United States eMpini Yezwe I: amaqiniso zomlando

Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e-United States khona amandla zezimboni, bakwazi ukuncintisana ngokumelene yimuphi Ukusula European. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala sasekelwa Melika ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa zonke obambisene nabo, nokho-ke wamvumela ukuba wenze okuningi kwe lesi simo. United States eMpini Yezwe I baziphathe Odyssey dodgy. Kunengqondo ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mkhuba likhishiwe yibo phezu izingalo kanye ngokuhlukahluka okuthile isetshenziswa ngisho nanamuhla.

ngobuqili kakhulu

Ngo-1918, July no-August wathola amabutho kancane isiJalimane Franco-Anglo-American belwa olunegazi kusukela eMfuleni Marne. okuhlaselayo Jikelele German owokugcina, njengoba impi kwenzakala yinhlekelele kubo, futhi lokhu kwaholela sesinqotshiwe ekugcineni. Yilokho lapho amabutho US owokuqala wathatha empini abathintekayo ngqo. Ngaphambi ukuthi usekela kwezomnotho kuphela, hhayi ngaphandle inzuzo ethile bona. United States eMpini Yezwe I, ngisho unqobe lo inhlekelele yembulunga yonke, okuyinto wakhipha kanye zezwe elichumayo kunazo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngo-1913 ukukhiqizwa yezimboni-United States ngaphambi lonke izwe, yathela steel ngaphezulu, baphumelela kakhudlwana kwaba yezimayini.

Uma siqhathanisa idatha kwemigomo ye-Europe kanye, ndawonye France, eBrithani naseJalimane, namalahle akuyona misela. US neMpi Yezwe landa kakhulu umsebenzi wayo kwezomnotho. OMfelandawonye alwa, ngakho waba ukuzwa ubunzima obuthile. I-United States ngokubambisana lonke umbimbi bakwazi ukwandisa umkhiqizo ngesigamu. Lapha-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwaba ngesandla ningukukhanya uyaca lwabantu, kunanini ngaphambili uhamba abanolwazi: Melika kokunikeza amakhemikhali kanye neziqhumane kubangane bawo, ngaleyo ndlela ekwandiseni ngokushesha. Kodwa ukwethula siqu amabutho abo US eMpini Yezwe I ekujaheni.

umkhosi abanqobi

Ngakho, nezigigaba lempi United States babekhetha indima zokwahlulela ( "Ijaji nezokuziphatha," kusho uMengameli wezwe Wilson). Nokho, lapho kuba sincumo ecacile e-Washington ukukhathazeka. Kungazelelwe kwenzeka ukuthi isivumelwano sokuthula sisayinwe, kanye "umkhosi abawinile," ngeke neze indawo. Kuphela ngo-1917 kwenziwa isinqumo, futhi ekugcineni wathatha entry US ku kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Lokhu kancane SINDISA bazonde-American phakathi umbimbi. Ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu US wezempi langena empini Marne. Bane walindela kwesigamu kubo. I umbimbi, mangisho okwamanje elahlekile izigidi. Imigomo haunted entry US ku kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala zicacile.

Ngokwesazi-mlando u-Andrei Malov zaseMelika adayiswa kakhulu ngenkuthalo nazo zonke izizwe ezilwayo ukunikeza izinzuzo, andisa umkhakha ekilasini, nokunciphisa ukuntuleka kwamathuba emisebenzi. Futhi isikhathi empini, lapho sekuyisikhathi ukwehlukana pie. Babefanele kule division ukuhlanganyela. Kwaba khona ukwahlukana zomhlaba, namanje ekuthuthukiseni imiphumela neMpi Yezwe II ngoba e-United States. Ngemva isiphelo sesimiso ukuthula ingxenye anegunya lesabelo kudalwa iNhlangano Yezizwe, e kukhululwa kwebantfu Belgium, kwimininingwane banikeze French uLorraine Alsace, kwabangela ukwanda insimu ka Serbia ukukhululwa wakhe kuze kufike elwandle, kuba US wathatha ekubuyiselweni Poland. Wabhaka inhlalakahle yamanye amazwe? Cha, mhlawumbe hhayi.

"Ezemfundo" intando yeningi noma ngayiphi indlela

US ngokuqinile wasiphakamisa kudivayisi wonke agugile. inqubomgomo kwezomnotho phakathi nempi amaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi amane izinqolobane emhlabeni egolide United States amabhange kanye nohulumeni bezinye izizwe thina ukweletwa kubo amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-nambili - ngaleso sikhathi omningi. Wilson kanye owamlandela waqoqela uhlelo ukuthi kakhulu wazibonela Abadali, ngaphezu kwalokho, manje usebenza. Neocons ngemva Roosevelt washayelwa imiphumela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ye-United States: "Siyizinceku imodeli yelinyenti kanye nesidingo ayifundise zonke ezinye izizwe + nganoma iyiphi indlela." Kakade kusukela 1918 emazweni ngobukhulu European ivela e-United States kuba izizukulwane ezimbili phambili.

