Velikiy ioann uPawulu 2: Biography, ukuphila, umlando neziprofetho

Impilo ka-Karolya Voytyly, ngaye izwe uyazi ngegama kaJohane Paul 2, futhi lagcwala nezenzakalo ezibuhlungu kanye olujabulisayo lolu. Yena waqala upapa nge izimpande Slavic. Igama lakhe ixhunyaniswe enkathini okukhulu. Ehhovisi, uPapa John Paul 2 wazibonakalisa walilwela ngokungakhathali emelene nengcindezelo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo abantu. Abaningi zezinkulumo zakhe umphakathi ukuthi ukusekela amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko, yaba uphawu umzabalazo wokulwa authoritarianism.

ebuntwaneni

Karol Yuzef Voytyla, Ngokuzayo omkhulu uJohn Paul 2, yazalwa ngo-idolobha elincane eliseduze Krakow emkhayeni wamasosha. ubaba wakhe uLieutenant Polish Army, wayesazi kahle ulimi German nendodana ehlelekile oqeqeshiwe. Umama ka-Upapa esizayo - uthisha, wayeshaye phansi, ngokusho kwabanye imithombo, kwaba Ukraine. Kuyinto yokuthi okhokho John Paul 2 zazenziwe igazi Slavic, cishe uchaza yokuthi uPapa wawubazi futhi ubahlonipha konke lihlotshaniswa isiRashiya namasiko. Lapho eneminyaka engu-nesishiyagalombili ubudala, walahlekelwa unina, futhi wafa eneminyaka engu-nambili kanye umfowabo omdala. Ngiseyingane, lo mfana uyakuthanda ethiyetha. Wayefuna zikhule zibe umculi, futhi engu-14, waze wabhala umdlalo enesihloko esithi "Inkosi-Umoya."

intsha

Ngo-1938, uJohn Paul II, ogama biography nomona noma imuphi umKristu waphothula ekolishi futhi wathatha imfihlakalo zakudala miromazaniya. Ngokwezazi-mlando, u-Karol wafunda ngempela ngempumelelo. Ngemva kokuqeda imfundo yakhe yesibili ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-Krakow Jagiellonian University e-Faculty of Polish Studies.

Kwaphela iminyaka emine, wakwazi ukudlula kolimi, izincwadi, ngokubhala kweSonto ngisho izisekelo isiRashiya. Njengoba umfundi, Karol Wojtyla wabhalisa workshop yaseshashalazini. Phakathi nomsebenzi we oprofesa omunye iyunivesithi edume kakhulu eYurophu bathunyelwa emakamu okuhlushwa, futhi amakilasi lwaphela ngokomthetho. Kodwa upapa esizayo nezifundo zakhe ngokufunda kula makilasi okufunda ngasese. Futhi akufanele athathwe njengoba eJalimane, futhi achubeke uyise, ngubani efunwa amaRoma usike impesheni, le nsizwa yahamba ukusebenza inkwali eduze Krakow, bese sahamba esitshalweni zamakhemikhali.

kumiswa

Ngo-1942 u-Karol libhaliswe ku imfundo jikelele izifundo Theological Seminary, esasivutha ngasese e Krakow. Ngo-1944, kusho u-Archbishop Stefan Sapieha yezizathu zokuphepha wathutha Wojtyla nezinye sikole "emthethweni" eziningana ekuphathweni Diocesan, lapho aberega esigodlweni Archbishop kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi. Nantathu izilimi eziqephuzayo John Paul II, Umlandvomphilo santa, Usebenza engamakhulu zefilosofi theological and zefilosofi, kanye Encyclicals nane kanye nezincwadi ezinhlanu eyabhalwa kuye, kwamenza omunye pontiffs ukukhanyiselwa kakhulu.

Ukukhonza esontweni

Elokuqala Novemba 1946 Wojtyla wamiswa njengompristi svyaschenniki.Bukvalno izinsukwana ngemva kwesikhathi, yahamba eRoma waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe yenkolo. Ngo-1948 wamela mqondo yakhe zobudokotela ze-imisebenzi reformate Carmine, nezimfihlakalo waseSpain ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha St UJohane of the Cross. Ngemva kwalokho, uCarol ebuyela ekhaya, kanzima waqokwa umsizi li we Negovich parish emzaneni eningizimu yePoland.

