Rocket kwethulwa emkhathini. Top missile ukuqalisa. Qala InterContinental missile ballistic

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu ephendulela ukunaka kwabo esibhakabhakeni ngenhloso ukuqonda okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke, sifunde imithetho yayo, ukuthola indawo emizimbeni. Akubuzwa, ukuthi ulwazi emkhathini woMhlaba engenhla ngisho kabanzi mayelana emkhathini isikhathi esithile ohlangeni lwesintu besibuthakathaka kakhulu. Kodwa konke kwashintsha ekhulwini XX, lapho intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe sekuqalile ukuba siqhubekele phambili, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ngokukhulu ukushesha. Ipumelelo umkhakha Isikhala rocketry sixoxa ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

iphayona

Ukwethulwa wokuqala Yuri Gagarin ebhodini kushintsha umlando wethu, ukukucaza kube engenakubalwa. April 12, 1961 Russian isikhulu wokuqala emhlabeni landizela emkhathini isikhala.

umkhumbi Space wethulwa kusuka Baikonur cishe ngehora lesishiyagalolunye ekuseni ekuseni isikhathi eMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho, i-rocket eyenziwa kanye emhlabeni wonke futhi owenzé cababa esihleliweko 10:55, eduze nedolobhana Smelovka ise Saratov esifundeni. Ukwethulwa ngempumelelo kwaba umqhele umsebenzi eside futhi yenkuthalo ithimba onjiniyela kanye nezinye izifundiswa zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

isikhala ukuqalisa

Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa ngaphambi kwendiza Gagarin sika emkhathini wase-USSR bafeza R-7 missile kwethulwa ngo-1957. Ngenxa yaleli lizwe Imikhandlu iwine isimiso uhlanga isikhala e-United States. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, amaMelika uthumele rocket ku cleaner-January 31, 1958. Qalisa senzeka e-US Cape Canaveral.

Lokhu kwalandelwa missile ukuqalisa ku Japan (1970), China (1970), eGreat Britain (1971), India (1980), Israyeli (1988), i-Russia (1992), Ukraine (1995), i-Iran (2009 ngonyaka), North Korea (2012), South Korea (2013).

ukuqala Izici

Lo rocket emkhathini kumele kwenziwe nge ephansi okunokwenzeka energy ukusetshenziswa. I elilungile kakhulu ngokuya iqoqo isivinini rocket kubhekwe spaceports ezifana: European naseKourou, Brazilian Alcantara futhi elintantayo Sea Launch, okuyinto uyakwazi yokuqalisa ngokuqondile yenkabazwe umugqa emhlabeni.

Kungani okungcono missile ukuqalisa olwenziwa kusukela yenkabazwe? Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi Kulezo zimo, umshini ngokushesha uthole ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya 465 m yabo / s ohlangothini mpumalanga. Lezi zibalo ngenxa ukujikeleza iplanethi yethu. Yingakho iningi trajectory of missile kwethulwa is kudluliselwe isiqondiso empumalanga. Wenza okuhlukile kungenziwa kuphela kubhekwe Israyeli njengoba empumalanga ke elisemngceleni ne uthi abanamusa kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele usebenzise siqala yabo kolunye uhlangothi (kuya entshonalanga).

Imininingwane zomlando

Isikhala ubuchwepheshe isetshenzisiwe yi-Third Reich, ababesebenzisa njengethuba lokuzibonela ukugwema iSivumelwano SaseVersailles. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, amaJalimane athuthukile "V-2". Qala imicibisholo lolu hlobo kwenziwa ngokumelene Antwerp, nase-London. It wayengadlali owayenguyise esindayo rocket lokuqala bavimba emhlabeni.

Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi "V-2" ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi iphrojekthi okungalungile ngokuya lempi kanye zezomnotho. Nokho, ukubaluleka kwalo ngokomlando itholakala lokuthi ukuthi, sibonga US lalo lempi kanye ochwepheshe baseSoviet Union bakwazi ukuqinisekisa uvundile of rocket ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto kubonakala nobunzima ukuthola nokunciphisa rocket ngokwalo ngesikhathi indiza yayo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi emva ukunqoba amaNazi eJalimane abangu athunyelwa izimfihlo zokuhweba kanye amadokhumenti emenza ekuqaleni Space Race phakathi amaSoviet futhi emazweni aseNtshonalanga.

