Impi Russian-French (1812-1814)

impi Russian isiFulentshi 1812-1814. Yaphela ukubhujiswa pheze ephelele ibutho sikaNapoleon. Phakathi lokulwa, it wadedelwa yonke insimu ka ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya, futhi impi kuhanjiswe ku ezweni eJalimane futhi le Duchy waseWarsaw. Esesizokuhlola kafushane indlela impi Russian-French.

ukuqala Usuku

Ubutha bekulindeleke ngokuyinhloko lokunqaba waseRussia ukuba basekela ukuvinjelwa yezwekazi, obonile Napoleon njengoba isikhali esiyinhloko ekulweni eBrithani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bonaparte kwaholela inqubomgomo maqondana amazwe aseYurophu, hhayi kucatshangelwa izithakazelo yeRussia. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala elwa impi yasekhaya ukuthi abase bebaleka. Ngaphambi eMoscow wathatha impi ye Borodino. Kusukela ngo-June kuya ku-September 1812 lo Kwakusinda kwehlela ohlangothini Napoleon. Kusukela ngo-October kuya ku-December, ibutho Bonaparte wazama ukushayela. Wawufuna ukuhoxisa ekamu ebusika yayiseKhesariya non-ucabanga izindawo. Ngemva kwalokho, empini Russian isiFulentshi 1812 ukuqhubeka ukubaleka yebutho sikaNapoleon ezimweni indlala frost.

Okudingekayo ukuze impi

Kungani kwaba khona impi Russian-French? Unyaka 1807 th kunqunywa ngokuba Napoleon main, futhi eqinisweni isitha sakhe kuphela. Benzé United Kingdom. Yena athumba amakoloni French e Melika kanye India, idale izithiyo ukuze ukuhweba. Ngenxa yokuthi England ibekwe kahle phezu kolwandle, njengoba isikhali kuphela ephumelelayo Napoleon wakhuthaza ukuqapha ezwekazini. ukusebenza kwalo, esikhundleni salokho, kwakuxhomeke ukuziphatha kwezinye izizwe nesifiso sabo sokunikeza ulandele unswinyo. Napoleon yafuna Alexander Okokuqala ukuqaliswa okungaguquguquki we ukuvinjelwa, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi wahlangana ukwenqena Russia uyeke elala kwezohwebo ayo ayinhloko.

Ngo 1810, izwe lethu iye yaba nesandla ukuhweba khulula nge uthi hlangothi. Lokhu kwenza ukuba Russia ukudayisa England ngokusebenzisa abaxhumanisi. Uhulumeni usebenzisa isilinganiso ukuzivikela, ephakamisela nentela, ngokuyinhloko amazwe izimpahla French. Yiqiniso, okubangelwa Ukunganeliseki olukhulu Napoleon.

okuhlaselayo

Impi Russian isiFulentshi 1812 esigabeni sokuqala senzeka esihle Napoleon. Meyi 9 wahlangana ku Dresden nababusi azihlanganisa yeYurophu. Ukusuka lapho wathumela ibutho lakhe phezu komfula. Niemen, okuyinto ahlukaniswe Prussia neRussia. Juni 22 Bonaparte amakheli isikhalo amasosha. Kuyo, osolwa Russia ka reneging Tizilskogo inkontileka. ukuhlasela kwakhe Napoleon ngokuthi ayehlasela Okwesibili Polish. Ngo-June, nempi yakhe ihlala inabantu Kovno. U-Alexander I ngo-ngaleso sikhathi owayehamba Vilna at ibhola.

Juni 25 kwaba Ukungqubuzana in iziguli kuqala. Barbarishki. Battle Futhi kwakuthi ngezinye Rumshishkah futhi Popartsah. Kuthiwa impi Russian-French sasekelwa umbimbi Bonaparte sika. Inhloso ngqangi yalo esigabeni sokuqala kwaba owela we Neman. Ngakho, ohlangothini lwaseningizimu, kwakukhona iqembu Kovno Beauharnais (Viceroy-Italy), kusukela enyakatho - endabeni Marshal Macdonald kusukela Warsaw nge Bug ehlasela umzimba Jikelele Schwarzenberg. 16 (28) Ngakolunye amasosha Juni Grand Army matasa Vilna. 18 (30) June Alexander ngathumela Napoleon wempi Jikelele Balashov isiphakamiso ukwenza ukuthula bese uphuma Russia. Kodwa Bonaparte wenqaba.

