Hafnium: isicelo kanye izakhiwo

Ajwayelane lesi sihloko kuzokwenza umfundi ukuthola ukuthi kunani hafnium (chemical elementi), ukusetshenziswa okuyinto kabanzi indoda ezindaweni eziningi umsebenzi wayo. Futhi futhi izakhiwo ubunjalo chemical nezingokwenyama izinto kubhekwe, izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye khona emhlabeni, kuzoxoxwa umlando emfushane kokutholakala kwalesi sakhi.

Kuyini hafnium

Hafnium - isici kwamakhemikhali ishadi lesikhathi. Elondolozwe eqenjini lesine, esikhathini lesithupha, inombolo yama-athomu kuyinto ayisikhombisa nambili. Kushiwo uhlobo izinto ezilula, has high density futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma, umbala, metal silvery-mhlophe. Hafnium kungaba khona ukushintshwa ezimbili. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa elingaba ngu-2016 Kelvin uhlobo ngehele eziyisithupha, kokuba zinguquko allotropic kusimo umzimba ofiphele cubic ngehele ifomu, ekamelweni lokushisa, it has a ngehele crystal wesistimu olunezinhlangothi.

Kusukela umlando element ukuvulwa

Ukutholakala kwalesi sakhi kwenzeka ngo-1923, kwenziwa Derd yakhe ethi De Heshevi futhi Dirk Coster. Yayikwazi ukubikezela Valence, futhi izici ezihlukahlukene qualitative ka hafnium esekelwe ukucabanga Bohr sika, okuyinto yena, ihlaziye umsebenzi we engumFulentshi Jean Urbena, owayekholelwa ukuthi wayethole i-AmaCeltic - isici esisha. Nokho, kamuva kwacaca ukuthi ukuthi AmaCeltic babe nenye esincane hafnium nge lutetium futhi ytterbium.

Niels Bohr, ukutadisha umsebenzi nokusebenzisa emisebenzini yabo izibalo quantum mechanical wabonisa ukuthi hafnium kuyinto analogue of the lesici inombolo 71 e PTHE, okungukuthi zirconium. Derd De Heshevi futhi Dirk Koster wathi mayelana nokuthola isici hafnium entsha, owaqanjwa ngomuzi lapho kwatholakala, ngemva kokusebenzisa-X-ray indlela, ngokuphindaphindiwe bacubungula zircons Norway futhi Greenland. Ukutholakala-X-ray umumo womsebenzi imigqa ukufana ukuvumele ososayensi ukumemezela kokutholakala entsha x-isibhakabhaka isici.

Izindlela wokulungiselela futhi alondoloza emhlabeni

Hafnium ungaphakathi ungqimba lomhlaba, kodwa akanawo amaminerali, kodwa ngoba "umngane" ka zirconium. Inombolo hf Inkampani e imikhando mayelana 2.5%, nokukhiqizwa yonyaka amathani mayelana ayisikhombisa. Hafnium - material kunalokho kuyabiza, indawo yayo esemqoka bagxila e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika, e-USA, India ne-Brazil. Indawo uhlu amazwe ezindaweni ezifanele ngenani khona hf kuleli zwe. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi Russia nase-Ukraine kufanele zigcine kahle esikhulu sale metal, inani eliyinhloko lalesi okuyinto bagxila tsirkonome, uwela kanye baddeleyite.

incazelo ngokomzimba

Ingxenye Izakhiwo zanoma hafnium okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla. Lezi kungaba ukungezwa, ukuthi lokhu sensimbi, okuyinto kuthatha ifomu fake ihlukaniswe, kuba pheze abamnyama. Udambisa at 2233 degrees Celsius, abilayo uqala at 4603 ^C. kwesigaba esiphambanweni ukuthunjwa neutrons ezishisayo kuyinto uhlobo eliphezulu kakhulu. Zirconium, hafnium, ngokungafani, lisezingeni elinjani kwesigaba oda ezintathu ezidlula buthaka. Nakuba ekuthumbeni hf elilingana Amabha 115, ngesikhathi zirconium ethi 0.2 kuphela ibha. Hafnium has ezingeni lelifana ukushisa nomthamo germanium (Genesise) kuyinto okungavamile. ethize ukushisa isiqongo isezingeni 60-80 Kelvin. Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza iyiphi ithiyori ezihlobene uHooke amandla, okuyinto kubangelwa ukungakwazi Einstein superposition imisebenzi ukunikeza ijika nge esiphezulu.

chemical izakhiwo

Hafnium has ukumelana x-ic Sinemandla ngaphandle zirconium fanekiso. metal ngokwayo has a inertia kunalokho enkulu, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa uhlobo yokwenziwa oxide ifilimu kwakhiwa okuyinto phezu hafnium. Kuhle hf chaza hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ingxube nitric acid kanye aqua regia. Emazingeni aphezulu, it is combusted umoya-mpilo, ngaphandle uqala oxidize. Angajoyina x-ipharamitha wasithukuthelela halogens. It has izakhiwo bemvelo hydrophobic.

Compounds so- tri- futhi tetravalent hf

Kulesi isici Valence inani lingu variable futhi, ngokuhambisana amagugu ezahlukene inani kungenzeka izixhumanisi x-ni, zikhona eziningana ezibalulekile hafnium compounds nezinye izinto.

