Iyiphi isimiso esibulalayo: incazelo, incazelo kanye nesicelo

Isitha ngqo ku-historiography ingenye yezinhlelo zokulandelana kwamakhorali. Ngokuvamile leli gama lisetshenziselwa isikhathi sesikhathi samaRussia sokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Umsuka wesistimu

Isimiso esijwayelekile samafa (noma, ngendlela ehlukile, "uhlelo lstevic") lwavela ngaphakathi kwendlu kaRurik. Ekuqaleni, izwe laseRussia lalilodwa eliphakathi nendawo e-Kiev. Kuvele ngo-882, lapho u-Oleg ebumbana khona inhloko-dolobha entsha eningizimu ne-Novgorod the Great. Kamuva izikhulu zabusa, zihlala emaphethelweni aseDanube. Ngesizukulwane ngasinye, inani lamadoda aseRurikovich lakhula (abazalwane, abesilisa, njll).

Ngekhulu leshumi, uSvyatoslav wathumela amadodana akhe amancane ababusi kwezinye kwamadolobha. Lo mkhuba wagcinwa nabahluleli bakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kwaholela ekuphazamiseni nasekuzileni izimpi. Izikhulu ezincane azifuni ukuhlala eKiev futhi zithatha leli dolobha ngokwazo noma zisho ukuzimela kwazo. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi ngasinye lapho impi ehlukene yokwahlukanisa iphelile ngento efanayo: omunye wabaphikisana naye waphumelela, waphinde wagxeka abaphikisana naye futhi wahlanganisa umbuso. Kwakungakafiki uhlelo lwe-lstevic, kodwa kuphela ama-rudiments ayo.

Ukuncintisana

Ukuthuthuka kombuso waseRussia wasendulo kwawela ekubuseni kukaJaroslav the Wise, owashona ngo-1054. Njengabokhokho bakhe, waphinde wathumela amadodana akhe amancane kubabusi (kuya kuNovgorod, ePereyaslavl, njll). Futhi-ke, ngenxa yalokhu, enye ingxabano yaqala. Izizukulwane zikaJaroslav azikwazanga ukunquma ngosizo lwezikhali, yiziphi zazo ezilungile, ngakho-ke bonke babuthana ndawonye enhlanganweni yeLyubech. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1097. Ngalesi sikhathi, abazukulu nabazukulu beJaroslav base bevele bephikisana namandla. Kwakukhona kulo mhlangano ukuthi isimiso esishicilelwe samukelwa.

Ukwehluleka kwafinyelelwa ngenxa yokuthi umnotho nenhlalakahle yezwe kwakunqotshwa yizimpi eziqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaSlav ayesongelwa yisitha sangaphandle. BabengamaPolvota - ama-nomads asendle abahlala ema-steppes kuya eningizimu nasempumalanga yeRussia. Babehlale behlela imikhankaso emelene nemidolobha enokuthula, ukuphangwa noma ukuqoqwa intela. Ukuphikisa, amandla okubheka okuncane okuncane kwakungeke akwanele. Umbuso wayeka ukuphelela, waqala ukufana ne-patchwork quilt, lapho zonke "ucezu" eziphishekela izithakazelo zawo.

Abantu abakhulu kule nhlangano babeyiSvyatoslav Izyaslavovich (isikhulu saseKiev), uVladimir Monomakh (isikhulu sasePhereyaslavl) no-Oleg Svyatoslavovich (isikhulu saseChernigov). Babehlale bephikisana nomunye nomunye. Noma kunjalo, bakwazi ukuvumelana. Uhlelo olusha lwefa le-leftist, olwamukelwe yizinhlangothi, lwalubeka imithetho efanele kubo bonke ababusi.

Izici eziyinhloko

Izikhulu zaziwa njengezilingana. Ngamunye wabo wathola ifa alizuza kubaba wakhe. Eqinisweni, lokho kwakusho ukuqashelwa kokuzimela kwezikhungo zesifundazwe ezivela eKiev. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "umama wemadolobha aseRussia" kwakuzolawulwa yinkosana, owayengumdala kunabo bonke embusweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi emva kokuba uSvyatopolk amandla okuthuthela kuVladimir Monomakh (umzala wakhe), okwenzeka ngo-1113. Lena kwakuyi-system ethize-kwesokunxele. I-Kiev idlule kusukela kumzalwane omdala kuya komncinyane. Khona-ke abantwana bokuqala, futhi emva kwabo abazala babo, kufanele babuse, njll Le nqubo yayingazinzile. Ngokuvamile abaqashi abangekho emthethweni baxoshwa ngokumelene nabadala. Ngezinye izikhathi baphumelela.

