Kuyini izinga lokungasebenzi? Indlela ukunquma izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuleli zwe?

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, abanye abahlaziyi kanye ochwepheshe kwezomnotho ukubikezela ukuqala kwemnotfo eRussia. Lesi simo kufaka eziningi izinkinga isakhamuzi abavamile, main zazo - izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezweni. Ukutadisha lokhu inhlangano udaba ezifana Rostrud - isevisi federal, ukusebenzisa i-Ministry of Labour and Social Security.

Noma kunjalo, izinga lokungasebenzi asikwazi kuthathwe njengesinyathelo ngokuphelele izinkinga wezwe. Konke kuncike kanjani izibalo zenziwa. Iqiniso lokuthi akuyona yonke imikhakha yabantu kungenziwa ngokuqiniseka isibaluli isibalo sabantu abangasebenzi. Kungani kwenzeka nendlela ukunquma izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuleli zwe? Ake sibheke kabanzi.

Imiqondo kanye nezincazelo

Igama elithi "abangasebenzi" libhekisela esimweni lapho asebenzayo ngokuya kwezomnotho sabantu ayikwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi okhokhelayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuba uhlobo umthwalo izinsimbi nazo zonke ezinye izakhamuzi isimo. Njengoba kuchaziwe i-International Labour Organization, abangasebenzi - umuntu ofuna ukusebenza futhi kungenzeka ngokomzimba, kodwa ingabe akukhona ukuthola emsebenzini othize.

Ukuze abale kahle zonke izinkomba, kumelwe siqale uhlukanise kuso sonke isibalo sabantu ngemacembu 2:

1. kwezomnotho angasebenzi (EN) - labo izakhamuzi abangakwazi kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele angisebenzi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• izikole abafundi wesikhathi esigcwele;
• umhlalaphansi, lapho isabelo nenzuzo yomhlalaphansi base asihlobene;
• abantu babandakanywe ku-yasendlini, ukunakekela abagulayo, izingane, futhi ngenxa yalokho angakwazi ukusebenza;
• abantu eyayidumazekile search umsebenzi wakho futhi uyeke ukuzama;
• bamane nje abafuni ukuvuma ukusebenza noma ungenayo nesidingo esingaka.

2. kwezomnotho (EA) - sabantu enamandla yezwe, kakade kokuba umsebenzi noma kusesho asebenzayo kwalo. Le ngxenye futhi eminye izigaba ezimbili:

• umatasa (B) - izakhamuzi (kungakhathaliseki ubudala) abasebenzako futhi ukhokhelwe ngomsebenzi wabo, kanye nalabo abasebenzela kokuhle, isibonelo, ibhizinisi lomndeni, kanye inkokhelo ingemukelwa;
• abangasebenzi (B) - ingxenye labantu zokusebenza yobudala, esingeyena amakilasi, okuyiwona uthola iholo; esimweni umsebenzi izipesheli kuyinto sesikulungele ukuqala umsebenzi ngokushesha; is looking ngenkuthalo (ithumela umsebenzi, kuya maphakathi umsebenzi noma abangane, liba khona kuyo umsebenzi Fairs, njll ...); siphela ukuqeqeshwa (ukuphinda uqeqesho) by namasevisi okuqasha.

Ngokuvamile singasho ukuthi izinga lokungasebenzi lichazwa ngokuthi ratio esigabeni yokugcina siye sahlola lonke inani EA (labantu kwezomnotho). Kodwa sizobe ukukhuluma ngemva kwesikhashana.

Izimo letitsintsa izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi

Ngaphambi kutholakale izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezweni, lokhu ukukhuluma ngalokho kuthinta le Inkomba. Zabangasebenzi kuthinta lenqwaba izici kuleli zwe, phakathi okuyizinto ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo:

• ukukhula noma ukwehla komnotho;
• emininingwaneni yabantu;
• ukukhiqiza yabasebenzi;
• isifiso sabantu ukushintsha umsebenzi, noma angaphelelwa imisebenzi ezishintshayo;
• izizathu ezibalulekile emphakathini: ukuntula imfundo, ukukhulelwa, utshwala noma ngezidakamizwa, njll;.
• i-ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi.

imininingwane Okuningi kokuhlola lezi zici, lapho kunezinhlobonhlobo bengasebenzi.