Kwenzekani manje? Izwe lonke iyazidinga, bese ukhokha emuva ngeke kwazeke kuze kube sezinsukwini zokugcina kakhulu empilweni yesintu. I-United States phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngikudalile isisekelo esihle. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba Ugcwalise lonke elaseYurophu, izivakashi American, abaye bafunda ukusebenzisa umehluko exchange rate. BaseYurophu Young kakhulu nomona njengoba nje indlela American yokuphila asizange sibe into ukulingiswa izimpumputhe: intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, izithelo anobuthi yayo, ukukhangisa kanye isicwebezelisi. I-USSR Wagcina ngale ndlela, ukushintshana umuntu abe nenkululeko yokuphinde "Snickers". Phela, inkululeko alikho ukutholakala ihlazo kuyinto, futhi emalungelweni alinganayo izindlu, imfundo, umsebenzi, ezokungcebeleka. Ayemkweleta sika lula angagcini ngokuba trendsetter futhi izimo, kodwa wayedinga izici umashiqela we wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. kuyinto engemukelekile Global. Russia nase-United States eMpini Yezwe Ngidlale izindima okuphambene, bese isiphetho sabo lenzelwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele - eliphikisayo.

INhlangano izizwe

Kusukela ngo-1914, i-US eyenziwa zamanxusa aqondisa e ekudaleni zakulse nokudlala zonke izinhlobo ukushayisana okukhulu, ngenkathi sigcina isimo hlangothi. Kwaba ngoMashi 1917 (6 Apreli ku ikhalenda likaGregory), Washington waqaphela ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ikhuluma olwengeziwe. Lapho US ingenele iMpi Yezwe I, uMongameli Wilson ngokucacile esiphethweni isimo: kwakunokwenzeka ukuletha buhlungu enamandla oda pre-impi, United States wadlala yesibili, indima Borderland emhlabeni kwamaZwe. Noma kunjalo, kukhona Entente awazange ngokusemthethweni ixhunyiwe, futhi wahlala ilungu umhlobo walo. Ngakho wakwazi ukugcina nenkululeko izibopho mutual, luyingxenye umbimbi, okuyinto ezinwetshiwe sempi. Kodwa ukuba khulula ngokuya annexations futhi reorganizations indawo e-United States nakanjani ezingenanzuzo, yingakho-United States bangena kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

I Entente njalo uhlangabezana funa okwandayo ukuthola usizo baseMelika. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela ezezimali kanye izikhali, kodwa amasosha. Wilson wamemezela US umgomo kule mpi, okuyinto ngokuphelele kuphambene umqondo European yakhoibrium isihlobo amabutho benane ngazo ukulahlekelwa ilungelo abantu lokuzibusa. inamandla amakhulu, njenge-United States okukholakala njalo iphula isimiso lokuzibusa kusho ukuthi ukuze izwe ngeke esimeme. Yingakho Wilson wacelwa ukwakha, unomphela umzimba olusha lomhlaba wonke, esiklanyelwe athobele nokuvikeleka collective ukuqinisekisa settlement kwelizinga zonke izingxabano zezizwe. Ngesisekelo umsebenzi ezivezwa Yezizwe baba iqoqo izimiso ngokuvamile bavumelana, phakathi okuyinto lokuzibusa wezizwe samanje. Ngakho, indima US eMpini Yezwe ikhonye, naphezu ngasekupheleni kakhulu isingeniso sakhe.

London, Paris, eMoscow

Lapho ihlela ukuba kube ukudalwa iNhlangano Yezizwe, uWilson, azama ukukholisa umbimbi ukuthi inhlangano yokuqala enjalo ufundwa emhlabeni wonke futhi angakwazi ukusekela kokubili nokuvikeleka yezindlela zasolwandle ukusetshenziswa angenamkhawulo iyiphi uthi zezwe futhi kuvimbele zonke izimpi kwaqala esephule nezibopho. Ukuhanjiswa kwe-izinkinga ezivame global umbono womphakathi wonke. Paris kanye London, ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto ezibekwe yi-Wilson, kude ngokoqobo futhi kakhulu kakhulu abstract. Kafushane, futhi entshisekweni uDavide Lloyd George, ayikho Zhorzha Klemanso isiphakamiso akazange ekuqaleni kubangelwa. Izinkinga eYurophu babe ukuphokophela kakhulu: imizamo yempi hhayi ukwandisa, njengoba US ukungathathi hlangothi blyuli emva kunjalo baye nhlobo ababi: isiteleka, nempi, ngisho Vatican waba umlamuleli phakathi kwamazwe alwayo. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuba ulahlekelwe impi.

