Yini impahla sekubhala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi wayengunkulunkulukazi othandwa kunabo?

Incwadi Antiquity ngokuyisisekelo sihluke incwadi, wadala ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Umehluko akuyona umthwalo nje semantic, kanye nezihloko. izinto Ikakhulu ezahlukene lapho zibhalwe futhi amathuluzi esetshenzisiwe ebhaliwe. Ngoba manje sicabangela ngokuningiliziwe onjani impahla sekubhala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi wayengunkulunkulukazi othandwa kunabo, ku ezalotshwa incwadi futhi ukuthi kwakudingekile.

Inguquko kusukela endulo kuze feudalism

Nceku umphakathi wasendulo buyinqqikithi zomlando, kubonakala phambi kwethu njengesibonelo svobodnomyslyaschih, ivela kwakhiwa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-memo amaningi ebhaliwe esukela kule nkathi akuzona nje imifanekiso lasendulo kanye puzzle, futhi ephezulu grade amaphepha Tindzaba abhalwe ngezilimi efile manje. Nokho, kuphela abantu abacebe babeqeqeshwa leyo minyaka kokukwazi. Ukuze ngokubhala, ayesebenzisa-papyrus - ngakho ukukusho, iphepha ngesandla esiqinile, okuyinto uyiswa Europe eGibhithe. Njengoba sekunama- Ephakathi , le nto ngokubhala elahlekile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo, ikakhulu ngoba razladilis elala East. Ngoba kusukela ngekhulu lesithathu leminyaka, abantu udlulela yesikhumba.

Umlando yokuzalwa nohlaka olusha ngokubhala

Ngemva ubudlelwane razladilis neGibithe, eSicily waqala ukwenza zebungu yakhe. Kodwa le nto lokubhala ayengayisebenzisa nezidingo emahhovisi Italy. Kwaba ophuzi, ziyaqothuka, ukungena nakwamanye amazwe hhayi kakhulu efanelekayo zokubhala esibayeni. Khona-ke baseYurophu waphendukela okusunguliwe, abakhileyo e-Asia Minor, ezavela yesibili BC leminyaka. e. Kwakuwusuku rawhide untanned izikhumba zezilwane, okuyinto ngaphambilini amaJuda kwesambulo iTestamente Elidala. Ukusungulwa yenkosi YasePhergamu Eumenes Okwesibili, lapho wathatha igama layo.

Nesikhumba isetshenziswa njengendlela material sekubhala medieval ekuseni kabanzi kunawo wonke. Zahlakazeka zahlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kuhlanganise emazweni aseScandinavia, futhi laba isisekelo segama ezihlukahlukene azibhala zenkolo futhi izincwadi zezwe.

Versatility isikhumba

It kuvela ukuthi isikhumba - okokusebenza esetshenziswa kakhulu kabanzi sekubhala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Kulesi sisekelo sithola izitifiketi, ama-diploma, diptychs, incwajana trifoliate tinkhombandlela ngisho siqu amanothibhuku noMbusi wababusi nezinye izithunywa zomphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuze amanothi ngesikhathi, kwanele phinda uyibhala yesikhumba kanye kuphela. Wayengumuntu onomoya, isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi futhi abe mathintanyawo. Ukwakha iqoqo enenjongo kakhudlwana kwamarekhodi uyithayiphe amaphepha yesikhumba, okuyinto bafaka njengoba izincwadi yesimanje. Ngo amaqoqo ezinjalo wemibhalo yenkolo zalotshelwa, imithetho, ukufaka uhulumeni kanye nezinye.

umtapo omusha

Indaba entsha Ebhala kuyi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi emenza ukuthuthukiswa esimisweni esisha imibhalo kanye nekudvweba izincwadi. Isibonelo sokuqala - wezincwadi. Ngo lonke izwe lasendulo, linikezwa kithi ngesimo imiqulu eminingi, ayegcinwa emashalofini. Ekujuleni ngale-papyrus ukuthola ulwazi kwaba yinkinga kakhulu. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, sibona emashalofini elaligcwele nswi izincwadi, ngamunye ephethe ikhava. Siyabonga kuleli khasi ikhava, ungakwazi ukunquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi kuqukethwe ngaphakathi. Isibonelo sesibili - kungcono ifenisha (Isimanga siwukuthi). zo sidilizwa wasebenza phezu kwedeski, futhi ephakathi izinduna nabapristi waqala ukuloba okokuqala etafuleni. Lokhu okusunguliwe, njengoba kusho incwadi ethi yesikhumba, isibe iyisibusiso mbamba letimayelana nalesihloko umphakathi. Zonke amangalelwe ukuthi ukhululekile ukubamba, kuyinjabulo ukufunda, futhi okubaluleke - ukuthola ulwazi olufanele Ngokuphazima kweso.

Ukugcina izimfihlo palimpsests

Ingabe isikhumba - okokusebenza ngokubhala kuphela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ngokwengxenye ezimbi. Iqiniso lokuthi izikhumba zamazinyane izilwane wathola ilungelo ukubhala kuphela izicukuthwane, kuyilapho abampofu abakwazanga ukukhokhela injabulo enjalo. Ngoba phakathi kwabo baba palimpsests ethandwa. Okubizwa ngokuthi zebungu amashidi kuyiphi kusulwe imibhalo ubudala, futhi yalayisha nabo amasha. Uyinki wayokhuhla off ngemimese, ilula, ashiswa, amanye ofakwe - ngamanye amazwi, izindlela bebelokhu emangalisayo okuningi. Ngemva kwalezi izinqubo, umbhalo lulahlekile ngokuphelele. Kuma-papyrus babe amarekhodi entsha, ukubaluleka abaningi babo akuyona omkhulu njengoNkulunkulu ukubhujiswa kokumethemba.

iphepha ukhokho

Ngu uhlamvu 10 ekhulwini kuya ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ezingeni elilandelayo. Eminyakeni of ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe eYurophu Arabhu kwabonakala le phephandaba, kwaba ishibhile kuka isikhumba futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa uhlobo ukukhiqiza ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka okwamanje. I amashidi eyatholakala ngu ukuthena ekhethekile cindezela linseed zidwedwe, okwathi omisiwe oqoshiwe. Leli phephandaba wayengekho ethambile ngakho futhi esiyigugu, njengoba le-papyrus, ngoba kwaba njengamakhoba yesikhumba, esihlelwe ngomumo incwadi, okwenza izinhlamvu wakhe, diploma notebook esilula.