo, othi isinqumo senkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe luyasetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlaka inkontileka, ngenxa okuyinto idaliwe. Banikezwe ngokucacile zalezi zinhlangano ethulwa umqondo ngempela kunengqondo. Ngakho, isimo Gqamisa noma yimuphi umumo kulawulwa sivumelwano ethize ngamazwe kwezifunda ezithile.

International Court of Justice

Omunye emizimbeni edume kakhulu futhi okubaluleke ngempela emkhakheni umthethonqubo izingxabano zezizwe kuyinto Court of Justice. Le nkantolo yasungulwa ngo ezihambisana nalesi siVumelwano-United Nations ngo-1945. Isitho ingenye ejensi eziyisithupha umnyombo Inhlangano. Ngokwe-Charter, ke ulawula izingxabano zezizwe zomthetho ngokuhambisana nezimiso wobulungisa nengxabano by izindlela ezinokuthula. International Court of Justice owawuseJudiya ingxenye enkulu ngenxa seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, lapho abantu baqaphela horror egcwele lolu hlobo ingxabano. Imisebenzi yaso enganyelwe ehlukile zokulawula umculu yenhlangano. Kuze kube manje, njengesiqondiso kuze kube nini enjalo we-United Nations International Court of Justice.

Inkantolo Isimo Wezobulungisa yemithetho ezisebenza kubo

Ngesimo esingokomthetho inkantolo bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni-United Nations imibhalo normative. Njengomthetho, amalungu aso bangamalungu itoho we International Court of Justice. Wamisa lo umzimba ngesisekelo isimo Inhlangano. Emisebenzini yayo Court of Justice isebenzisa inombolo ethize yemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokusho Article 38 Statute, ikhambi izingxabano zomthetho ezithile ezilandelayo imithombo zomthetho asetshenziswa:

• Convention, isivumelwano samazwe onke bemvelo zomthetho;
• imikhuba ngamazwe zomthetho ;
• imigomo ejwayelekile yomthetho ezikhona zonke izinhlelo zomthetho;
• izinqumo ochwepheshe ngabanye kanye kunazo owaziwa imfundiso engokomthetho emhlabeni jikelele.

Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo ingase Zisekela izinqumo zayo izimiso zobulungiswa, hhayi nokukhawulela ngokwabo bona bahlele kuhle imithetho komthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

yomthetho

International Court of Justice kufanele abe namandla wokuphatha kuphela kulabo izifundo abaye banikela kwemvume express okumelwe ziqulwe kulokhu. Njengomthetho, UN oyilungu, zikhona izindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo lapho bangakwazi ngesifiso babambe iqhaza ohlolweni ngaphansi kobuholi senkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe. Phakathi izindlela ezinjalo zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

1. Isivumelwano uhlamvu ekhethekile (amaqembu ukuba impikiswano aphikisana wodwa mayelana ukudluliselwa kwakhe kuya International Court of Justice).
2. Kwezinye izivumelwano, kukhona izihloko ekuqaleni uphoqa Amaphathi ukuxazulula zonke izingxabano zabo nabanye States ku International Court of Justice.
3. Kwesinye isikhathi State Ilungu ibona nendawo ethile ye-enkantolo ngokwalo nakanjani ngesimemezelo sohlangothi olulodwa.

Ngesisekelo nemibandela International Court of Justice lucwaningo imisebenzi yayo inqubo yokuxazulula ukungezwani phakathi kwezizwe.

I-International Court of Human Rights

Emazweni amaningi ophucukile liyinani core yesimanjemanje, ngaphezu kwakho konke, abantu. Ngakho-ke, amalungelo akhe kanye nenkululeko zivikelwe, kubalulwa izenzo eziningana zomthetho, kokubili izinhlelo zomthetho wezwe nowamazwe ngamazwe.

Kodwa ngisho ne ukuthuthukiswa isiko wezomthetho labantu emhlabeni kaningi kwamalungelo wobuntu ziphuliwe. Nale isici emibi uzama ukulwa, kodwa baye enkantolo kwezinye izimo. Umzimba omkhulu kule ndawo yiyona iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu International. Lesi sihloko hhayi ngempela ilungile, ngoba umzimba unegama ukuhluka - okungukuthi, iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, eyasungulwa ngo-1953. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the imithetho inkantolo Kwenziwa kuphela mayelana amazwe ilungu iKhoniveshini yekuVikelwa Yamalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Eyisisekelo.

Ilungelo labaqeqeshi eNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu

INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu YaseYurophu kungumzimba hhayi ephakeme instantsionnym kuka lonke uhlelo lwezobulungiswa koMbuso. Nokho, uma sithatha isibonelo, Russian Federation, okuyinto ilungu SaseYurophu Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Eyisisekelo, isinqumo inkantolo ngamazwe zifakwe kazwelonke esimisweni somthetho njengoba isici saziso. Kulokhu, amandla wezomthetho izinqumo ezingaphezu kuka-izenzo normative oshayiwe Russian kazwelonke.

Ngokuphathelene le ndaba yokungaziphathi ukugcwaliseka eNkantolo ngamazwe Yamalungelo, ukuthi umlando walo mzimba sibe khona amacala non-ukugcwaliseka izenzo zakhe. Ngo izinqumo zayo inkantolo unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa sasivumela banelise tidzingo kwezinhlangano isinxephezelo umonakalo, umonakalo okungezona yezimali kanye nezindleko zomthetho.

