Listostebelnye mosses: abamele, izici zesakhiwo nenhlangano

Ama-Listostebelnye mosses, abameli, izithombe kanye nezici zesakhiwo esizocatshangelwa esihlokweni sethu, sikhathazeke ngezitshalo eziphakeme ze-spore. Lezi zinhlobo zasendulo zenza indima ebalulekile ekusendeni seplanethi yethu.

Imistostebelnye mosses: isici seqembu elihlelekile

Lezi zitshalo ziphezulu kakhulu. Laba bangabantu bokuqala emhlabeni, ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa le ndawo entsha, banezibonakaliso ezintsha. Okokuqala, lokhu kuyisakhiwo sokwakha amaqabunga kanye nokutholakala kwezicubu zomshini nokusebenza. Izinto ezinjalo zenza inqubo ephumelelayo kakhulu ye-photosynthesis. Izithamela ze-Listostebelnye, ezakhiwe kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa ne-algae, zine-rhizoids esikhundleni sezimpande. Lo mkhuba "wamthola" kusukela ezitshalweni eziphansi.

Izinhlobonhlobo ze-bryophyte

Ngokwezici zesakhiwo sezingxenye ezingenhla, ama-mosses angahlanganiswa ngamaqembu amabili: i-thallus ne-leaf-stalk. Ummeli ovamile we-first of these is a marquable change. Lesi sitshalo sinama-dichotomically branched thallus wombala omnyama obomvu nama-broods. Izitshalo ze-Listostebelnye zivame kakhulu emvelweni. Isibonelo sabo yishukela leKukushkin, elibizwa nangokuthi polytrius vulgaris. Zonke izinhlanzi ze-sphagnum (ezimhlophe) nazo zinokuphunyuka kwe-branched.

Uyini umjikelezo wokuphila

Izinsiza ezinamagatsha amaqabunga zihlala njalo. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo, kukhona okunye okucacile kwezizukulwane. Lokhu kuyisisekelo somjikelezo wabo wokuphila. Zombili izizukulwane azifani nje kuphela nezici zesakhiwo sangaphandle, kodwa futhi nendlela yokukhiqiza. Lesi sici somsebenzi obalulekile isici sabo bonke abameleli bezitshalo eziphakeme ze-spore. Futhi ama-ferns, ama-horsetails nama-plaunas emjikelezweni wokuphila anqoba i-sporophyte, futhi emassesheni - isizukulwane sobulili.

I-Gametophyte

I-Listostebelnye mosses, abameleli bayo aboniswa esithombeni, sasivame ukubona njengesibhakabhaka esiqinile esibomvu. Lesi yisizukulwane sobulili besitshalo. Uma uyibheka eduze, ungabona ukuthi uqukethe iziqu ezincane namaqabunga amancane omsila ohlobo oluthile. Njengazo zonke izixuku, zihlanganisa ne-substrate ngama-rhizoids. Emaceleni ama-mosses amaqabunga, i-gametangia yakhiwa, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona amangqamuzana obulili. Ngaphambi kwamanzi, bahlangana, benza isizukulwane esise-asexual of mosses - i-sporophyte.

I-Sporophyte

Isizukulwane sesigamu sezinhlanzi siphula ku-gametophyte eluhlaza. Kubonakala sengathi umlenze omncane lapho ibhokisi likhona khona. Ngaphakathi, izinhlamvu zikhula - amaseli wokukhiqiza asexual. Lapho i-capsule ivula, ingena emhlabathini, ihlume futhi iphinde idale i-gametophyte, ebaluleke kakhulu ekujikelezeni kokuphila kwezitshalo ezinjenge-moss. Okulandelayo, isizukulwane sobulili sakha i-zygote, ehlukaniswe yi-meiosis futhi ifaka izinhlamvu. Futhi ngaleyo ndlela, umjikelezo wokuphila uphinde wenziwa. I-sporophyte ayikwazi ukuzondla, ngoba cishe ayinayo i-chlorophyll kumaseli ayo. Yingakho ihlanganiswe ne-gametophyte elineqabunga, ngenxa yokuthi iyondla. Lezi zizukulwane zihlukaniswa nesethi ye-chromosome. Une-sporophyte ye-diploid. Kodwa isizukulwane sobulili sinesethi esisodwa, ngoba amaseli wesondo ahlangana lapho enza i-zygote.

I-Listostebelnye mosses: indawo yokuhlala

Ama-mosses ahlale ezindaweni ezimanzi. Futhi lokhu akulona ngengozi. Iqiniso liwukuthi inqubo ye-fusion ye-gametes kulezi zitshalo ivele kuphela ngosizo lwamanzi. Amahlathi amanzi, izintaba, amaphahla, izihlahla, izihlahla zemithi, uphahla, amakhomitha amanzi namagumbi, izindonga zamnyama izindlu ... Amasosha azi kahle zonke lezi zindawo. Lezi zitshalo zithatha futhi zigcine amanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukubonakala kwabo endaweni yemvelo kubonisa ukuzulazula kwensimu. Ama-bryophytes asabela kabi kakhulu ekunciphiseni inani lomswakama. Uma engekho, angakwazi ukuma, ngenkathi ehlala ekhona. Uma umswakama uvamile, bayayithatha yonke into yokuphunyuka futhi baphinde baye emphakathini ovamile. Ngenxa yalokhu ikhono, ama-mosque-stalk mosses ajwayele ukushintsha isimo sokuhlala. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo okubanzi kunconywa futhi ngokuthi bangadliwa yizilwane, abakonakali amabhaktheriya nesifungi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, kanye namanzi, bathola izinto ezinobuthi nezingozi.

Okushiwo ukusizwa

Izitshalo ze-Listostebelnye, ikakhulukazi i-sphagnum, zidlala indima eyinhloko ekwenzeni ukumbumbuluzwa nokubunjwa kwe-peat, okuyisisekelo samaminerali okushisa, umanyolo, izinto ezibonakalayo zokukhiqiza utshwala, ama-plastiki, i-acetic acid, i-naphthalene, nezinto zokwehlisa izinto. Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwalesi sidakamizwa isinde isikhathi eside: i-1 cm ye-peat yenziwa iminyaka engaba ngu-10. Ukwamukela umswakama, izinsiza ezinamagatsha zilawula ukulinganisela kwamanzi omhlabathi, zivikele ekukhuliseni. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusabalala nokusabalalisa kwemithi kuphazamisa ukushintshaniswa kwegesi. Ngenxa yalokho, izitshalo azitholi oksijini, ziyafa, inqubo yokubola kwayo iqala.

Ngakho-ke, ama-mosses amaqabunga yibo abamele abaningi kulo mnyango, okuyinto evumelana kakhulu nezinguquko ezimweni zemvelo. Bakwazi ukuthola umswakama kuyo yonke indawo ebusweni, bese behlala isikhathi eside. Emjikelezweni wokuphila walezi zitshalo, i-gametophyte ihamba phambili. Ithuthukisa isizukulwane esise-asexual, esanda ngokusizwa ngxabano.