Inqubo ngezindiza

Qala isikhala rocket namuhla inikeza okukhipha yayo orbit eMhlabeni. Ukuwufinyelela, mkhathi uzodinga at the aphansi ukuphakama kungenzeka akwazi ukufinyelela ngowokuqala Isivinini cosmic ohlangothini ovundlile (7.9 km / s). Uma lesi sibalo, sekufikwe missile iba satellite yokufakelwa kule planethi yethu. Uma ijubane lingaphansi kuka wenani elicacisiwe, trajectory umphumela missile ballistic kumele kucatshangwe.

Ukuze kuzuzwe ukubaluleka the velocity lokuqala cosmic ku booster wasebenzisa isimiso multi-esiteji. Lo rocket kakhulu efanayo Ukhumula kusuka ukufakwa ekhaya eziklanyelwe.

Umholi wezwe 2015

Ngo-2015, kwethulwa isikhala namarokhethi ensimini yase Russia waphumelela kakhulu. Ekuqhubekeni konyaka odlule WaseRussia eyenziwa 26 ukwethulwa mkhathi, okuyinto bamvumela ukuba ahambe endaweni olungenamkhawulo lokuqala emhlabeni. On Russia zaba 30% azo zonke ukuqalisa isikhala emhlabeni. I ezinkulu ukuqaliswa pads babe Baikonur futhi Plesetzk.

isikhali esinamandla

Ezweni lanamuhla, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ikhokhelwa kuze okuthiwa lempi ezicitshwayo ballistic. Ngamunye wabo luyinhlanganisela izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• ngesivinini ingxenye;
• Battle ikhanda, okuyinto, empeleni, futhi chitha.

Eyokuqala yalezi ngokuvamile emelelwa pair noma triplet isidlakela multi-ton izigaba, wagcwalisa ngokuphelele ngophethiloli. Lezi zici ithunyelwa ecaleni elifanele lwekhanda rocket ngiwunike ukusheshisa edingekayo.

Kufanele nakanjani kuqashelwe ukuthi kwethulwa InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic - inqubo liyinkimbinkimbi nekhathazayo. A indiza trajectory sihamba nabo ngokusebenzisa ungqimba ongaphakeme-orbit iziphuphutheki, ephethe ukulibala kancane kulelizinga ke kukhona ukunyakaza phansi endleleni okweqanda, ngqo hit okuhloswe.

Umbhali wayevame ukunezela lokhu kwethulwa i missile InterContinental ballistic Kwenziwa ngwenya yenuzi. Isibonelo okuphawuleka umkhumbi waseRussia "Borey", okuqondene ekilasini ballistic missile ngwenya ezizukulwane ezine. Futhi, imicibisholo evuthayo ballistic , "Ohio" behlome ngemibese ngwenya American.

Nokho, kungenzeka ezicitshwayo InterContinental ezikwamanye zindawo:

• phansi iziqhumane umile;
• e silos;
• ukufaka mobile ezifana isondo;
• ujantshi iziqhumane.

Namuhla ezicitshwayo ballistic agibele amahhashi izinjini okuqinile noma uketshezi nge high izingxenye abilayo. Missiles yalolu hlobo uze endaweni yomuzi wakubo isimo ukulungele futhi zingagcinwa in ukulungela ukulwa ethemini enkonzweni yabo. Ukwethulwa ithatha beka ukude besebenzisa amashaneli omsakazo noma ikhebula. Inqubo ukulungiselela ukwethula kudinga emva kwamaminithi ambalwa.

Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukusho ukuthi iyiphi ezicitshwayo yesimanje - umkhiqizo ukudalwa kanye nokugcinwa abasebenzi lenqwaba abantu, uthome onjiniyela ziphethe the isikhundla ifayela amasosha nezikhulu enifeza yesondlo amayunithi emi on uqaphile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa okuthembekile emoyeni isihlangu yezwe.