"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka": ngonyaka ngenxa yokudalwa kumbhali

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-900 iminyaka, amaRashiya uthole ulwazi lwabo mayelana nomlando edumile "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", usuku oluqondile ombhalo wawo ayikaziwa. Baningi impikiswano umbuzo zabhalwa lo msebenzi.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana izinganekwane namaqiniso zomlando

postulates Scientific ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuvamile uyashintsha, kodwa uma emkhakheni physics, i-chemistry, i-biology, nezinkanyezi noma revolution efanayo lwesayensi olusekelwe ukuhlonza amaqiniso amasha, indaba nje sitlolwe esivuna iziphathimandla noma ngokuhambisana imibono evelele. Ngenhlanhla, indoda yesimanje has a lot of amathuba bebodwa ukuthola bese uqhathanisa amaqiniso ngokuphathelene nombono ezenzeka emakhulwini amaningi ngisho zeminyaka edlule, kanye bajwayelane nemibono yososayensi abafundile nabahlonishwayo abangakholelwa ulandele izinkolelo zendabuko. Konke okungenhla kusebenza ezibalulekile ukuze uqonde umlando idokhumenti Russian ngokuthi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", ngonyaka ngenxa yokudalwa zabhalwa okuyinto esanda imibuzo futhi amanye amalungu alo ngempela abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi.

"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka": ubuqambi

Kusukela iningi "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" ka kumdlali kungatholakala kuphela ekupheleni XI leminyaka wahlala Pechora Monastery. Ikakhulukazi, kukhona irekhodi ngokuhlaselwa Polovtsy lokhu wezindela 1096, okuyinto ngokwayo khona Umlobi womlando wokuzibonela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhalo ukhuluma ngokufa we John umdala, owasiza ubhale incwadi yomlando, futhi wawuthi kokufa indela senzeka ngo 1106, okusho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi umuntu ukuqopha esaphila.

isayensi olusemthethweni isiRashiya, kuhlanganise Soviet, kusukela ngesikhathi sikaPeter Omkhulu wathi umbhali kule noveli "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" - umlobi wezenzakalo Nestor. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke idokhumenti zomlando ukuthi libhekisela ke, iyona edume Ipatiev indaba, kulotshiwe-yalolucwaningo 20 kwekhulu xv. Lo msebenzi uhilela isahluko ahlukene umbhalo "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka," obulandela ukuphathwa njengoba umlobi we indela kusukela Isigodlo Pechersk. Futhi igama Nestor kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kule ukuxhumana Crypt izindela uPolycarp Archimandrite Akindinov. Leli qiniso kuqinisekisa "Life of St Anthony", esihlelwe ngomumo ngesisekelo emasikweni ngomlomo sezindela.

Nestor Umlobi womlando

Umbhali "isikhulu" kule noveli "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" waba abagcotshwa njengosanta yiSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, ngakho-ke kungaba esifunda ngazo kosanta. esizifunda kule mithombo ukuthi Monk Nestor wazalwa eKiev ngo 1050-yalolucwaningo. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nesikhombisa engena Kiev Caves Monastery, lapho eseneminyaka imfundamakhwela St. uTheodosius. Ngezinye kweminyaka sasivumela abasha, Nestor wathatha izifungo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wathola idikoni ukuzinikezela. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe ayihlala Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: lapha wabhala hhayi kuphela "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", unyaka kusungulwa alwaziwa ngokuqinisekile, kodwa kosanta futhi edumile Nezikhulu Boris futhi Gleb, futhi umsebenzi, okuyinto lisitshela zizincishe injabulo ekuqaleni we sezindela. Imithombo isonto sabuye saveza ukuthi Nestor ifinyelele Esegugile wafa azungeze 1114.

Yini uthi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka"

"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" - emlandweni wezwe lethu, esehlanganise omkhulu besikhathi, izinhlobonhlobo enothe imicimbi. Umbhalo wesandla iqala indaba amadodana Novemba, esinye sazo asibiza - noJafete -dostalis e nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba njenge-Armenia, Britain, ISCYTHIA, eDalmathiya, Ionia, Illyria, Macedonia, Media, eKhaphadosiya, Paphlagonia, zaseThessaly nabanye. Abafowethu baqala ukwakhiwa yaseBhabhiloni izinsika, kodwa UJehova wathukuthelela hhayi kuphela wabhubhisa kulesi sakhiwo, kulethe ukuziqhenya komuntu, kodwa futhi wahlukanisa abantu "70 no 2 abantu", phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ngimbuka - okhokho lwamaSlav bavela Oonyana bakaYafete. Ukukhuluma obengeziwe umPhostoli Andrew, ngubani labikezela ukuthi loMfula Dnieper kuyoba umuzi omkhulu, okuyinto ngalokho okwenzeka lapho lokubonisa Prince abazalwane Scheck futhi Horiv eyasungulwa Kiev. Enye inkomba ebaluleke siphathelene ngonyaka 862, lapho "Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi nazo zonke" waya Varangians ukubabiza ukubusa, wehlela phezu ucingo alaba bazalwane abathathu Rurik, Truvor futhi Sineus nemikhaya futhi eseduze. Amabili zifiki boyars - Askold futhi Dir - awushiye Novgorod eConstantinople nokubona endleleni Kiev, wahlala lapho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", ngonyaka ka-ukudalwa okuyinto mlando Kusafanele ukucacisa, iyalandisa wokubusa Oleg futhi Igor, futhi utshela indaba wokubhapathizwa Rus. Indaba iphela izenzakalo 1117.

