Sofya Kovalevskaya: Biography, izithombe kanye akufezile. Uprofesa wokuqala emhlabeni zesifazane wezibalo

ozalwa Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna u-January 3, 1850 eMoscow. Unina kungu-Elizabethe Schubert. Ubaba Jikelele Korvin-Krukovskiy wezikhali, ngesikhathi kuzelwe indodakazi yakhe wakhonza njengephayona induna arsenal. Lapho eseneminyaka eyisithupha, umhlala sahlala izindlu umndeni. Cabangela eminye, okwenza aziwayo Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Biography: Childhood

Uma umndeni wonke (abazali namadodakazi amabili) esezinzile izindlu umndeni kayise, le ntombazane waqasha othisha. Into kuphela lapho lo profesa esizayo wezibalo uye ayiboniswa iyiphi nesithakazelo esikhethekile, noma yimaphi amandla, kwaba izibalo. Nokho, isimo sesishintshile kakhulu ekuhambeni kwesikhathi. Ucwaningo izibalo eyathatha iminyaka engu-10 nesigamu. Ngemva kwalokho, Sofia Kovalevskaya kubhekwe ukuthi le nkathi futhi wamnika isisekelo sakho konke ulwazi. Le ntombazane sifundwa kahle into bese ngokushesha ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga. Uthisha wakhe Malevich phambi Aljibhra bamvumela ukufunda izibalo Bourdon (yemiqulu emibili ye-Yiqiniso, okuyinto wafundiswa ngaleso sikhathi e -University of Paris). Omunye omakhelwane, siphawula impumelelo intombazane, uyise imazisa ukuqasha Strannolyubski uLieutenant asolwandle ngokuqhubeka nemfundo. uthisha omusha esifundweni sokuqala calculus umehluko wamangala ijubane ngawo USonia ufundeni nomqondo esuselwe nomkhawulo.

umshado ngamanga

Ngo-1863, ngesikhathi Mariinsky sokuzivocavoca wavula ukuqeqeshwa uthisha izifundo okwakuhlanganisa umnyango lwamazwi yemvelo-zezibalo. Sisters Anna futhi Sofia wafuna ukuthola khona. Kodwa inkinga kwakungekona ukuthi amantombazane abangashadile esikoleni awungacelanga. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukungena emshadweni. Nesoka Anna uVladimir Kovalevsky sikhethwe. Nokho, umshado phakathi kwabo akazange athathe indawo. Ngolunye lwalezo ukuvakashelwa watshela Anna ukuthi wayesekulungele ukushada, kodwa udadewabo uSonia. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lapho owayebuthelwa endlini futhi waqala ngenkululeko uyise, udade yesibili yomkhwenyana. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu-26, futhi UZandile - engu-18.

A esigabeni esisha ekuphileni

Akekho wacabanga ke yiziphi izinselele emva komshado zabo zibhekane Sofia Kovalevskaya. Biography yomyeni wakhe hit ukuthonya wakhe ubani ayemazi. Waqala uthole eminyakeni 16, okwenza amanoveli angaphandle kwisi Gostiny Dvor bathengisi. Kovalevsky possessed nenkumbulo ebabazekayo, umsebenzi ongaphezu kovamile nangemicabango zezenhlalakahle. Yena sebekubeke wenqaba inkonzo bureaucratic, nokuphuma esikhundleni semisebenzi yakhe ukushicilela Petersburg. Nguye owuthayiphile bahumusha izincwadi, okuyinto eye yaba bayindlala kakhulu abantu okuqhubekayo ezweni. Ngemva kokuthutha nomyeni wakhe nodadewabo Petersburg, Sofia Kovalevskaya waqala ukuya ezifundweni ekusithekeni. Wanquma ukunikeza wonke amandla ukuthi isayensi. Okuwukuphela kwento ongathanda bahlanganyele Sofia Kovalevskaya, - wezibalo. Bephumelele ukuhlolwa futhi lathola isitifiketi ukuvuthwa, waphinde wabuyela Strannolyubski. Nayo, phathelana ukufunda isayensi ngokujulile, uhlela kamuva bayaqhubeka besebenza kwamanye amazwe aphesheya.

kumiswa

Ekuqaleni Apreli 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya udadewabo kanye nomyeni wakhe baya e-Vienna. Kwakukhona izazi zokuma komhlaba kudingeka ke Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Nokho, e Vienna kwakukhona ososayensi eqinile. Ngakho-ke Kovalevskaya isiqunto sokuya kwa-Heidelberg. Ngo kuhanjiswa yayo, kwaba ezweni lesethembiso abafundi. Ngemva ekunqobeni eziningana nobunzima iKhomishana wenza namanje UZandile ukulalela izinkulumo-physics kanye mathematics. Ukuze izinyanga ezintathu, waya Yiqiniso Koenigsberger, wafundisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela imisebenzi elliptic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi eqala ukuya ezifundweni ngo-physics kanye mathematics Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, oki Raymond wasebenza endaweni yokucwaninga ngaphansi kokuqondisa wemithi Bunsen. Bonke laba bantu babe ke ososayensi abaziwayo eJalimane. Othisha kwakungumbhangqwana amakhono amazed possessed Kovalevskaya. Sofya basebenza kanzima. Masinyane lo dade wavula yingcweti wonke amaphuzu starting, okuyinto wakuvumela ukuba uqale ucwaningo lwakho siqu. Wazamukela Izibuyekezo rave ngoba ngokwayo Koenigsberger uthisha wakhe - isazi enkulu ngaleso sikhathi uKarl Weierstrass. Abantu besikhathi Kugcine ngokuthi "kusho umhlaziyi omkhulu."

Ukusebenza Weierstrass

Sofia Kovalevskaya egameni injongo ephakeme abakhethiwe sinqobe ukwesaba namahloni ekuqaleni kuka-October 1870 waya Berlin. UProfesa Weierstrass kwaba akafune kukhuluma futhi balahle yesivakashi, walinika imisebenzi eminingana kusukela endaweni imisebenzi ephambene, simema yakhe ngesonto. Ukuba isikhathi bayakhohlwa ukuvakashelwa, usosayensi akalindele ukubona Kovalevskaya ngesikhathi esimisiwe. Umsolwa uvele ngaphambi ezinhle eziphambi komnyango wamemezela ukuthi zonke izinkinga zaxazululeka. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile Weierstrass isicelo ukuthi Kovalevskaya wangeniswa kokuzwa izinkulumo zezibalo. Nokho, kwakunzima ukuba sifinyelele okusezingeni eliphezulu umkhandlu kwemvume. Ngesikhathi University of Berlin hhayi kuphela wabhalisa abafundi besifazane. Azizange ngisho bavunyelwe khona izinkulumo nobezilaleli khulula. Ngakho-ke, Kovalevskaya kwadingeka ukuba ayigcini nje amaseshini ayimfihlo Weierstrass. Njengoba kuphawuliwe bangesikhathi, usosayensi odumile ngokuvamile ukuyiveza abalaleli bokuphakama engqondo. Kodwa ilukuluku futhi bomele ulwazi Kovalevskaya yafuna Weierstrass umsebenzi owengeziwe. Yena ngokwakhe Kaningi umbusi kwakufanele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukene, ukuze ngokwanele ukuphendula imibuzo ngempela eyinkimbinkimbi umfundi wakhe. Abaphila Besikhathi waphawula ukuthi njalo isidingo sokuhlala Kovalevskaya wokubonga, ngoba wakwazi ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni kuvalwe Weierstrass.

Umsebenzi wokuqala ezimele

Ocwaningweni kuye ngokuphathelene ibhalansi izindandatho Saturn sika. Ngaphambi ekwenzeni lo msebenzi Kovalevskaya Laplace (sezinkanyezi French oyisazi sezibalo kanye). Ephephabhukwini lakhe, wacabanga Saturn indandatho ngesimo isakhiwo nomzimba omncane eziningana, azibuthonyi nomunye, izakhi. Phakathi nesifundo, wathola ukuthi cross-section linikezwa ngesimo lesiyingi. Nokho, lesi sisombululo kwaba kuphela eyokuqala, lolumalula kakhulu. Kovalevskaya sivunyiwe ukuba zifunde esinembile equilibration indandatho. Okunqumayo ukuthi enye ingxenye engu- kumele zethulwe ngendlela okweqanda.

mqondo

Kusukela ekuqaleni ebusika 1873 futhi entwasahlobo ka 1874 Kovalevskaya eyingoduso ekuhloleni umehluko zibalo nemikhiqizo esinqunyiwe. Kulindeleke ukwethula umsebenzi njengoba ocwaningeni zobudokotela. Umsebenzi wakhe uye wabangela ngokumthanda emphakathini ngokwesayensi. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwesikhashana, kwatholakala ukuthi isifundo esinjalo uye wabambelela kakade Augustin Cauchy - isazi esivelele French. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe waze wanikela Kovalevskaya ifomu theorem, ephelele ngamagama alula, okukhulu nokunemba. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem." Ifakiwe ezinhlwini zonke ukuhlaziya izifundo eziyisisekelo. Okunabileko ungaphakathi ukuhlaziywa kwalo kwesibalo ukushisa. I Kovalevskaya cwaningo lwembula ukuba khona izimo ezikhethekile. Kwakubalulekile kuvulwa nini. Kule nkathi yokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wakhe usuphelile. UMkhandlu wase-University of Gottingen wakhe doctorate ifilosofi zezibalo kanye Master of Arts Fine "nge udumo" waklonyeliswa.

Yena nomyeni wakhe

Ngo 1874 Sofia Kovalevskaya wabuyela eRussia. Nokho, ekhaya ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona izimo ezimbi ukuthi babengakwazi uyivumele ukuba aphishekele isayensi njengoba layifunako. Ngesikhathi umshado nomyeni wakhe baba okwamanje. ukuhlala Okokuqala isikhathi e-Germany, babehlala emadolobheni ahlukene, zazifunde ezikoleni ezahlukene. Ukuxhumana nomyeni wakhe kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izincwadi. Nokho, kamuva, ubudlelwane wathatha indlela ehlukile. Ngo-1878, Kovalevskaya saba nendodakazi. Ngemva kokuba wazalwa cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha UZandile wachitha embhedeni. Odokotela bengenalo ithemba zokululama. Umzimba namanje iwine, kodwa inhliziyo ishayiwe ukugula okungathí sina.

Ukuwa umndeni

Kovalevskaya kwaba umyeni, ingane, yokuchitha isizungu okuthandayo. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi lokhu kwakufanele ngokwanele ukuba kuphelele. Kodwa Kovalevskaya kwaba maximalism eyinqaba emhlabeni. Yena njalo kufuna okusezingeni eliphezulu wokuphila futhi bonke labo abaseduze kwakhe. Wayeye njalo ukuzwa nomyeni wami uyafunga lothando, sengathi sonke isikhathi wabonisa ukunakwa wakhe. Kodwa Kovalevsky ayizange. Wayengumuntu ezahlukene, intshiseko lesenele isayensi, kanye nomkakhe. nciphisa Qedela ebuhlotsheni lapho banquma ukuba baqale ibhizinisi. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, Kovalevskaya wasigcwalisa isayensi. Kodwa wayengeke aqhubeke ukusebenza eRussia. Ngemva lokubulala inkosi yase isimo kuleli zwe iye yawohloka kakhulu. UZandile kanye nendodakazi yakhe baya Berlin, futhi umyeni wakhe - ukuze Odessa, umfowabo. Nokho, uVladimir Onufrievich kakhulu babanjwa ezindabeni ibhizinisi labo, futhi ngobusuku 15 ngo-April 16, 1883 wazibulala. Kovalevskaya ngiseParis lapho ngifika izindaba. Ngemva komngcwabo, wabuyela Berlin, waya Weierstrass.

Stockholm University

Weierstrass ezwa ngokufa komyeni wakhe Kowalewski, ohlale ake UZandile uhlela ukwenza isayensi ngenhloso yonke impilo, wabhala Mitgag-Leffler, uzakwabo. Encwadini, wakhuluma iqiniso lokuthi manje akukho lutho ephumula ukuvumela umfundi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi. Ngokushesha Weierstrass wakwazi ukujabulisa Kovalevskaya kusabela okuhle evela eSweden. Ngo-January 30, 1884 efunda inkulumo yokuqala. Inkambo, okuyinto funda e Kovalevskaya isiJalimane, kwaba owenziwa ngasese. Noma kunjalo, wenza kuye Ukutuswa kakhulu. Ekupheleni Juni 1884, wathola izindaba zokuthi labo abaqashwa Uprofesa iminyaka 5.

umsebenzi omusha

Okuningi nowesifazane ngaphezulu Uprofesa lwajula ocwaningweni. Manje liye ukutadisha omunye yezinselele ezinkulu eziphathelene eqinile nakho ngeke kusize umzimba ngokushintshana. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uma ayengase akwazi ukuxazulula ke, igama layo niyozenezelelwa inombolo ososayensi ovelele kakhulu zomhlaba. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuye, eminyakeni 5 ezidingekayo ukuqedela umsebenzi.

Umbhalo wekuticambela

Entwasahlobo ka-1886 Sofya wathola izindaba usesimweni esibucayi udadewabo. Waya ekhaya. Kovalevskaya wabuyela Stockholm bokwehlukana. Kuleli zinga, akunakwenzeka basaqhubeka yini nokutadisha. Nokho, wathola indlela ukukhuluma ngemizwa yabo bezigabisa, imicabango yabo. umsebenzi Literary yaba into yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto waziphatha Sofia Kovalevskaya. Incwadi, okuyinto wabhala ngaleso sikhathi nge-Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, ngakho uyibambe, phakathi nalesi sikhathi anibuyelanga kucwaningo.

ukutholakala mlando

Ngemva kokululama ukushaqeka, Kovalevskaya ubuyela umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. Yena ezama ukuxazulula inkinga ukuzungeza umzimba ngendlela elukhuni azungeze iphuzu esindayo static. Yehlisa inkinga ukuhlanganiswa uhlelo of zibalo oye yachaza ezintathu ebalulekile njalo. Inkinga isixazululekile ngokuphelele, lapho kungenzeka ukuthola lesine. Uye kabili kwatholakala phambi kuvulwa Kovalevskaya. Ososayensi abaye bahlola inkinga bebelokhu Lagrange futhi Euler. Kovalevska Kutholwe Icala lesithathu kanye nalokho wesine ebalulekile. Isinqumo yaphelela kwaba kubenzima. zibhekane ngokuphumelelayo umsebenzi wasiza ulwazi ephelele imisebenzi hyperelliptic. Futhi manje 4 ebalulekile algebraic khona kuphela ezimweni ezintathu: Lagrange, Euler, futhi Kovalevskaya.

Borden Award

Ngo-1888, 6 no-December, Paris Academy wathumela incwadi Kovalevskaya. Kwakuthiwa yena waklonyeliswa ibhodi umklomelo. Kufanele ukuthi engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu selokhu yasungulwa kwaba umnikazi zabantu 10. Kulokhu, zonke lezi isikhathi quire kwakungasebenzeki ukhishwa ngokugcwele, kodwa ngamunye, izixazululo ngokukhethekile. Ngaphambi kuvulwa Kovalevskaya umklomelo akekho waklonyeliswa iminyaka emithathu ilandelana. ngemuva kokuthola izindaba kwesonto, weza Paris. UMongameli we-Academy of Janssen, sezinkanyezi futhi physics, ngezandla ezifudumele Sofya Vasilyevna. Wathi ngenxa yobucayi zocwaningo ke, iphrimiyamu luyanda 3 kuya franc ayizinkulungwane 5.

Umklomelo we-Swedish Academy

Emva kokuthola umklomelo Borden Kovalevskaya wahlala eduze Paris. Lapha yena waqhubeka nokufunda yemizimba Ukujikeleza ukuncintisana for indondo ye King Oscar II IsiSwidi Academy. Ngo ekwindla, ekuqaleni the semester eyunivesithi, wabuyela Stockholm. Umsebenzi waqhubekela ngokushesha okukhulu. Kovalevskaya wafuna isikhathi ukuqedela ucwaningo, ukuhambisa umsebenzi kulowo mncintiswano. Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe wafumana neshumi nanhlanu imiqhele.

Izama ukuphinde ngibuyele eRussia

Naphezu impumelelo, Kovalevskaya kwakungelona lutho bajabule. Waya izindleko zokwelashwa, kepha akaqedanga ke. Ngemva kwesikhashana, impilo yakhe libukelwa phansi futhi. Kuleli zinga, Kovalevskaya ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka nesifundo futhi wabuye waphendukela izincwadi. ukulangazelela kwakhe ku-Russia, wazama ungawuzwa izindaba zabantu futhi abaphindisele ezweni labo. Wayengumngane babulawa kakhulu ukuba kwelinye izwe. Kodwa naphezu impumelelo engaphezu kwamandla akho, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuba kwenzeke amanyuvesi wendawo. Hope lapho Novemba 7, 1888 yena wakhethwa ilungu ohambelana we-Physics and Mathematics we-Russian Academy. Ngo-April 1890, wahamba waya ekhaya. Kovalevskaya, begade anethemba lokobana ke lizokhetha ilungu Academy owafa Schwarz esikhundleni. Ngaleyo ndlela, kungashiwo ukuthola nokuzimela ngokwezimali, okwakuyoholela ukukhuthaza ucwaningo olwengeziwe ezweni labo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Petersburg Kovalevskaya izikhathi eziningana kwaba ngokuvakashela uMongameli Russian Academy. Grand Duke Konstantin wayehlale nenhlonipho wamphatha ngomusa, ethi Kungaba kuhle uma esebuyela ekhaya. Kodwa lapho Kovalevskaya wafuna ukwethula njengelungu umlobeli we Academy emhlanganweni, ayiyitholanga ngoba kwaba "Akuyona inkambiso". ukweyisa Greater eRussia ke akakwazanga inflict. Ngo-September, Kovalevskaya wafika Stockholm. Januwari 29, 1891, washona eneminyaka engu-41, ngonyaka ka-yokumelwa yinhliziyo.

isiphetho

Kovalevskaya wayeyindoda emangalisayo. Ubethula kakhulu bafune konke ayekubona kuye. Lesi akusona ezejwayelekile sezibalo Russian futhi engineer, usosayensi omkhulu, owanikela wonke amandla akhe ukuze isayensi. Kuyadabukisa ukubona ukuthi iRussia ngaleso sikhathi wayengatholi elihunyushwe ngenxa ukunakwa engakaze neyaziwayo kokufaneleka kwayo, naphezu ukuthandwa okusezingeni eliphezulu emibuthanweni yesayensi phesheya. Budebuduze Omkhulu Onion Museum itholakala Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino kwaba kwelakubo yesibili, indawo lapho wabonisa Luhambo wakhe ukuba isayensi.