Ngo-1953, ngesikhathi Jagiellonian University Upapa elilandelayo bavikela omunye ocwaningeni ngendaba amathuba cwaningo mayelana nokuziphatha kobuKristu kusekelwe nezimiso zokuziphatha Scheler uhlelo. Ngo-October ngawo lowo nyaka waqala ukufundisa imfundiso yenkolo zokuziphatha, kodwa ngokushesha uhulumeni Polish lamaKhomanisi Uvale ubuhlakani. Wojtyla wabe esebuza ukuhola uMnyango mayelana nokuziphatha ngesikhathi Catholic University e Ljubljana.

Ngo-1958, uPapa Pius XII wammisa Bishop Yokusiza e Archdiocese of Krakow. Ngo-September ka lowo nyaka ukugcotshwa kwakhe. umbhishobhi Rite laseLviv wenza Bazyak. Kodwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1962, Wojtyla wakhethwa owayeyinxusa Kapitulna.

Kusukela ngo-1962 kuya ku-1964 biography lokuqala John Paul 2 ihlobene eduze Wesibili WeVatican. Wathatha iqhaza zonke izinsuku, ibizwe ke upapa John XXIII. Ngo-1967, uPapa esizayo wakhushulwa ukuba cardinal-abapristi. Ngemva kokufa Paul VI ngo-1978, u-Karol Wojtyla lase libeka ku conclave, ngenxa okuyinto wakhethwa uPapa John Paul I. Kodwa nje zokugcina zidlulile izinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu. Ngo-October 1978 wathatha conclave entsha. Abahlanganyeli aqhekeka kwaba amakamu amabili. Abanye bavikela umbhishobhi omkhulu Genoa Dzhuzeppe Siri, ezazidume ngokutshala imibono yayo olandelanayo, kuyilapho abanye - Giovanni Benelli owayaziwa njengoba ovulekile. hhayi ukuvumelana Woza, ekugcineni conclave wakhetha ikhandidethi ebucayini owaba Karol Wojtyla. Ngezinye ukubusa kwakhe ngesibindi esihlalweni sobupapa, wathatha igama esasisandulele.

izici

UPapa John Paul 2, ogama biography bezilokhu exhunywe nebandla, baba upapa ukuphikisana nokukholelwa yobudala pyatidesyativosmiletnem. Like esasisandulele yakhe, wadinga lula okuthunyelwe Upapa, ngokukhethekile, zibancishe wakhe lwamanye izimfanelo wasebukhosini. Ngokwesibonelo, wazibiza ngokuthi upapa, usebenzisa esithi "ngi", wenqaba lapho ibekwa esihlalweni, esikhundleni eyayintula nje ubukhosi. Akalokothi egqoka tiara futhi acabange ukuthi ikhona inceku kaNkulunkulu.

izikhathi Eight John Paul 2 wavakashela lakubo. Waba nendima enkulu kulelo lwabangela ukushintsha kukahulumeni ePoland ngo 1980 kwenzeke ngaphandle uhlwayi olulodwa. Ngemva ingxoxo yakhe Jikelele Jaruzelski zokugcina ngokuthula kubaqoqi ubuholi yezwe Valencia, wayeseyitholile wakwazi ukuthola isibusiso sobupapa sokuguquka yeningi.

umzamo

Nantathu Meyi 1981 ukuphila John Paul II bacishe bahlukana. Ngalo lelo langa, eSt Square. Peter eVatican wadutshulwa ngemvula yezinhlamvu wabulawa kuye. Umdlali waba ilungu Turkish ziyingozi kakhulu kwesokudla Mehmet Agca. sina amaphekula kwalimala Upapa esiswini. Yena uboshelwe khona lapho ngokushayela endaweni yesehlakalo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ubaba wafika Agca e ejele afike wahlala kulo egweba udilikajele. Isisulu futhi owonile isikhathi eside ngento wathi, kodwa ukukhuluma ngesihloko ingxoxo yabo, uJohn Paul 2 akafunanga Nokho, wathi nokho wamthethelela.

