Ukuphakama okuphezulu, okulinganiselwe nokulinganisa kwe-Pacific Ocean

Isintu siye sakhanga njalo izimfihlakalo engabonakali emehlweni akhe. Kusukela expanses enkulukazi yonke kwaze kwaba seqophelweni ejulile kwezilwandle ... ubuchwepheshe Modern avumele ukuba kancane bafunde ezinye izimfihlo umhlaba, amanzi kanye isikhala. I ngamakheshi ngaphezulu ngomgubuzelo imfihlakalo, abantu abangaphezu ufuna ukwazi, ngoba ulwazi olusha zisenza sibe imibuzo. Pacific ngobukhulu, endala futhi okungenani wafunda iyathinteka. Ithonya lakhe ku izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni, kusobala:-ke yithuba ngokujulile futhi ngokuphelele. I nokujula isilinganiso Pacific Ocean sendawo ngezansi, isiqondiso imisinga, umlayezo nge ezilwandle kanye nezinye machibi - konke kubalulekile ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo zawo ezingabantu angenamkhawulo.

Oceans

Zonke Eziphilayo Emhlabeni kuxhomeke emanzini, kuba ngesisekelo ukuphila, ngakho kubalulekile ukutadisha hydrosphere zonke izinhlobo sekuba kuqala kunazo zonke esintwini. Phakathi kumiswa lolu lwazi eningi ukunakwa ikhokhelwa iziphethu kanjani angenasawoti, futhi izindodla izinsiza usawoti. Oceans iyingxenye enkulu hydrosphere, okuyinto oluthatha 94% surface yomhlaba. Amazwekazi, iziqhingi futhi archipelagos ukwabelana emanzini, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukuba abekele eceleni kwabo ngokwendawo phezu ebusweni bomhlaba. On ibalazwe lesimanje emhlabeni ngo-1953 umphakathi international hydrogeographic ezine imakwe izilwandle: Atlantic, Indian, Arctic nasePacific Ocean. Ngasinye salezi izixhumanisi abafanele futhi imingcele ukuthi kukhona sasivumela ezivamile ngoba ezihambayo amanzi notshwala. Esanda kutholakala waqokomisa yesihlanu - Southern Ocean. Bonke zihlukile ngokuya endaweni, umthamo amanzi, ukujula kanye nokusungulwa. Bangaphezu kuka-96% we hydrosphere - a amanzi anosawoti olwandle, esishukumisela ohlangothini mpo futhi evundla has indlela yayo emhlabeni wonke umzimba, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenzisa amandla notshwala. Empilweni yesimanje ulwandle linendima ebalulekile: akha izimo zezulu emazwekazini, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha kubalulekile, kunikeza abantu izimali eziningi, kuhlanganise begazi, futhi semvelo esenza izici azikaqondakali ngokugcwele.

Pacific

49,5% of izilwandle zomhlaba futhi 53% lamanzi nemithombo yawo ithatha ingxenye yayo eminingi yasendulo futhi engaqondakali. Pacific Ocean nge ezilwandle engenayo has ngezinga elikhulu bamanzi :. Kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu - ayizinkulungwane 16 km, usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga - ayizinkulungwane 19 km .. Eziningi zazo Itholakala Ezindaweni eningizimu. abalulekile kakhulu amagama athi futhi zezinombolo izici bobukhulu: ngobuningi mass aqueous - abayizigidi ezingu 710 amakhilomitha ³ lokungcolisa - cishe 180 kwezigidi ezingu amakhilomitha ^3. Isilinganiso ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, ezisukela 3900 kuya 4200 amamitha. Okuwukuphela zwekazi ukuthi hhayi wageza ngasemanzini yakhe, - Afrika. Bangaphezu kuka-50 uthi esisogwini ogwini yayo futhi iziqhingi, nazo zonke izingxenye hydrosphere it has imingcele ezivamile futhi njalo exchange notshwala. Isibalo cores ahlelwe elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, idlula 10 million, banayo Ubukhulu ezahlukene kanye nesakhiwo kumiswa. izilwandle Over 30 ngaphandle amanzi awo (ucabangela yangaphakathi), endaweni yabo ithatha 18% kubo bonke ubuso, ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke itholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga futhi awashe Eurasia. I ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula enkulu, kanye umhlaba wonke - e Mariana Trench. ucwaningo wakhe kuqhutshwa iminyaka kakade ezingaphezu kuka-100, kanti olunye ulwazi mayelana umsebenzi ezijulile iya, the mnandi kungenxa ososayensi emhlabeni wonke. I ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula kulencane siyenzeka ezindaweni zayo ugu. Ngazifunda kahle wena, kepha, unikezwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo njalo emsebenzini womuntu kwezomnotho, isidingo eminye izifundo zesayensi kwandisa.