Divalent dibromide hafnium uba nombala omnyama oluhlaza. Ngezinye lokushisa 400 Celsius iqala inqubo noqhekeko esebumba hf futhi HfBr4. Ngo umkhakha ekhishwe disproportionation HfBr3 e vacuo ngaphansi kwethonya ezishisayo.

Trivalent hf emelelwa tribromide (HfBr3) - ketshezi kuyinto abamnyama okwesibhakabhaka, kuhle okuqinile. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa 400 Celsius iqala ukuba ongalingani ku izingxenye ezimbili tetrabrombity dibrombidy futhi hafnium. Indlela liqukethe ukuthola yokutakula HfBr4 ngokubeka amalahle e-hydrogen, ngokukhethekile nge ukwengeza aluminium.

Compounds of tetravalent hafnium uyalandisa inombolo kahle esikhulu compounds, okungukuthi HfO2 - ke dioxide futhi hydroxide x XYZ ifomula hf (OH) 4. Ngokushesha kuthiwa tretrahlorid (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4), Newcastle tetrabomid hafnium (HfBr), lapho namanje hydrogenphosphates hafnium (hf (HPO4) 2).

Nokusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi ukuxhumana imithi

Hafnium itholakala ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zayo eziningi umsebenzi kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu. Lokhu kungenxa ezihlukahlukene izinga izici, izakhiwo ezenza kube i material zibalulekile impahla ezihlukahlukene imikhakha ukuzingela womuntu, ezempi kanye ngisho umkhakha zenuzi.

Ngakho kanjani ukusebenzisa hafnium? Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha - ingenye ongakhetha eziningi, lapho ungasebenzisa izakhiwo zensimbi. Njengoba hf carbides ka ezisindayo-duty, cishe lungekho ukugqwala, angasetshenziswa womshini Cutlery esetshenziswa odokotela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo womshini i esibukweni-X-ray.

Elementi nge izakhiwo kakhulu kokubili imvelo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba - kuyinto hafnium. Ukusetshenziswa ekhaya kunjengesipho impahla enkulu ekwakhekeni umsakazo, umsakazo nethelevishini amashubhu. It is kabanzi embonini Metallurgical ukuze adlulisele nezinye izinsimbi kangcono physico-technical futhi mechanical izakhiwo. Hafnium isicelo nalo ubunjiniyela x-esibhakabhakeni, kodwa akuvamile ukuba kukhishwe esetshenziswa ngenxa ukusweleka yayo futhi ukusetshenziswa ezibaluleke kakhudlwana.

Ukusetshenziswa hafnium ku izikebhe lempi

enye Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-hafnium? Ukusetshenziswa zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali - kungenye mkhakha womsebenzi womuntu, okuyinto ayiphelele ngaphandle lesi sici. Oxides, silicides, borides futhi carbides ka hafnium ayizakhi refractory kakhulu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, e izikebhe lempi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela enamathela zokuzivikela. Libuye sverhzharoprochnym kakhulu evumela hf futhi compounds ukwenziwa izingxenye okuhloswe izindiza Ultrafast nezikhali ezicitshwayo, nemikhumbi-mkhathi.

Kusukela ngo-1998, kwenziwa imizamo ukwakha "hafnium ibhomu", esekelwe 187m2Hf isomer. Kodwa ngenxa ucwaningo nokuhlolwa umqondo untenable, kuba ngenxa yokuntuleka amathuba nge ubuchwepheshe ekhona manje yokufinyelela ukukhululwa kwe amandla okweqile kusukela core ngesimo isomer.

Okunye isebenzisa izidakamizwa elula hf

Ngo ngamandla enuzi, kanye ezindaweni ezibalwe ngenhla, kodwa isibalo enkulu nakakhulu nabo abasebenzisa hafnium. Kuphi lokhu metal isetshenziswa? Ngenxa yekhono layo ukuze neutron ukuthunjwa hf izinduku enzelwa ukulawulwa ingilazi ezikhethekile futhi izitsha zobumba.

Ngo hafnium iphansana umsebenzi umsebenzi (3,53eV) futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni cathodes futhi electron izibhamu. I jet gas okhombisa izinjini yenuzi zingatholakala borides futhi carbides ka hafnium, nokuningi ngokungenaphutha ezinye timphawu tesakhiwo.

Hafnium ngisho uthola isicelo enkulu ekwakhekeni ugesi kagesi uhlobo amakheli ndawonye futhi ngokuvamile atholakala ion izinjini. Ngesisekelo HfO2 kukhona dielectrics kokuba Kwe-dielectric Heating njalo ezingeni eliphakeme. Ngokuzayo sihlelwe ukuba uthathe isikhundla evamile Silicon oxide e Microelectronics ku HfO2 oxide. Lokhu esikhundleni kuzokhulisa Inkomba izakhi kwabantu ku-chip.

Ekuphetheni singasho ukuthi hafnium, ukusetshenziswa ebanjwa in ezihlukahlukene imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu, iyaqala ziphethe lempi kwansuku zonke futhi zenuzi, iyincenye lebalulekile kakhulu. Lena baningi kakhulu, kanye metal ngokwemvelo ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana zirconium. I rarity futhi izici zayo ukunquma izici ikhwalithi izindleko kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu.