Ukuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan, 1979-1989

Impi yezempi e-Afghanistan, eyaqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu edlule, ihlala iyisisekelo sezokuphepha emhlabeni namuhla. Amandla ahloniphekile ekuphishekeleni izifiso zawo awabhubhisi nje kuphela umbuso ozinzile ngaphambili, kodwa futhi aphule izinkulungwane zezinhlawulo.

Afghanistan ngaphambi kwempi

Abaningi abakubonayo, bachaza impi e-Afghanistan, bathi ngaphambi kokuxabana kwakuyisimo esibucayi kakhulu, kodwa amanye amaqiniso ayathuli. Ngaphambi kokuphikisana, i-Afghanistan yaqhubeka yindawo yama-feudal iningi lensimu, kodwa emadolobheni amakhulu afana neKabul, iHerat, iKandahar nabanye abaningi, kwakukhona ingqalasizinda eyakhiwe ngokwanele, lezi zikhungo zamasiko nezenhlalakahle ezigcwele.

Isimo sathuthuka futhi sathuthuka. Kwakukhona imithi yamahhala kanye nemfundo. Izwe lakhiqiza izingubo ezinhle. Ukusakazwa kwemisakazo kanye nethelevishini kwamanye amazwe. Abantu bahlangana kumabhayisikobho nakilabhulali. Owesifazane angase athole impilo yomphakathi noma asebenze ibhizinisi.

Ama-shop boutiques, izitolo ezinkulu, izitolo, izindawo zokudlela, eziningi zokuzijabulisa zamasiko ezikhona emizini. Ukuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan, usuku lwalo oluphathwa ngendlela ehlukile emithonjeni, ukuqeda ukuchuma nokuzinza. Izwe ngomzuzwana owodwa laphenduka phakathi kwezingxabano nokubhujiswa. Namuhla, amandla kuleli lizwe athunjwe ngamaqembu amakhulu amaSulumane, azuzwa ekugcineni imingcele kuyo yonke indawo.

Izizathu zokugqashuka kwempi e-Afghanistan

Ukuze uqonde izimbangela zangempela zenkinga ye-Afghan, kufanelekile ukukhumbula indaba. Ngo-July 1973, ubukhosi babuqothulwa. Lo mkhankaso wenziwa ngumzala weNkosi Muhammad Daoud. Ummemezeli wamemezela ukuqothulwa kobukhosi futhi wazimisela umengameli weRiphabhlikhi yase-Afghanistan. I-revolution yenziwa ngosizo lwe-People's Democratic Party. Inkambo yezinguquko emkhakheni wezomnotho nezenhlalakahle yamenyezelwa.

Empeleni, uMengameli uDaoud akazange enze izinguquko, kodwa wabhubhisa kuphela izitha zakhe, kuhlanganise nabaholi be-PDPA. Ngokwemvelo, ukunganeliseki emibuthanweni yamaKhomanisi kanye ne-PDPA yakhula, babelokhu behlushwa ukucindezelwa kanye nodlame lomzimba.

Ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kwezombangazwe kulelizwe kwabangela impi yombango, nokungenela kwangaphandle kwe-USSR kanye ne-US kwabangela ukuchitha igazi okukhulu kakhulu.

I-Saur revolution

Lesi simo sasihlale sithukuthele, futhi ngo-Ephreli 27, 1987, ukuguqulwa kuka-Ephreli (Saur) kwenzeka, ehlelwe yizinhlangano zempi zezwe, i-PDPA namaKhomanisi. Abaholi abasha baqala ukubusa - uN. M. Taraki, H. Amin, B. Karmal. Basheshe bamemezela ukuguqulwa kwama-anti-feudal kanye nentando yeningi. I-Democratic Republic of Afghanistan yaqala ukuba khona. Ngokushesha ngemva kokujabula kanye nokunqoba kokuhlangana okuhlangene, kwacaca ukuthi kwakukhona ukungezwani phakathi kwabaholi. U-Amin akazange aphile kahle noKarmal, futhi uTaraki wavala amehlo akhe kuso.

