Carbon dioxide

I-carbon monoxide, i-molecule esakhiwa-athomu eyodwa futhi ama-athomu amabili C, O (isb degree of namachibi carbon silingana 4) ibizwa ngokuthi i-carbon dioxide (amanye amagama: carbon dioxide, i anhydride ka carbonic acid, i-carbon dioxide). Le into ngokuvamile ebhaliwe CO2 ifomula yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. mass izinyo lomhlathi kuba 44,01 g / Mol. Ngokubukeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile-carbon dioxide yigesi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Ngezinye lokuhlala aphansi alinaso iphunga, kuba abukhali, iphunga omuncu at lokuhlala ephakeme.

ezintathu kungenzeka uthi aggregate izimpawu amagugu ezahlukene kwabantu chemical:

• okuqinile (iqhwa); kweyoku-1 atm. futhi lokushisa -78,5 ° C - 1562 kg / m³;
• okusamanzi (carbon dioxide); ngesikhathi ukucindezela 56 atm. futhi lokushisa +20 ° C - 770 kg / m³;
• gaseous; kweyoku-1 atm. futhi lokushisa 0 ° C - 1.977 kg / m³.

carbon dioxide ukuncibilika lokushisa kwaba -78 ° C, izinga lokushisa kipeniya- ka -57 ° C. Ingqikithi siphela emanzini: at 25 ° C kanye ingcindezi 100 KPA solubility elilingana 1.45 g / l.

Carbon dioxide kuyinto engokwemvelo chemical kwakwakhe ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni zama-athomu oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama-athomu carbon exhumene ngesibopho covalent. I-molecule ye-carbon dioxide lwento kanye centrosymmetric. Bobabili ukuhlobana carbon futhi ama-athomu amabili-mpilo kukhona okulingana (Empeleni, kanambambili). I-molecule isihlobo ziyalingana ukuba isikhungo yayo, ngakho-ke ayinakho kagesi dipole okwamanje.

Carbon dioxide ingenye lokuqala gaseous chemical compounds, okuyinto ayekile ukubizwa emoyeni. Ekhulwini lesikhombisa, usokhemisi lase Jan Baptist van Helmont yaphawula ukuthi lapho wazishisa namalahle esitsheni evaliwe, isisindo umlotha okuholela incane kakhulu ukwedlula ezivamile namalahle. I izakhiwo-carbon dioxide eziye zahlolisiswa ngokuphelele e 1750 udokotela Scottish Joseph Black.

Carbon dioxide ngomfutho ejwayelekile futhi izinga lokushisa emkhathini woMhlaba imali mayelana 0.04% by volume. Ngaphansi kwe-carbon umjikelezo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis, isikhutha is zimuncwe yizimila ulele, cyanobacteria. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa amanzi kanye carbohydrate, kodwa le nqubo ithatha indawo kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhanya. Carbon dioxide futhi kukhiqizwa ngesikhathi omlilo of amalahle hydrocarbon, in the ketshezi yokubola kwamazinyo emoyeni ngesikhathi umoya kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhiphe kusuka izintaba-mlilo, iziphethu ezishisayo, iziphethu.

I Umkhathi -carbon dioxide libamba iqhaza elibalulekile (ubamba futhi ikhipha imisebe ehlasela kule ezishisayo ububanzi infrared). Futhi, lolu kwakwakhe kumakhemikhali omunye wemithombo eyinhloko wehlise pH ulwandle: Ukuqedwa emanzini, it yakha ababuthakathaka carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 lumenze angakwazi ngokuphelele Nqamula ku ion.

Carbon dioxide ayisekeli omlilo nokuphefumula kwezimila. isibani izibani nomkhathi wawo ucime. Izilwane kanye nabantu ngesikhathi CO2 okusezingeni eliphezulu emakamu ucishe. Ngezinye 3% lokuhlushwa emoyeni ukuphefumula kuba njalo ngaso ngo-10% nokulahlekelwa ukwazi kwenzeka, futhi ukufa okusheshayo, futhi u-20% okuqukethwe kubangela ukukhubazeka ngokuphazima kweso.

Carbon dioxide iyona anhydride ka carbonic acid, ngakho-ke libhekene izakhiwo oxide ene-asidi. Ngo-laboratory it is okulungiselelwe ukusabela wokulinganisa nge hydrochloric acid e apharathasi Kipp: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O. Ngo umkhakha, ke kuveza noqhekeko ezishisayo limestone noma wokulinganisa (Magnesite kancane noma dolomite): CaCO3 → Cao + CO2. Ukulungiselela inqubo carbon dioxide kuyinto eceleni ka ongaphakeme lokushisa ukwehlukana emoyeni ku nitrogen ne-oxygen. Esikhathini sethu, thina kukhicite ugesi ekhethekile ukukhiqiza carbon dioxide esemoyeni. ugesi ezinjalo zisetshenziswa ukuphakela CO2 kule abamba ukushisa ukuze udale isimo esikahle izitshalo.

Carbon dioxide kabanzi lisetshenziswe izitshalo zamakhemikhali. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza soda, ngoba synthesis acid organic, womshini iziphuzo ezibandayo. iqhwa isetshenziswa njengoba refrigerant, isibonelo, newayini. Carbon dioxide emkhathini kudalwa ukuvimbela abolile ukudla, amagilebhisi efanayo ngemva Iqoqo ngaphambi ukukhiqizwa iwayini.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-carbon dioxide noma uketshezi carbon dioxide Kwenziwa ngokugcwalisa i -carbon dioxide mlilo, ezisetshenziswa wokukucima imililo. Nokho, abakwazi ziyawucisha womuntu ngoba Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo jet CO2 ketshezi iyasha, futhi izinga lokushisa ngqo incipha (okungabangela frostbite) kanye CO2 iguqulwe ibe iqhwa elomile. Carbonation ngokuvamile ucime yiluphi uketshezi oluvutha kalula futhi bakha imizila edingekayo yokwenza. Mshini Ukuqedwa ukufinyelela asemkhathini-mpilo yokwemukela umlilo eziko.