Umlando yentuthuko

Abantu abahlala ogwini Pacific emazweni ahlukahlukene, wayazi lukhulu mayelana izingxenye zayo ngazinye, kodwa akazange zimelela yonke amandla usayizi wendawo amanzi. I-European kuqala ukubona echwebeni elincane elingasogwini kwaba yaseSpain - umnqobi Vasco de Balboa, owanqoba lesi okusezingeni eliphezulu izintaba ye-Isthmus of Panama. Ngokungangabazeki, lokho akubona, wathatha kolwandle, walibiza ngokuthi i-Ningizimu. Yingakho kokutholakala iPacific emenza igama namuhla intela Magellan, okuyinto waba nenhlanhla kakhulu nge izimo lapho ewela engxenyeni eseningizimu-ke. Leli gama ayihambisani nohlobo lokhu giant amanzi kweqiniso, kodwa wabanjwa ku nangaphezu kwabo bonke abanye, okuyinto yayenziwa okungenani silitadishe. Kunabantu abaye kaningana basilingisa of Magellan, iPacific Ocean bakhangwa abacwaningi entsha imibuzo eminingi. AmaDashi, amaNgisi, abaseSpain babefuna izindlela zokuxhumana nge amazwe okwakwaziwa kanye parallel wavula entsha. Isithakazelo ukuba abacwaningi yiyona zonke: okuyinto the Pacific Ocean, ijubane nendlela yekuhambisa sandla kwabo amanzi, usawoti, flora amanzi nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, njll ukujula okukhulu okuningi enemininingwane Imininingwane ososayensi ephethwe ukuqoqa kule XIX-XX eminyaka, inkathi kumiswa Oceanology njengoba isayensi ... Kodwa umzamo wokuqala ukunquma uyini zasePacific ukujula, Magellan uhlaziyo ukusebenzisa indophi tench. It uhlulekile - behluleka ukufinyelela phansi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isikhathi esiningi isidlulile, futhi namuhla imiphumela izilinganiso olujulileyo ocean kungabonwa nebalazwe. ososayensi Modern bucwepheshe lobusetulu futhi maningi amathuba okuthi ukhombe lapho ekujuleni Pacific esiphezulu, lapho kukhona izindawo sezingeni leliphasi, nalapho Shoals amanga.

nentaba phansi

Bangaphezu kuka-58% omhlaba ihlanganisa embhedeni ulwandle. It has a ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene - kungcono emathafeni omkhulu, emikhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi agcwalise ezijulile. Iphesenti embhedeni ocean ingahlukaniswa kanje:

1. eshalofini Continental (amamitha angu-0 kuya ku-200 ukujula) - 8%.
2. Emthambekeni yezwekazi (200 2,500 amamitha) - 12%.
3. Umbhede ocean (kusuka ngamamitha 2500 kuya 6000) - 77%.
4. Ukujula esiphezulu (kusuka ngamamitha 6,000 ukuze 11,000) - 3%.

isilinganiso lesilinganisiwe eyanele Ukushaywa 2/3 ephansi olwandle, futhi idatha mikhankaso ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo ziyahlukahluka ngenxa ukunyakaza njalo khona izingqimba zomhlaba. Ukunemba amadivayisi yokulinganisa luyanda njalo ngonyaka, ulwazi etholakale ngaphambilini kushintshwe. Kunoma ikuphi, le the Pacific Ocean, inani layo ubuncane futhi imidiyeni ukujula esiphezulu incike sendawo ocean phansi. Ukujula ubuncane ngokuvamile baphawula phezu indawo eseduze amazwekazi - ingxenye elisogwini izilwandle zomhlaba. Kungase ube ubude ngamamitha 0 kuya 500, zibe imidiyeni 68 amamitha.

eshalofini Continental elinesimo ukuchema kuzo encane, okungukuthi. E. Ingabe flat, ngaphandle ogwini, lapho izintaba zitholakala. Kulokhu, impumuzo wehlukile ngempela, agcwalise nokusasamba bengase bazikhandlele phansi ka 400-500 amamitha ukujula. Pacific ukujula obuncane amamitha esingaphansi 100. zamakhorali Big futhi ichibi nge izinhlanzi eziningi emanzini acwebile efudumele ukunikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele ukubona konke lokhu kuyaqhubeka ezansi. Emthambekeni yezwekazi futhi ziyashiyana engela kanye nobude - incike indawo esifundeni ugu. Ejwayelekile isakhiwo sabo has a bushelelezi, kancane kancane wehlise wokusiza noma ukuba khona canyon ezijulile. Sazama ukuchaza leli qiniso izinguqulo ezimbili: i-zomhlaba nezikhukhula emfuleni izigodi. Esivuna nokucabanga wesibili amasampula kusuka phansi kwabo, equkethe amatshe emfuleni futhi daka. Lezi zigodi ayikajuli, ngenxa the Pacific Ocean ukujula zabo isilinganiso unemisebenzi ukubaluleka umxhwele. Umbhede iyingxenye flat isimo sezwe nge ukujula njalo. Uqhekeko, ematsheni kanye ayimigodi ekujuleni kolwandle - into njalo, futhi seqiwe olujulileyo, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, kukhona e Mariana Trench. Impumuzo kwendawo phansi ngamunye, kuyinto evamile ukuba ziqhathaniswa namathafa eliwumhlaba.