Ku-USSR, ukunqoba kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi kwakumangalisa ngempela. I-Kremlin ilindele ukuthi kwenzekeni okwalandela, kepha abaholi abaningi bezempi abahlakaniphile nama-apparatchiks bamaSoviet baqonda ukuthi ukuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan kwakungqongqoshe.

Abahlanganyeli empini yezempi

Inyanga eyodwa kuphela ngemva kokuchithwa kwegazi kuhulumeni waseDaud, amabutho amasha wezombangazwe aphikisana nezingxabano. Amaqembu uKhalq noParcham, njengezi-ideologists, awazange athole umqondo ovamile phakathi kwabo. Ngo-Agasti 1978 kwaba khona ukususwa okuphelele kwe "Parcham" emandleni. U-Karmal, kanye nabantu bakhe abafana naye, baya phesheya.

Olunye ukuhluleka lwatholwa uhulumeni omusha - ukuqaliswa kwezinguquko kwakunqotshwa ukuphikiswa. AmaSulumane abamba iqhaza emaqenjini nasekunyanyeni. NgoJuni, imibhikisho ehlomile yokulwa namandla okuguqula iqala ezifundazweni zaseBadakhshan, eBamiyan, Kunar, Paktia naseNangarhar. Naphezu kokuthi usuku olusemthethweni lwaba-mlando bezingxabano zokulwa balwa ngo-1979, imisebenzi yezempi yaqala kakhulu. Unyaka wokuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan kwaba ngo-1978. Impi yombango yaba yinto ehoxisa amazwe angaphandle ukuze angenele. I-megastore ngayinye yayilandela izithakazelo zayo ze-geopolitical.

Islamists kanye nemigomo yabo

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, inhlangano ethi "Youth Muslim" yakhiwa ensimini ye-Afghanistan, imibono yamaSulumane eyisisekelo yama-Arab "Muslim Brotherhoods", izindlela zabo zokulwa emandleni, kuze kube yizingxabano zezombusazwe eziseduze nabantu bakuleli mphakathi. Ukubusa kwamaSulumane, i-jihad nokucindezela Zonke izinguquko eziphikisana neKoran yizinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zalezo zinhlangano.

Ngo-1975, "intsha yamaSulumane" yaphela. Kwathathwa ngabanye abayisisekelo - i-Islamic Party of Afghanistan (i-IPA) ne-Islamic Society of Afghanistan (IOA). Ukuqondiswa la maseli kuyi-H. Hekmatyar no-B. Rabbani. Amalungu enhlangano aqeqeshwa ekuqhubeni amasosha ePakistan engomakhelwane futhi axhaswe iziphathimandla zamazwe angaphandle. Ngemuva kweRevolution ye-Ephreli, izinhlangano zokuphikisa zahlanganiswa. Ukukhishwa kuleli zwe kwaba uhlobo lwezimpawu ezenzelwe izikhali.

Ukusekelwa kwamanye amazwe ngama-radicals

Umuntu akakwazi ukungaqapheli ukuthi ukuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan, usuku olunezinsuku zanamuhla - 1979-1989, lwaluhlelwe ngokuyinhloko ngamandla angaphandle-ababambiqhaza bebhokisi le-NATO namanye amazwe aseSulumane. Uma ngaphambili ama-elite asezombusazwe aseMelika aphika ukubandakanyeka ekubunjweni nasekuxhasweni kwezingcindezi, khona-ke ikhulu elisha laletha amaqiniso amnandi kakhulu kule ndaba. Abasebenzi base-CIA bashiye imemo eminingi, lapho beveza khona inqubomgomo kahulumeni wabo.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuhlasela kwamabutho aseSoviet e-Afghanistan, i-CIA ixhase i-mujahideen, yabahlomisa ngeziqu zokuqeqesha ePakistan eyakhelene nayo, futhi yanikeza amaSulumane ngezikhali. Ngo-1985, uMongameli Reagan ngokwakhe wathola izithunywa zikaMujahideen eNtabeni eNkulu. Umnikelo obaluleke kunawo wonke we-United States empini ye-Afghanistan kwakuwukuqashwa kwamadoda kulo lonke izwe lama-Arab.