Omunye umthetho othakazelisayo owahlukanisa isimiso se-lstastic yefa kwakuwumkhuba wokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke babizwa ngokuthi abamele umbuso waseRurik, obaba babo abazange baphile kuze kufike isikhathi sabo sokubusa eKiev (noma nanoma yimuphi omunye umuzi). Ngokuvamile ukuxoshwa okunjalo kwaqashwa ukukhonza abanye ababusi noma kuba abadlali. Abanye banikezwa izingxenye ezintsha ezikhethekile zokudla, okwakwandisa inani lezinhlangano zezombusazwe ngaphakathi eRussia.

Ukufaniswa nesigning

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi imiyalo enjalo eRussia yayingavamile. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu eNkathini Ephakathi, lesi simiso sasithandwa, njengendlela enhle yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezihlobo ezinamandla. Lapho, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-senorat. Umehluko nje kuphela ukuthi umbuso waseRussia kamuva wangena esiteji sokuhlukaniswa, ngakho-ke, kamuva wawuqeda.

Russia kanye nesistimu ye-Leste

Futhi e-Lyubech, izikhulu zavuma ukuthi manje bonke bazobamba iqhaza namaPolvota futhi bathumele amaqembu abo ebutho jikelele. Ngezinga elikhulu, lokhu kwakuwukuphela komphumela omuhle we- Lyubech Congress ngo-1097.

Esikhathini esizayo, njalo ngonyaka igebe eliphakathi kwesigodi saseKiev nasezifundazweni laba yinto ethe xaxa. Uhlelo olungaguquguquki, lstevnaya lokudluliselwa kwamandla lube yisinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zalolu hlelo. I-Kiev ekugcineni yalahlekelwa isikhundla sayo sobuholi, ngemuva kokuthunjwa ibutho lika-Andrei Bogolyubsky ngo-1168. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inkosana yaseVladimir-Suzdal ayizange ihlale eDnieper, kodwa yayitshala umlingani wayo lapho. Lokhu kuqinisekisile ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezintsha - i-Kiev yaphela ukuba yinhloko-dolobha yaseRussia.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwaholela ekwenzeni amasiko phakathi kwamadolobha asenyakatho naseningizimu. Eminyakeni yokuqala, lapho kunesimiso sokuvimbela (le ncazelo yayithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwababhali-mlando phakathi nekhulu le-XIX), kwakungabonakali kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlasela kweMongol kanye nokuvela kombuso waseLithuania onamandla ekugcineni kwayeka noma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-steppe eningizimu nehlathi elisenyakatho.

Izimbangela zokubukeka

Ngokuvamile kukhona ingxoxo: kuyini uhlelo lwe-lestvichnaya? Lena yingozi engozini noma namanje ukuhlala njalo. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathaniswa kweRus nama-monarchies aseYurophu aseNkathini Ephakathi kubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuthuthukiswa okunengqondo kwemicimbi kumongo womlando. E-England, eFrance, ikakhulukazi eJalimane, ubuso bebuqhekeko obufanayo obuhambisana nokunikeza umhlaba ukudla. Akudingekile ukuba ucabange ukuthi ikusasa linikezwe isikhulu esithile - ngemuva kwakhe kwakukhona i-squad, njalo kuzo zonke iziphathimandla kwakuyi-mainstay kanye nomgogodla wamandla.

Kwakuyindawo (ngokwamanye amazwi, ama-boyars ezayo) abame ukuvela kokuzimela ezikhulwini zezifundazwe. Umthetho wesiteleka wayengeyena kuphela indlela yokuqeda ukuxhomeka kwesikhashana "isikhungo". Enyakatho yaseRussia (Novgorod, Pskov) kuze kube yikhulu le-XV-XVI. Kwakukhona i-veche nesakhiwo se-republic. Izakhamuzi zala mizi zazijabulela inkululeko ekhethekile. Ukuzimela kwabo ezikhulwini kwavela ngenxa yobuningi (ngenxa yokuhwebelana nomakhelwane babo basentshonalanga), kanye nokushintshaniswa kwamasiko, bonke abanezizwe zaseYurophu ezifanayo (isibonelo, amalungu eHanoseatic League).

Ukuziphendulela kwesokudla se-lefthand

Ilungelo lesisindo lasinda esikhathini sokubusa kukaMongol phezu kukaRussia. Yayihlanganiswa isiko lokuthola amalebula ekubuseni kwama khans (khona-ke, njengomthetho, ukukhetha kwavela kwabadala). Kulesi simo, i- apple yokuhlukana yayingeyona i-Kiev, eyayiyeke, kodwa i-Vladimir-on-Klyazma.

Lapho amakhomishana aseRussia ebumbene eMoscow (ekhulwini le-15), ababusi baseKremlin bashiya umkhuba wokulimaza wezinhloso. Amandla waba umbuso wangasese kanye nomuntu ngamunye. Abazalwane nezinye izihlobo zesilisa baba abaphathi noma ababusi abaqokwe esifundazweni.