Izici impumuzo Pacific

Ukujula Kokuhlakanipha ekujuleni ukuthi aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe futhi Southern ingxenye enkulu (ngaphezu kuka-50% of the indawo esekujuleni kolwandle) ububanzi ngaphakathi kwamamitha 5,000. Esikhathini ntshonalanga olwandle inqwaba izimbotshana nokusasamba, okuyinto zitholakala onqenqemeni esogwini, endaweni emthambekeni ezwekazini. Cishe bonke kuhambisane izintaba ezweni unayo i shape side. Lena ejwayelekile ogwini yeChile, eMexico nasePeru, nakhona njengoba leli qembu kuhlanganisa North Aleutian esijwayelekile Trench, Kuril futhi eKamchatka. Esifundazweni saseningizimu Nenkabazwe umcengezi amamitha 300 ubude esemgwaqweni eziqhingini Tonga, Kermadec. Ukuze uthole ukuthi singakanani le ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ngokwesilinganiso ukujula, abantu baye basebenzisa sokulinganisa zomculo ezihlukahlukene, umlando okuyinto lihlotshaniswa umsebenzi ucwaningo expanses amanzi planethi.

ukujula gauge

ULoti izindlela iyona bakudala kakhulu ukujula ukujula kwamanzi. Lokhu intambo nge isisindo ekupheleni. Ukuze nesilinganiso ulwandle nasekujuleni kolwandle, leli thuluzi asifanele, kusukela isisindo ikhebula kwehlisa ziyoyidlula ukuthi izimpahla. Imiphumela ukulinganisa ukujula usebenzisa eningi wanikeza isithombe okusontekile noma kungekho izinzuzo. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: uLoti Brook empeleni yasungulwa uPetru 1. Umqondo ayeligcizelela elokuthi ikhebula ukuthi enamathiselwe umthwalo, okuyinto uma ishaya phansi pop up. Lokhu okuvimba ukwehlisa eziningi futhi kwenza kwaba lula ukuthumela ukucacisa ukujula. Okuningi eziphambili ukujula gauge isebenza isimiso esifanayo. sici salo amandla wokuthwebula ingxenye phansi ukuze kuqhutshwe uphenyo. Zonke lezi amadivaysi yokulinganisa abe kusimo abalulekile - kuyilapho ikhipha. Ukuze ukulungisa amagugu ukujula okukhulu ikhebula kuyadingeka ukuze wehlise kancane kancane ngemva kwamahora ambalwa, umkhumbi inhlolovo kufanele ahlale kusanesiminyaminya. Kule minyaka engu-25 edlule, izilinganiso abazenzi ngosizo sonar, esisebenza ngezinga isimiso isignali reflection. Amahora sehliselwe imizuzwana embalwa, ngenkathi sonogram ungabona izinhlobo phasi bathole izinto lushone. Ukuze sithole lokho ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula Ngokwesilinganiso, kubalulekile ukwenza inani elikhulu izilinganiso, abese kwengezwe ndawonye, umphumela ibalwa delta.

Umlando izilinganiso

XIX leminyaka iyona "igolide" ngoba Oceanography ngokuvamile nePacific ngokukhethekile. Lolu hambo lokuqala Krusenstern futhi Lisiansky sakwenza umgomo wethu hhayi kuphela ukulinganisa ukujula, kodwa futhi ukuba othile lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukuminyana futhi usawoti. 1823-1826 GG:. Iqhaza ocwaningweni O. E. Kotsebu oyisazi E. Lenz wasebenzisa negabha lamanzi azidalile. 1820 kwaphawulwa kokutholakala Antarctica, le amatilosi uhambo F. F. Bellinsgauzena futhi M. P. Lazareva wafunda kwezilwandle enyakatho ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean. Ekupheleni XX leminyaka (1972-1976 GG.), Umkhumbi British "Challenger" ukuqhuba esibanzi ucwaningo oceanographic, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola iningi esetshenziswa Imininingwane usuku. Kusukela ngo-1873, i-US Navy usebenzisa ukujula Gaugeable fixed kanye nesimo sendawo the Pacific Ocean phansi laying ngocingo amakhebuli. XX leminyaka kwaphawulwa ukufohla zobuchwepheshe waso sonke isintu, okuyinto kwasithinta kakhulu umsebenzi abacwaningi Pacific ngubani wazibuza nezindaba isisindo. uhambo Swedish, British kanye Danish misa nxazonke zezwe ukufunda emzimbeni elikhulu amanzi eplanethini yethu. Kangakanani ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula ungaphakathi esiphezulu kanye namagugu esincane? Ukuphi la maphuzu? Yiziphi kwamanzi noma ngaphezulu imisinga ezibathintayo? Umphumela ukuthi kwamiswa? Lolu cwaningo kwenziwa phansi isikhathi eside. Kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1957 iqembu le "Vityaz" ngomkhumbi wokucwaninga esikuyi Pacific isethi phansi izakhi impumuzo, zilandelwa busebenze. Buka aqhubeka imikhumbi ukuthi njalo sihamba emanzini ukuze bathole ulwazi olunembile kakhulu futhi ifike ngesikhathi. Ngo-1957, abacwaningi we "Vityaz" ukunquma ukuthi kunini lapho kungashiwo kukhona ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula kunabo - Mariana Trench. Kuze kube namuhla, nezibilini zalo uhlolisisa hhayi oceanographers kuphela, kodwa futhi izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, nakho kutholakala izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo.