Namuhla kunolwazi lokuthi impi e-Afghanistan ihlelwe yi-CIA njengesicupho se-USSR. Ukubanjwa kuwo, i-Union kumele ibone ukungahambisani kwenqubomgomo yayo, idle imithombo futhi "ihlukane". Njengoba ungabona, kwenzeka. Ngo-1979, ukuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan, noma kunalokho, ukungeniswa kwe- Soviet Army, kwakungenakugwema.

I-USSR nokusekelwa kwe-PDPA

Kunemibono yokuthi i-USSR yayilungiselela i-Revolution ka-Ephreli iminyaka eminingana. U-Andropov uqobo wayephethe lo msebenzi. I-Taraki yayiyisithunywa se-Kremlin. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubambisana ukusizwa komngane wamaSoviet ku-Afghan Brotherhood kwaqala. Eminye imithombo ithi i-Saur revolution yayimangalisa ngokuphelele amaSoviet, noma ayamnandi.

Ngemuva kokuguqulwa okuphumelelayo e-Afghanistan, uhulumeni wase-USSR waqala ukuqapha ngokuqhubekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe. Ubuholi obusha kumuntu kaTaraki bubonise ukwethembeka kubangane be-USSR. Ukuhlakanipha kwe-KGB kwazisa njalo "umholi" wokungazinzi esifundeni esiseduze, kodwa kunqunywa ukuthi ulinde. I-USSR iqalile ukuqala kwezempi e-Afghanistan ngokuthula, i-Kremlin yazi ukuthi uxhaswe yi-States, ayifuni ukunikeza insimu, kodwa iKremlin ayidingi enye inkinga yeSoviet-American. Noma kunjalo, iSoviet Union ayihlose ukuma eceleni, kodwa i-Afghanistan yizwe elingumakhelwane.

Ngo-September 1979, u-Amin wabulala uThaaki futhi wamemezela ukuthi ungumengameli. Eminye imithombo ibonisa ukuthi ukungavumelani kokugcina kwabangane bokuqala kwakubangelwa uMongameli uTaraki ngenhloso yokucela i-USSR ukuba ingene emasosheni empi. U-Amin nabangane bakhe babekuphikisana nakho.

Ukungena kwamabutho aseSoviet

Imithombo yeSoviet ithi kusukela kuhulumeni wase-Afghanistan bathunyelwe izicelo ezingaba ngu-20 ngesicelo sokuletha amabutho. Amaqiniso athi okuphambene: UMengameli u-Amin wayengumphikisi weRussia. Ohlala eKabul wathumela idatha emizamweni yase-US yokudweba i-USSR engxabano yesifunda. Ngisho ngaleso sikhathi, ubuholi be-USSR bwazi ukuthi iTaraki nePPPA babeyizakhamuzi zaseMelika. U-Amin wayenguyena uzwe kuphela kuleli nkampani, kodwa nokho ngeTaraki abazange bahlanganyele amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-40 ezikhokhelwa yi-CIA ngenxa yokukhishwa kuka-Ephreli, lokhu kwakuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokufa kwakhe.