iziprofetho

Kamuva, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ichashazi bangiphuca esandleni uNina kaNkulunkulu. Futhi isizathu ukuthi baba ukuqagela odumile Fatima of the Virgin Mary, owayemazi ngokuseduze John. Isiprofetho 2 kaPawulu Our Lady, ngokukhethekile, lona wamuva banesithakazelo esikhulu kangangokuthi wayehumusha isifundo sakhe iminyaka eminingi. Eqinisweni, izibikezelo ayemathathu: owokuqala libhekisela ezimpini zezwe ezimbili, okwesibili ngo-fomu ngendlela engokomfanekiso ukhathazekile inguquko eRussia.

Njengoba lesi siprofetho wesithathu uMariya, bese ngisebenza esinye isikhathi eside kuye kwaba isihloko kokuqagela kokuqagela ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka, okuyinto akumangalisi: Sekuyisikhathi eside i-Vatican sambheka ekusithekeni ezijulile. The esiphezulu abefundisi bamaKatolika lalibuye sitshelwa ukuthi ngeke phakade kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo. Kuphela uPapa John Paul 2 abantu banquma ukuvula iphazili zinyanga isiprofetho Fatima. Selokhu kwathi nhlo ibilokhu libhekene izenzo isibindi. Kwangathi nantathu, ngosuku vosmidesyatitrehletiya bakhe, wathi akazange yini iphuzu isidingo sokulondoloza izimfihlo of the Virgin Mary izibikezelo. UNobhala Vatican yeMibuso ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi Lucia eqoshiwe indelakazi, lowo njengofakazi, ingane kanye kwaba Yethi Mariya. Umbiko uthe Virgin Mary wayekubikezele ekubulaweni indlela lapho i-Pope kuzoba zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, ngisho zungu John Paul II, ephelele amaphekula Turkish Ali Agdzhoy.

neminyaka pontificate

Ngo-1982, wahlangana no-Yasser Arafat. Ngemva konyaka, uJohn Paul II wavakashela eRoma sika eSontweni LamaLuthela. Waba wokuqala owaba nesibindi ukuze bathathe lesi sinyathelo. Ngo-December 1989 upapa okokuqala emlandweni iVatican amukela nomholi waseSoviet. Sazo sasingamashumi uMikhail Gorbachev.

Ukusebenza kanzima, uhambo amaningi emhlabeni wonke ukubhodloza ikhanda zempilo seVatican. Ngo-July 1992, umbhishobhi yamemezela esibhedlela kwakhe okwase kusondele. Ngo John Paul II wayethethelela kwatholakala ukuthi unesimila emathunjini, okuyinto okwadingeka zisuswe. Ukuhlinza kwaphumelela, futhi ngokushesha Upapa babuyiselwa ekuphileni kwakhe okuvamile.

Ngemva konyaka, wayeqikelela ukuthi phakathi kweVatican Israyeli esungulwe enobudlelwane nawo. Ngo-April 1994, umbhishobhi washelela wawa. Kwatholakala ukuthi kwadingeka Waphuka entanyeni femoral. ochwepheshe Independent ukuthi kwakungadingekile ke ukuthi uJohn Paul 2 waqala Parkinson.

Kodwa ngisho nalokhu isifo esiyingozi akagcini Upapa e ukuthula kwakhe. Ngo-1995, wacela intethelelo okubi amaKatolika esikhathini esidlule okubangelwa amakholwa ezinye izinkolo. Ngemva konyaka nengxenye ukuvakashelwa Upapa umholi-Cuban Castro. Ngo-1997, upapa siyeza eSarajevo, lapho inkulumo yakhe wakhuluma ngesimo nhlekelele kwempi yombango kulelo zwe njengoba inselele-Europe. Ngesikhathi ngivakashile, indlela izikhathi zakhe yezimoto babe minefields.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uPapa ifika Bologna ekhonsathini rock, okuyinto uvezwa njengoMahluleli isilaleli. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, uJohn Paul 2, ogama biography ugcwele yokugcinwa, kokwenza ukuhambela wokwelusa ensimini Cuba lamaKhomanisi. Ngo Havana, ukuhlangana Castro, walahla unswinyo kwezomnotho ngokumelene lizwe futhi umholi sihamba uhlu iziboshwa ezingamakhulu amathathu zezombusazwe. Umvuthwandaba lokhu ukuvakashelwa mlando iba mass ukuthi umbhishobhi uchitha ngesikhathi Revolution Square e-dolobha yase-Cuba, lapho uya kubantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi. Ngemva kokuhamba uPapa, iziphathimandla ezikhishwe ezingaphezu kwesigamu iziboshwa.