Kuyini lokhu?

Noma ubani ofuna ukwazi ukuthi kutholakale izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezweni, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi lokhu mkhuba ungase ube ukusebenza ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi yayo hlobo. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kungase kube:

• Zokuzithandela. Lolu hlobo lihlotshaniswa yokuthi abanye abantu abafuni ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, isibonelo ezimweni lapho inkokhelo encishisiwe. Futhi, kukhona umqondo kwezomnotho njengoba "ukungasebenzi isicupho". Lokhu kwenzeka lapho, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene ezingeni imali yomuntu ihlala injalo ingashintshile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isebenza noma cha. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho inani inzuzo zikhokhwa nguhulumeni, cishe ilingana nomholo ezihlongozwayo. Kulesi simo, umfutho emsebenzini e abantu akekho.
• Ephoqelekile. Libhekene iqiniso lokuthi umuntu elomela ukuze uthole umsebenzi futhi uzimisele ukuba ilwe, nje ungakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amaholo yangempela kungadluli okuyinto enomthelela yakhoibrium kwaneliswe isidingo. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi iziphakamiso sebeqala idlule funa.

abangasebenzi okungalindelekile zingahlukaniswa zibe 3 izinhlobo:

• inqubo kwenzeka uma imishini (ezishintshayo) ukukhiqizwa kuholela babutha abasebenzi noma ukuntula kwabo neziqu;
• isici zonyaka ka ezinye izimboni lapho ukukhiqiza ngezikhathi;
• It libhekene yansukuzonke ukwehla cyclical ekukhiqizeni endaweni ethize noma eveni lonkhe.

Okuningi mayelana ukubukwa

amaphuzu engeziwe ungabahlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana:

• Institutional kwenzeka uma ukungenela zabasebenzi noma isimo ekubekeni iholo amazinga ephula imithetho emnothweni emakethe.
• Bezakhiwe kwenzeka ukuqeda iminotho akusebenzi nesenzakalo ukuzibonakalisa entsha ezidinga iziqu ezikhethekile.
• Ukungqubuzana elihlobene ne ushintsho yokuzithandela imisebenzi, okukhipha (out) ka (c) sokubeletha, ushintsho yokuhlala, nokunye; ngokuvamile imvelo yesikhashana.

Ungase futhi ukwaba enye 2 izinhlobo abangasebenzi: the obhalisiwe futhi ezifihliwe. Okokuqala esashiwo isilinganiso sabantu abangasebenzi, bamukela ngokusemthethweni ngenxa service umsebenzi ukuze lonke inani labantu enamandla. Eyesibili uchaza njengobunengi bemiphefumulo ababengaboshiwe bhalisiwe noma baqashwe ngokusemthethweni kuphela, kodwa eqinisweni wathumela eholidini ngezindleko zakhe siqu ngenxa amavolumu aphansi okukhiqiza.

Izinga lokungasebenzi kuleli zwe: ifomula kuhlaziywa

Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo has linendlela yalo ukubala, kodwa sizobe ukukhuluma samuntu ajwayelekile. Ifomula sokunquma izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi sivezwe njengoba isilinganiso sesibalo ingqikithi abangasebenzi inani labantu kwezomnotho. Kubonakala sengathi lokhu:

K = (B * 100%) / EA,

lapho EA = H + B (B - Isibalo sabantu abaqashiwe; B - abangasebenzi).