U-Andropov noGromyko babengafuni ukulalela noma yini. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaDisemba Kabul, Jikelele we-KGB, wagibela eBabul ngenhloso yokuphoqa u-Amin ukuba abize amabutho ase-USSR. Umongameli omusha wayengenakulinganiswa. Kwabe sekuthi ngoDisemba 22, kwenzeka isenzakalo eKabul. Amaphoyisa "ahlasele" awela endlini lapho izakhamizi zase-USSR zazihlala khona, futhi zaqeda amakhanda abantu abaningana. Ngokubatshala ngemikhonto, abahlomile "abangamaSulumane" bawahambisa emigwaqweni ephakathi kwaseKabul. Amaphoyisa, afike endaweni yesehlakalo, avule umlilo, kodwa izigebengu zabalekela. NgoDisemba 23, uhulumeni wase-USSR wathumela umyalezo kuhulumeni wase-Afghanistan etshela umongameli ukuthi maduzane amasosha aseSoviet azoba e-Afghanistan ukuze avikele izakhamizi zezwe lawo. Ngesikhathi u-Amin ecabanga ukuthi angabhubhisa kanjani amabutho "abangani" kusukela ekuhlaselweni, base bevele befika kwenye yezindiza zezwe ngoDisemba 24. Usuku lokuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan - 1979-1989. - izovula elinye lamakhasi ahlukumezayo emlandweni we-USSR.

Ukusebenza "Isiphepho"

Izingxenye ze-105th Airborne Guards Division zafika ngamakhilomitha angu-50 zisuka eKabul, kanti i-KGB Delta iyingxenye ekhethekile yezungeze isigodlo somengameli ngoDisemba 27. Ngenxa yokuhlushwa, u-Amin nabaqaphi bakhe babulawa. Izwe elisesidlangalaleni "liphelile," futhi bonke abathintekayo balolu phiko bagubha izandla zabo. I-USSR ibanjwe ekhoneni. Ama-paratroopers aseSoviet athathe zonke izakhiwo ezingqalasizinda ezisemadolobheni amakhulu. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10 e-Afghanistan, alwa namasosha angu-600 000 aseSoviet. Unyaka wokuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan kwaba ukuqala kokuwa kwe-USSR.

Ngobusuku kaDisemba 27, uB. Karmal wafika evela eMoscow futhi wamemezela isigaba sesibili sempindiselo emsakazweni. Ngakho-ke, ukuqala kwempi e-Afghanistan - 1979.

Izenzakalo zika-1979-1985.

Ngemuva kwe-Opération Storm ephumelelayo, amasosha aseSoviet athatha zonke izikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, umgomo kaKremlin wawuwukuba uqinise umbuso wamaKhomanisi endaweni engumakhelwane wase-Afghanistan futhi uphinde uvuselele abadushmans ababephethe izwe.

Ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamaSulumane namasekela aseNingizimu Afrika kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abaningi, kodwa indawo yezintaba yaphazamisa abaphekula. Ngo-Ephreli 1980, ukusebenza kokuqala okukhulu ePanjshir kwenzeka. Ngo-June ngonyaka ofanayo, i-Kremlin yalahla ukuhoxiswa kwamanye amathangi kanye nezinyunyana ezivela e-Afghanistan. Ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, impi yenzeke emgodini waseMashhad. Amaphoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika abulawe, kwabulawa amasosha angu-48 kwathi abangu-49 balimala. Ngo-1982, ngomzamo wesihlanu, amasosha aseSoviet akwazi ukuhlala ePanjshir.

Phakathi neminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yempi, isimo sathuthuka. I-SA yahlala kulezi zindawo eziphakeme, kwaze kwaba yilapho igxila khona. AmaSulumane awazange asebenze ngokugcwele, ahlasela amakholomu okudla kanye nezingxenye ezihlukene zamabutho. I-CA yazama ukuyisusa emadolobheni amakhulu.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa imihlangano eminingi phakathi kuka-Andropov noMongameli wasePakistan namalungu e-UN. Ummeli we-USSR wabikezela ukuthi i-Kremlin yayilungele ukuxazululwa kwezombusazwe ngokubambisana nokuqinisekiswa kwe-United States ne-Pakistan ukuyeka ukuxhasa abaphikisi.