NeMibandela ukuhanjiswa izikhalazo iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu International

Inkantolo yasamukela isikhalazo ukuze anakwe, kumelwe sihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezimbili okungukwethembeka:

1. Ungakwazi akhononde kuphela kwalawa amalungelo nenkululeko zazo ngokucacile kuhlinzekwe ngoba ngawo eMhlanganweni. Hhayi kucatshangelwe amalungelo akhethekile ebekiwe kuphela imithethosisekelo kwamazwe ngabanye. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ezinye inkululeko wabalula e-Convention for States eziningi Amaphathi kukhona inoveli, kodwa leli qiniso akusho ukhiphe umthwalo ukwephulwa yabo.
2. Ngokuhambisana yiSigaba 34 soMthetho-sisekelo WaseYurophu ngokuba Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Eyisisekelo, inkantolo bangathola izikhalazo ezivela ngabanye, amaqembu abantu kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi inzuzo, okuyinto, ngokombono wabo, zaba yizisulu sokwephulwa kwe-ngqo.

INkantolo has isimo inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ngakho-ke ungakwazi yini ukulungisa umuntu akusona isakhamuzi yezwe enamalungu we loMkhandlu WaseYurophu. Esinye isimo kubalulekile isikhalazo ukuthi lucutshungulwe Court of Human Rights Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umuntu ukuchitha zonke izindlela ukuvikela amalungelo abo ezingeni likazwelonke, bese kuphela isicelo enkantolo ngamazwe.

ukulamula umbango commercial International

Namuhla, ukunakwa okuningi kunikezwa ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngoba ezimakethe zomhlaba ivela cishe ngomzuzwana. Njengakuwo wonke amanye imikhakha yokuphila komuntu, lokhu izingxabano futhi ukuthi kumelwe ngandlela-thile kubhekwane. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona inzuzo ukulamula umbango nezivumelwano zezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe i. Lokhu umzimba eziklanyelwe ukubhekana nokuxazulula izingxabano ngqo phakathi kwabantu wokwenziwe commercial ngamazwe. Kulokhu, abantu nobe emacembu zengxabano zingaba khona izinhlangano ezahlukene ngokuphelele okuqondene izakhiwo isimo. kumele International Court Commercial zihlukaniswa kusuka kwamanye ezinkantolo ukuthi unqume zezimpawu ngokuqondile phakathi States.

Izici International Arbitration

Kanye commercial ukulamula umbango enkantolo ezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe kuyindlela ethandwa ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ukuze inkontileka, kuthengiselana, njll Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ukhethe isici esiphawuleka kakhulu lesi sitho, okungukuthi ..:

1. Ukubulawa izinqumo ukulamula umbango international - kuba izingilazi isikhathi evusa impikiswano. Kuze kube manje, akukho indlela eyodwa ukukhishwa kwezahlulelo zomzimba ngamazwe okwakuyoholela lwenteke ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izifunda. Lokhu isici omubi kwezinye izimo, amandla kabusha amaqembu abahlukumeza amalungelo abo edelela umyalo wenkantolo.
2. INkantolo Ephakeme Yase-Arbitration International isebenzisa isimiso kuyimfihlo evumela amaqembu ukugcina imfihlo kuzo zonke izingxabano zabo.
3. Banikezwe Eqinisweni ukuthi uma ukuthethwa kwecala ukulamula umbango kungase kahle sidonsa iminyaka, le uhlobo oluthile Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abo libhekene eqolo, ngokuyinhloko ukuze nezindleko zomthetho kanye nanoma iziphi ezinye izindleko ezidingekayo (ukuqasha consultant, abameli, nokunye. N.).
4. INkantolo Ephakeme Yase-Arbitration International - umzimba kokungathathi hlangothi ukuthi ngeke unike esikuthandako by noma party leyo ngxabano.

nezivumelwano zezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe Criminal

Kuvele ukufohla ebalulekile emkhakheni ubulungiswa ngamazwe kwaba ukusungulwa ikhotho yobulelesi ngamazwe. Ngaphansi Rome Statute (umzimba umzali idokhumenti), i-International Criminal Court ngaleli kuyinto senzakalo uhlamvu womhlaba wonke lwezobulungiswa. Ngo enekhono oqondile ukushushisa labo abaye wenza lobu bugebengu ezilandelayo: amacala nempi, ukuqothulwa kohlanga, obugebengu aphambene nobuntu.

isimo eNkantolo

I-International Criminal Court uyilungiselelo unomphela, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ukhombe izinkantolo ukuthi kubhekwe amacala ahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ICC - inkantolo ehlukene, ngokusekelwe e-The Hague. It is hhayi kufakwe isakhiwo UN, nakuba ezimweni ezithile kungaqalisa ekuqhutshweni ngesisekelo isethulo zomzimba. Cases wenza phezu kuciniswa Rome Statute, okuyinto sivamile namuhla usebenze endaweni lamazwe angu-123. Kukhona amanye amazwe angekho phakathi kubahlanganyeli isimiso, kodwa ngenkuthalo ukusiza ukuqaliswa inkantolo lobugebengu bomhlaba wonke futhi imizimba yayo kwesakhiwo. Abanye kulawo mazwe zihlanganisa WaseRussia.

isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ubulungisa international - akusiyo kuphela legatsha ebalulekile amalungelo womhlaba bebonke, kodwa futhi isinyathelo esikhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkhulumomphendvulwano emkhatsini wetive. Ake bathemba ukuthi maduze zonke izinkinga ezibalulekile ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili ezocatshangelwa nezinhlaka zamazwe.