Borodino

Agasti 26 (7 Septhemba) e 125 km kusuka eMoscow kwaba impi enkulu, ngemva kwalokho empini Russian-French waqhubeka iskripthi Kutuzov. Force izinhlangothi cishe alinganayo. Napoleon kwaba abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu 130-135, Kutuzov - .. ayizinkulungwane 110-130 ebuthweni kazwelonke siswele guns ayizinkulungwane 31 abezempi ka Smolensk naseMoscow. Warriors wamnikela iphakama, kodwa Kutuzov akazange asebenzise abantu njengoba inganono ifolishi. Benza ukweseka imisebenzi ehlukahlukene - eyenziwa abalimele, nokunye. Borodino empeleni waba ahlasela amasosha amahlanu oMkhandlu Omkhulu Army izinqaba Russian. Zombili izinhlangothi futhi bekholelwa kulokho wezikhali kanye ukuhlasela futhi ukuzivikela.

EMkhandlwini Fili

Borodinskoe impi eyathatha amahora 12. Kwaba impi wezimpi ezalandela. Amasosha Napoleon abiza ayizinkulungwane 30-34. Abalimalayo efile wafohla flank kwesokunxele waxosha maphakathi isikhundla Russian. Nokho, abahluleka ukuyihlakulela okuhlaselayo yayo. I-Russian ukulahlekelwa ibutho abangu kulinganiselwa ngaso ayizinkulungwane 40-45. Killed futhi elimele. Kwalona eyodwa noma Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakukhona cishe akukho iziboshwa.

1 (13) ibutho Septhemba Kutuzov sika itholakala phambi eMoscow. Iphiko layo sokunene emzaneni Fili, isikhungo -. Phakathi s. Qu-zintathu nomphefumulo. NaseVolyn, kwesokunxele - ngaphambi s. Vorobiev. Rearguard esisogwini emfuleni. Setun. Ngezinye 5:00 ngosuku olufanayo, umkhandlu lempi obize endlini Frolov. Barclay de Tolly waphikelela ngokuthi izolahleka, empini Russian-French hhayi uma unganqotshwa Napoleon eMoscow. Wakhuluma isidingo sokulondoloza ibutho. Bennigsen yena, wathi ufuna ukungenzela abathwele impi. Iningi abanye abahlanganyeli asekelwe isikhundla sakhe. Nokho, iphuzu ebhodini ukubeka Kutuzov. impi Russian-isiFulentshi, wayekholelwa, kungaba phezu ukunqotshwa uNapoleon, kuphela uma singaphumelela ukulondoloza ibutho yasekhaya. Kutuzov kuphazamisekile umhlangano futhi yayala ukuba ukubaleka. Ngu kusihlwa ka-September 14, uNapoleon afakiwe ushiyiwe eMoscow.

SikaNapoleon Exile

E-Moscow, amaFulentshi ayihlalanga isikhathi eside. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ehlasela futhi komuzi likhungethwe umlilo. amasosha Bonaparte sika bagijima esifushane amalungiselelo. Abantu bakule ndawo wenqaba ukubasiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, saqala ukuhlaselwa yabashokobezi, laqala ukuhlela nabezempi. Napoleon waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye eMoscow.

Khonamanjalo Kutuzov ubeke ibutho laso phezu ukubaleka we-French. Bonaparte okuhloswe ukuya emadolobheni, kungukuthi libhujiswa lokulwa. Nokho, izinhlelo zakhe bekakhandelwa amasosha Russian. Waphoqwa ukuba ahambe cishe endleleni efanayo ukuthi sesifikile eMoscow. Njengoba nemizana ku ngendlela ezaziqhubeka ngayo imikhiqizo efanayo futhi wabhubhisa abazange babe, kanye nabantu. Kuphelile indlala amasosha Napoleon isifo abangu ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa njalo.