Nakhu ukuthi kutholakale izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezweni. Izibalo ihlanganiswe kusekelwe lezi izibalo.

imiphumela kwezomnotho

Noma ubani onesithakazelo indlela ukunquma izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuleli zwe, kufanele futhi uqaphele ukuthi lesi simo kufaka nemiphumela ngokwanele ongemuhle. Kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, ukwanda abangasebenzi kuholela ekwandeni Goszanyatosti Isikhwama izindleko ngoba inkokhelo ka namarhubhelo wokungasebenzi ukuba izakhamuzi kubhaliswe. Ukwandisa inani labantu abangasebenziko yakha ukulahlekelwa kwabasebenzi futhi engenayo intela, okuyinto kungokwemvelo: umsebenzi, ngingenandawo iholo futhi kungakho intela akekho.

Enye kwezomnotho umphumela abangasebenzi kuyinto ukwehla amandla wokuthenga we izakhamuzi. Mayelana ekulahlekeni kwemisebenzi unomphela, abantu bephoqeleka ukuba anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemali yabo ibe mincane.

isici nomphakathi

Phakathi izinkinga zenhlalo kungenziwa ngokuthi nokucekelwa okuqhubekayo umphakathi. Le ndoda ephelelwa umsebenzi, ilahlekelwa hhayi kuphela Amaholo. Ngaphandle kokuchitha amakhono, ukuzethemba, bavame ngicindezelekile, okwenza kube nzima ukuba search eyengeziwe. Ikakhulukazi iyingozi lesi simanga entsheni, lapho ukungabi nakho nokuqeqeshwa professional iyehlisa Amathuba emisebenzi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isizukulwane esisha ingxenye eningase nikhethe operation search ukuqhutshwa non-labour, ubugebengu.

Okwenzeka kwezomnotho emazweni asethuthukile ebonisa ukuthi emakethe akakwazi ukubhekana kangcono nale nkinga wedwa. Ngokuqinisekile ezidinga ukuthi kungenelelwe uhulumeni, usizo lwakhe kanye nosizo.

izibalo

Ngokusho osomnotho, inkinga iba ukungabi khona umsebenzi unomphela, ucishe wendawo. Emadolobheni amakhulu, it is cishe hhayi wazizwa, kuyilapho emadolobheni amancane kanye naphakathi, kunjengokungathi azungeze, umbuzo uwukuthi ngempela oyingozi. Lezi zinkomba abe nomthelela omubi izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezweni.

Izibalo zithi izinga aphansi sabantu abangasebenzi sabantu ebangela 1990 futhi 5.2%. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ithonya yaseSoviet Union umyalo umnotho ngokwengxenye ixazululwe le nkinga. Kodwa seqiwe sibalo safinyelela ngo-1998 (13.2%).

Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi umthelela wezinqubo-mgomo zomphakathi kuyazuzisa ngalezi zinkomba, ngo-2007 izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezweni (Izibalo kuqinisekisa lokhu) lancipha 6.1%. Esikhathini esizayo, lezi yizinkomba lenyuka at +/- 1.5-2% kuya 5.3% ekupheleni 2014.

Isibikezelo-Russia I-2014-2015

Futhi kuthiwani namuhla? has kanjani izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuleli zwe? ERussia, ngokusho kongoti, sisanda kube liyanda zalesi simo. Lokhu kungenxa ukwehla amazinga kanye amavolumu zokukhiqiza kanye, ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa kwabasebenzi. Futhi uma le mibiko 5.5%, kulindeleke ukuba osomnotho, ekupheleni 2015, isikhulu Izinga labangasebenzi bayovuka ngokushesha futhi ufinyelele 6.4% zalotshwa ngoJanuwari kulo nyaka.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuqapha IMF zezomnotho kuvumelana cishe ngokuphelele umbono ongoti isiRashiya. Izizathu Esimweni esinjalo emakethe yezabasebenzi ngokuqinisekile Ihlekelele yeYurobhu iba, kanye, yebo, uphiko zezombusazwe. unswinyo kwezomnotho, yalahla iRussia kusobala nomthelela ongemuhle kwemikhakha ethile emnothweni, kanye dudula lenqwaba zimali. Ukududuza Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngokusho kombiko we-IMF, ngo-2016 isimo uhlaliseke kancane futhi izinga lokungasebenzi izomashela by cishe kwakutholakala isigamu amaphesenti.