kakhulu, akuhambanga kahle konke mayelana Russia. Imizamo kubuketa izimo ezithile zenzekile kakade, futhi izithakazelo Russia ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho kakhulu phezu, kokubili eYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi isivumelwano sokuthula esizayo. Khona-ke Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kanye ukushintshanisa imibono US umsebenzi zamanxusa, bezama ukuthola lempi kanye nosizo kwezomnotho, plus izinzuzo zomnotho angaphandle. ERussia, futhi, uma kwaba zonke ezimbi: obumbi akuyona kuphela kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi zezombusazwe, wokugoqa ephelele yempi futhi ngabelwa phambi. Ally Russia isibe alithembekile kakhulu. OMfelandawonye olawule isimo: wengamela lokuthumela England, waba negalelo elikhulu ukulwa amakhono kwezinhloko zamaviyo isiRashiya, France, i-United States wahlanganyela ujantshi ezokuthutha. Ekuqaleni kuka-Novemba 1917, Yesikhashana Uhulumeni namanje wabona ikusasa eliqhakazile wokubusa kwakhe, futhi benza ukuzibophezela kwabo empini kuze kube sekupheleni ezibabayo. Kodwa usuku lwesikhombisa Novemba isitayela entsha ne lokuhweba wakhe: "Ubani lapha isikhathi phuma" - efika.

ukungathathi hlangothi

Kusukela ngo-1914 kuze kube ngo-1917 e-United States lonke wabonisa uzwela emazweni Western Europe, kodwa abazange bathathe hlangothi, kuyisifiso zidonse isikhathi eside. Wilson wabonisa ukuthi ezishaqisayo elimazayo umshikashika wakhe eyalandela, wazama sokulamula, ekufezeni emhlabeni ngaphandle ukunqoba lothile. Impumelelo akuyona ebekiwe umqhele. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi izingalo Entente amazwe Melika kubika usohlelweni futhi iyisikhali okokuqala emlandweni uyaca lwesintu. UK uye elawulwa njalo izilwandle US onganelisekile, impikiswano yokuvuma umthetho kolwandle lamazwe kokungathathi hlangothi neze wanqamuka.

Germany nezinkantolo, kukhiyiwe izintuba yayo, kuyo yonke indlela efuna ukubaleka iJerusalema livinjezelwe. Yavela kanjalo-ke isikhali entsha - ngwenya. Manje, Ngiphakathi nendawo, enokuthula emazweni ukuhweba baye baphelelwa nokuvikeleka ehamba phezu kwezilwandle. Ngo-1915 amaJalimane yacwila umkhumbi British nge abagibeli - "Lusitania" waya phansi, wathatha esandleni sakhe engaphezu kwekhulu izakhamuzi American. Wilson bazama eJalimane phezu buka, bethi izimangalo zabo yimithetho umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Germany ongazange azivumele ukuba lisikholise kuze 1917 futhi ngwenya impi waba uqanduqandu. Khona-ke, njengoba uma uvumile. Nokho, isivumelwano kungagcinwa, ocwilayo ambalwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa izinkantolo abakhulu e-US. Futhi ngo-April 6, 1917, i-US Congress iqale impi ngo-Germany.

ukuziqinisa

Wilson, abasenawo usizi njengomenzi wokuthula nomlamuleli, kungazange kufinyelele emhlabeni. US Ihlose e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ekuqaleni igxile luyingxenye umnotho ngenkathi ekulondolozeni kwazo ukungathathi hlangothi. Kodwa akwenzekanga lokho. Kwadingeka ngenze umnikelo wezempi ukunqoba eJalimane. Okuqondiwe okusha sezihlonziwe futhi kancane kancane lase linyuke ukuphakama kwakhe ngokugcwele phambi engena impi, mayelana nokumiswa iNhlangano Yezizwe, futhi singaluthathi elaseYurophu futhi izwe. Ngemva eJalimane kwaqina ngwenya impi, e-United States ngaleso sikhathi ukuze sandise usizo asolwandle omnotho abaphikisi babo futhi baqala Amalungiselelo uhambo kuya Western Front kakade amayunithi ukulwa.