1985-1989

Ngo-1985, uMikhail Gorbachev waba unobhala wokuqala we-USSR. Wayakha, wayefuna ukuguqula uhlelo, wachaza inkambo ye "perestroika." Ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo e-Afghanistan kwaqeda inqubo yokulungisa ubudlelwane namazwe ase-United States naseYurophu. Ukusebenza kwezempi okuqhubekayo akuzange kwenziwe, kodwa amasosha aseSoviet afa ngokuhlala enomthelela ensimini yase-Afghan. Ngo-1986, i-Gorbachev yamemezela inkambo yokuxoshwa kwamabutho ase Afghanistan. Ngonyaka ofanayo uB. Karmal waphumelela nguMnuz Najibullah. Ngo-1986, ubuholi be-SA bafinyelela ekuphethweni kokuthi impi yabantu base-Afghan ilahlekile, ngoba yayingeke ikwazi ukulawula yonke indawo yase-Afghanistan. NgoJanuwari 23-26 Inqwaba yamabutho aseSoviet yenze umsebenzi wayo wokugcina "Isivunguvungu" e-Afghanistan esifundazweni saseKunduz. Ngo-February 15, 1989, wonke amabutho eSoviet Army ahoxiswa.

Ukusabela kwamandla omhlaba

Wonke umphakathi womhlaba ngemuva kokumemezela abezindaba mayelana nokuqothulwa kwegodlo likaMengameli e-Afghanistan futhi ukubulawa kuka-Amin kwakushuswe kakhulu. ISoviet Union yabhekwa ngokushesha njengebizo eliphelele kanye nezwe elihlukumezayo. Ukungqubuzana kwempi e-Afghanistan (1979-1989) yamandla aseYurophu kwakusho ukuqala kokuhlukaniswa kwe-Kremlin. UMongameli waseFrance kanye neChansela waseJalimane bahlangana noBrezhnev futhi bazama ukumncenga ukuba ahoxise amabutho akhe, uLeonid Ilyich wayezimisele.

Ngo-Ephreli 1980, uhulumeni wase-US wagunyaza usizo kumaqembu aphikisayo ase-Afghanistan enani lika-R15 million.

Amazwe ase-US naseYurophu acela umphakathi womhlaba ukuba ungayinaki imidlalo yama-Olimpiki yama-1980 eyenziwa eMoscow, kodwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwamazwe ase-Asia nase-Afrika lo mcimbi wezemidlalo wawubanjwe.

"I-Carter Doctrine" yahlanganiswa ngokuqondile phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuhlukumeza ubudlelwane. Amazwe wezwe lesithathu alahla izenzo ze-USSR ngamavoti amaningi. NgoFebhuwari 15, 1989, umbuso waseSoviet, ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano namazwe e-UN, waxosha amabutho ayo evela e-Afghanistan.

Umphumela wenkinga

Ukuqala nokuphela kwempi e-Afghanistan kunemibandela, ngoba i-Afghanistan iyisihlahla esingunaphakade, njengoba inkosi yaso yokugcina yathi ngezwe lakhe. Ngo-1989, inqwaba yamabutho aseSoviet "ahleliwe" awela umngcele we-Afghanistan - lokhu kwabikwa kubaholi abaphezulu. Eqinisweni, e-Afghanistan kwakukhona izinkulungwane zeziboshwa zempi yase-SA, izinkampani ezikhohliwe kanye namabutho emingcele ayemboze ukuhoxiswa kweMpi yama-40.

I-Afghanistan ngemva kwempi eyishumi iqhubekile ibe yizingxabano eziphelele. Izinkulungwane zababaleki zashiya izwe labo ukuba zibalekele empini.

Ngisho nanamuhla, inani eliqondile lama-Afghani afile alisaziwa. Abacwaningi bathi inani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,5 abafile nabalimele, ikakhulukazi izakhamizi.

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yempi, i-CA yalahlekelwa amasosha angu-26 000. ISoviet Union yalahlekelwa impi e-Afghanistan, nakuba ezinye izazi-mlando zithi zihlukile.

Izindleko zezomnotho ze-USSR ngokuphathelene nempi yase-Afghanistan zaziyingozi. Ukusekela uhulumeni waseKabul, imali eyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-800 zanikezwa minyaka yonke, ne $ 3 billion ibutho.

Ukungqubuzana kwempi e-Afghanistan kwakuwukuphela kwe-USSR, enye yamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.