Mariana Trench

Umkhombe udlulisela for 1500 amamitha kanye esiqhingini efanayo engxenyeni esentshonalanga ogwini Pacific. Kubukeka sengathi uqhekeko futhi has ekujuleni ezahlukene endaweni yonke. Umlando nesenzakalo lihlotshaniswa umsebenzi zomhlaba zasePacific. Kulesi ingxenye, plate Pacific iya ngaphansi Philippine kancane kancane, ukuthuthela 2-3 cm ngonyaka. Kuleli qophelo, the the Pacific Ocean, nokubili Umhlaba ukujula esiphezulu kakhulu. Izilinganiso abazenzi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, futhi isikhathi ngasinye namagugu abo kuyalungiswa. Ucwaningo 2011 unikeza yi emangalisayo kakhulu, ekungafanele kube okokugcina. Iphuzu kwangempela Mariana Trench - "Challenger Deep": phansi itholakala at ibanga 10 994 metres ngezansi kolwandle. Ukuze isifundo sakhe wasebenzisa bathyscaphe, ifakwe amakhamera kanye namadivayisi nhlabathi izibonelo zalokho.

Uyini ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula?

Impendulo isobala kule mibuzo ingucha: nesimo sendawo ngezansi liyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela futhi bengayiqondi ngokugcwele, ukuthi inombolo ngayinye ngokuthi ezingelapheka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. I ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean ukujula silinganiselwa 4000 amamitha, ephansi - ngaphansi kuka-100 metres, lo odumile "Challenger Deep 'ezibonakala ngokuba zibalo ezihlaba umxhwele - cishe 11 000 metres! Mainland kanye eziningi emikhombeni, nakho nomthelela ekujuleni zabo, ukucindezeleka ezifana "Knight 3 '(Tonga umshushuluzo 10 882 metres); "Argo" (9165, North Novogebridsky umshushuluzo); Cape Johnson (The Philippine Trench, 10 497), njalo njalo. D. Pacific, inani elikhulu kunawo wonke amaphuzu kwangempela izilwandle zomhlaba. oceanographers Modern alindele omningi ezithakazelisayo nokwatholakala emangalisayo.

Biota

Okuphawulekayo kubacwaningi Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho ngesikhathi 11 000 amamitha umsebenzi begazi ukujula esiphezulu utholakale: amagciwane amancane ukuphila ngaphandle ukukhanya, ekuvezweni ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu zamathani amanzi. expanses ezinkulu Pacific Ocean kukhona olwenzeka endaweni ephelele kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo. Njengoba kufakazelwa amaqiniso nezinombolo ethize. Kuka-50% izilwandle biomass emhlabeni ihlala ngokunembile zasePacific, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi imizimba omkhulu wamanzi zitholakala kuzo zonke izindawo emhlabeni. Ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele ezinabantu ezinabantu abaningi, kodwa emngceleni osenyakatho akuzona awunalutho. Isici nobuntu nezilwane ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean kuyinto endemism. Nazi kwendawo izilwane iplanethi zasendulo impela, incwadi izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (sea izingonyama, ulwandle imithini). ezixhotsheni zamakhorali ungomunye ubuhle obumangalisayo bemvelo futhi ukujula yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene hhayi kuphela edonsela eziningi izivakashi, kodwa futhi inani elikhulu abacwaningi. Pacific Ocean - the esikhulu nesinamandla. Umsebenzi wabantu itholakala cwaningo yayo nokuqonda kwazo zonke izinqubo zawo, ezosiza ukunciphisa degree of umonakalo obangelwa indoda yale ecosystem esiyingqayizivele.