Jikelele Pershing, umkhuzi oqokwe induna, yamemezela isikhalazo impi, futhi amadoda ayisigidi kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye kuya amathathu nanye egqoka okhakhi. Kusukela ekuqaleni ngoMashi 1918 amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo wazama uzibambe okuhlaselayo isitha. I amaJalimane ethuthuka kakhulu, i-British kanye French kwakufanele ngokwezinga elikhulu iingazi. Yingakho fresh US wezempi aye aphumelela ekusizeni oMfelandawonye, kanye counteroffensive, futhi ukunqotshwa okwalandela zamabutho German. BaseMelika sonke isimiso umnotho lavuselelwa ku le mpi. Izinyathelo Benziwe zibonwe ngempela. isilawuli okunjalo yesimo sezomnotho is ayikaziwa.

isilawuli Federal

Wilson waphasisa imithetho siyasebenza ngokweqile enhlanganweni amasevisi labaqaphi elingemuva. It sidaliwe umnyango nojantshi ekhethekile, ukuqeda umncintiswano futhi ukuqinisekisa ukubambisana okuqinile yonke imisebenzi. A amandla wonke ukulawula amabhizinisi banikwa ukuphathwa samasosha zezimboni, okuyinto yabangela futhi sigweme ukuphindaphindeka. Ukolweni amanani ayethe njo, nge izinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Siye kwethulwa kute kwenyuswe kwetfulwa lempi "bespshenichnye" futhi "bezmyasnye" izinsuku sabantu. Okokhelekayo zavezwa kakhulu isandla fixed, ukusatshalaliswa yabo futhi ukukhiqizwa besesandleni ebhekiwe.

Kwakungekhona kuphela izinyathelo emangalisayo ukuqinisa impi namandla ezempi. izinzuzo Good baletha, futhi nabalimi kanye nabasebenzi zezimboni, ohluphekayo. I-American ibutho iyakhiwa kabusha futhi kuqiniswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iU.S. ukwenze ukubolekisa omkhulu oMfelandawonye. Lathi ngenhla mayelana ubukhulu izikweletu kwangaphandle amazwe aseYurophu ayemkweleta. Liberty Loan izibopho engunyaza, ngenxa okuyinto izwe futhi iphathwe ukusekela izindleko enkulu kangaka. I-United States Yokuqala, seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wathola indlela ngokusebenzisa zomhlaba wonke kokucetshiswa sakhe.

nane amaphuzu

Ingabe isihloko isimemezelo ngo-1918 ukuthi Wilson ethulwa Congress mayelana kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye imigomo US kuwo. Kuyo, wachaza uhlelo zokubuyiselwa ukuzinza emhlabeni wabiza ukudalwa iNhlangano Yezizwe. Yena, kwakuwuhlelo ephikisana nezinjongo lempi, baye uphakamise emazweni Allied, futhi kuphambene izivumelwano eziningi imfihlo phakathi kwamazwe ahlangene. Kodwa lesi sinyathelo sasebenza ngempela.

Kakade ngo-October 1918, amazwe e-Central European baye banikeza emhlabeni ngqo Wilson, indiva abaphikisi babo European. Kusukela US Europe ukuthumela elizimisele House uyaphi. Ngo-November, Germany yasayina isivumelwano. Konke lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izikhundla Melika naseYurophu babe ukuphikisana eqinile. Uphiko kwezomnotho yokuphila elidala futhi ekugcineni isihlakazeka eYurophu musa athembisa sinjalo okusheshayo nokwenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo, ne-United States phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, aye aqinisa kakhulu umnotho walo. Plus senzile ngaphandle ekubhujisweni. Leli zwe akukaze ulwa insimu yalo.

emhlabeni

Ngo-1919 nango-1920, baba izinkulumo engapheli ngokuthula. Yonke inkambo Wilson linqotshiwe ngokuphelele ukudalwa iNhlangano Yezizwe. Ukuze lokhu inhloso osekuzuziwe, waphoqwa ukuba athathe eziningi ukuyekethisa kusukela indemnities yezinkinga indawo.

Ekupheleni Juni 1919 ke yasayina isivumelwano, okuyinto eyaba kuwumphumela umsebenzi zezombusazwe, uWilson. Akuhambanga kahle konke. Republican won ukhetho ngo-1918, ngakho-ke ngokumelene okwamanje esungulwe Yezizwe ihlelwe ukunyakaza enamandla.

Isinqumo sokuqala umusa wakhe uvinjiwe, kuciniswa wasongelwa. Umkhandlu Wezigele wafuna izinguquko isivumelwano, uWilson wamelana kuze Julayi 1921. Ngakho, ngobuchwepheshe kuze kube manje i-United States namanje asempini. "Ukwethusa Red" wenza ukuyekethisa, futhi kuphela ngaleso sikhathi, sashaya isixazululo kokubili emakamelweni, ememezela kwaqedwa iqhaza empini. Isikhundla-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe kwaqinisa kwezomnotho, kodwa inhlekelele yezombangazwe sekwephuzile. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe iqala umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle US iqhaza.