Russian-French impi: Imiphumela

Ngokwe-izibalo Clausewitz, ibutho elikhulu nge azowalekelela lalinabashumayeli ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 610. Abantu, kuhlanganise. Amasosha Austria futhi Prussian ayizinkulungwane 50. Iningi lalabo abathatha uhlangothi bayakwazi ukubuya eKönigsberg, cishe ngokushesha asebefile ngenxa yalesi sifo. Ngo-December 1812 we-Prussia lokuqala badabula mayelana 225 ojenene, nje kuka 5000 izikhulu, 26 ne ezincane ezinhlwini aphansi ayizinkulungwane. Njengoba abantu besikhathi wafakaza, bonke usesimweni lusizi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, uNapoleon ilahlekelwe ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 580. Amasosha. Amasosha ezisele umgogodla ibutho elisha Bonaparte. Nokho, ngo-January 1813, impi abo baya ezweni Germany. Khona-ke, ukulwa baqhubeka eFrance. Ngo-October, ibutho lakhe lanqotshwa at Leipzig. Ngo-April 1814 Napoleon asiyeke.

imiphumela yesikhathi eside

Yini eye ezweni bayinqoba impi Russian-French? Usuku le mpi siqine umlando njengesikhathi senguquko kuyi ithonya waseRussia ezindabeni zaseYurophu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ekuqiniseni Inqubomgomo wezangaPhandle awuzange ephelezelwa izinguquko zangaphakathi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukunqoba obuhlangene futhi liphefumulelwe uquqaba, impumelelo ayimlethelanga izinguquko emkhakheni kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. abalimi abaningi owalwa impi Russian udabula Europe futhi wabona ukuthi serfdom uyekwa yonke indawo. Balindele isenzo esifanayo kusukela uhulumeni wabo. Nokho, serfdom wayeqhubeka ephila ngemva 1812 Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, ngesikhathi wayengakabi preconditions njengoba olunzulu, okuyinto eyayiyoholela yokukhansela ngokushesha.

Kodwa yokwanda olwathatha of abalimi, ukusungulwa ukuphikiswa ngezinzuzo zezombusazwe ngokushada kwamadoda asebukhosini okuqhubekayo ezalandela cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuphela izimpi, ukuphikisa lo mbono. Ukunqoba Impi Patriotic hhayi kuphela basekela abantu zaba nengxenye ekwandiseni zomoya kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezingqondweni uquqaba ukunweba imingcele inkululeko, okwaholela zabhikisha we Decembrists.

Nokho, umcimbi elihlobene ne 1812 hhayi kuphela. Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zasikisela ukuthi lo lonke esikweni lesizwe, ungubani wathola umfutho ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kaNapoleon. WaseHerzen wabhala indaba Russia kweqiniso wavula kusukela 1812 kuphela. Zonke elaliphambi, ungakwazi kuphela ibhekwe esethulweni.

isiphetho

impi Russian-French ukukhombisa amandla abo bonke abantu yeRussia. Ngokumelene Napoleon ngaba nengxenye nje kuphela ibutho njalo. Nasemizaneni emizaneni uvukile yabashokobezi ukunyakaza. Militia kwakhiwa amaqembu, ehlaselwa amabutho Grand Army. Ngokuvamile, izazi-mlando ziye zaphawula ukuthi wokushisekela izwe akuyona lezizifo sizibona ikakhulukazi kule mpi eRussia. It kuyafaneleka ukucabangela sokuthi leli lizwe labantu elula ohlushwayo ngu serfdom. Impi ne French waphenduka izingqondo zabantu. Izinkumbi bamkhulumela, wazizwa ikhono lazo ezibhekene isitha. Kwaba ukunqoba, hhayi kuphela impi, wakhona, kodwa kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. Yiqiniso, abalimi babelindele izinguquko ekuphileni kwabo. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla sesiyazi, sazi Sadumala ukubona ukuthi kuzokwenzekani. Noma kunjalo, push maqondana khulula, ukumelana isivele inikezwe.