"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka": umlando lo mkhiqizo

Nestorovskaya indaba yaziwa ngemva uPeter Omkhulu ngo-1715 ngaphambilini ukuze wenze ikhophi nge Radzivilovskogo uhlu egcinwe ku umtapo Koenigsberg. Onga idokhumenti, eqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakwa yenkosi lo mbhalo wesandla wahosha Yakov Bryus - ubuntu, emangalisayo ngazo zonke izindlela. Uzinikele ilungiselelo Radzivilovskogo uhlu olimini yesimanje Vasily Tatishchev, owayehamba ukubhala umlando Russia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo kule noveli wahlanganyela enjalo ososayensi abaziwayo njengoba A. Shleptser, P. M. Stroev futhi A. A. Shahmatov.

Nestor Umlobi womlando. "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka": Umbono A.Shahmatova

Ukubuka entsha ngesikhathi "Tale of Iminyaka esidlule" kwahlongozwa e ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Umbhali wayo kwaba bodumo usosayensi A. A. Shahmatov ngubani ephakanyiswayo kanye kugomela "umlando omusha" umsebenzi. Ikakhulukazi, wabhekisela agumenti esivuna iqiniso lokuthi 1039 Kiev egumbini sidalwe ekhatsi Kiev ngesisekelo yezindaba zemihla ngemihla zaseByzantium temdzabu zendawo, okungase kubhekwe idokhumenti endala yalolu hlobo eRussia. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi esifanayo ayebhalwe Novgorod Novgorod Chronicle. Kuyinto ngesisekelo le misebenzi emibili 1073 Nestor kuqala wadala Crypt egumbini lokuqala, ke yesibili futhi ekugcineni "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka".

"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" eyabhalwa indela Russian noma isikhulu Scottish?

Emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule ecebile kuzo zonke izinhlobo ukuzwa zomlando. Nokho, uzokwenza kumelwe kuthiwe ezinye zazo awukho ubufakazi besayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla kukhona inkolelo yokuthi "Tale of Iminyaka esidlule", ngonyaka ka Indalo cishe kuphela eyaziwa, eqinisweni, angithi kulotshiwe esikhathini esiphakathi kweminyaka engu-1110 futhi 1118, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva eziyisithupha. Kunoma yikuphi, ngisho mlando esemthethweni uyavuma ukuthi Radzivilovsky uhlu t. E. Ikhophi umbhalo wesandla, okuyinto udumo zabhalwa Nestor, senziwa ekhulwini xv futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlotshiswe emincanyana eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Tatishchev wabhala "Umlando Russia" ngisho naye, futhi ukulandisa yalo msebenzi olimini wesimanje, umlobi zazo, mhlawumbe kwaba Yakov Bryus - umzukulu weNkosi yeScotland Robert Okokuqala. Kodwa lo mbono akububonisi iyiphi ukulungisiswa sina.

Kuyini eziyinhloko zomsebenzi Nestorovskogo

Ochwepheshe abaphethe umbono angakahleleki imisebenzi isibaluli Nestor Umlobi womlando, ukholelwa ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuze bathethelele autocracy njengoba kuphela indlela uhulumeni waseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhalo wesandla aqede udaba mayelana nokwenqaba we "konkulunkulu bakudala", ekhomba bathatha ubuKristu njengokuya yiyona kuphela inkolo yeqiniso. Kuyo, futhi kwaba essence yayo eyinhloko.

"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" - lena umsebenzi kuphela elichaza olwamukelwe we Ukubhapathizwa Russia, bonke abanye nje ukuxhumanisa ke. Lokhu kukodwa kufanele wenze kakhulu eduze etadisha yayo. Futhi "I Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", ogama izici yokutholwa historiography olusemthethweni namuhla ubuzwa, ungumthombo wokuqala usitshela ukuthi izikhulu Russian owehla evela Rurik. Ngoba wonke umsebenzi komlando Usuku lokwakha kubaluleke kakhulu. "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", okuyinto has ukubaluleka ezehlukile ngenxa historiography isiRashiya, akakho. Okuningi ngokunembile, okwamanje ayikho kobufakazi sivumele ngisho ucacise ngalowo nyaka yabhalwa ke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phambi yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ukuthi bangase bakwazi aveza okuthile ukukhanya emakhasini amnyama yomlando wethu.