Ngonyaka emibili senkulungwane, uPapa ifika Israyeli, lapho eseJerusalema Western Wall isikhathi eside ethandaza. Ngo-2002, e Damascus, uJohn Paul II wavakashela mosque. Uba wokuqala, ngubani wanquma ukuthatha lesi sinyathelo.

ukuthula

Elahla zonke empini futhi ngenkuthalo ubukela kubo ngo-1982, ngesikhathi kunezinkinga ka zaseFalkland, umbhishobhi wavakashela e-United Kingdom ne-Argentina, enxusa kula mazwe ukwenza ukuthula. Ngo-1991, uPapa liyakulahla izingxabano ePersian Gulf. Lapho 2003 empini Iraq waqala, uJohn Paul 2 wathumela Cardinal kusukela Vatican elizimisele ukuthula iBaghdad. Ngaphezu kwalokho, khona-ke wabusisa elinye inxusa ingxoxo bese US kaMongameli uBush. Phakathi nomhlangano, isithunywa zayo zayihambisa uhulumeni wase-US isimo sengqondo abukhali futhi kunalokho engakhi Upapa ukuze ayehlasela Iraq.

ukuvakashelwa yabaphostoli

John Paul 2 wavakashela amazwe cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amathathu ngesikhathi uhambo bakhe bezinye izizwe. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wafika Poland - izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili. E-United States futhi France, umbhishobhi kwaba ukuhambela eziyisithupha. ESpain eMexico, kwaba kahlanu. uhambo wakhe sasinomgomo ofanayo: basuke okuhloswe ngayo ukugqugquzela ekuqiniseni isikhundla YobuKatolika emhlabeni wonke, kanye ukusungula izixhumanisi nezinye izinkolo, futhi ikakhulukazi Islam nobuJuda. Yonke indawo Pope wakhuluma ngokumelene ubudlova, iqophelo amalungelo abantu bephika uMbusi kwemibuso yomashiqela.

Ngokuvamile, ayezidinga ngasekhanda of the Vatican uPapa amakhilomitha angaphezu kwesigidi amakhilomitha. Iphupho lakhe zingafezeki wahlala uhambo ezweni lethu. Phakathi nokubusa ubukhomanisi eSoviet Union, ukuhambela kwakhe akwenzekanga. Ngemuva kokuwa Lensimbi ukuvakashelwa Nokho kwakunokwenzeka kwezombusazwe, kodwa ke wake wabathathela isinyathelo ukuvakashelwa Upapa sika, Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia.

sekushoneni

John Paul 2 ushone eneminyaka engu ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu ukuphila. Izinkulungwane zabantu base belala kusukela ngoMgqibelo kuya ngeSonto yesibili ngo-Ephreli 2005 phambi Vatican, ethwele kwimemori kwamatayitela, amazwi futhi umfanekiso lo muntu emangalisayo. Ngezinye Square St sikaPetru abangu ovuthayo amakhandlela ukuthula wabusa, naphezu lenqwaba abalilayo.

emngcwabeni

Yokuvalelisa John Paul II kwaba omunye emikhosini ethandwa kakhulu emlandweni wamuva lesintu. Ngesikhathi izimfundiso umngcwabo kwakunabantu abangu yizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu, ama-pilgrim abayizigidi ezine wenziwa upapa ekuphileni okuphakade. Angaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane kunikezwa amakholwa bazo zonke izinkolo ukuba bathandazele lona kanye ithuluzi Phumula lemiphefumulo woshonile, kanye Inani lababukeli owayegade emcimbini kumabonakude, ukubala engenakwenzeka. Kumemori uhlamvu lwakhe Countryman esiyisikhumbuzo "uJohn Paul 2" kwakhululwa ePoland.