Uyini umphakathi wasendulo? Life namasiko emphakathini lasendulo

Antiquity (kusukela lesiLatini elisho ukuthi "lasendulo» - antiquus) ukubizwa ngokuthi inkathi impucuko ezimbili ezinkulu - neRoma lasendulo.

periodization endala

Ukuphendula umbuzo ngalokho umphakathi wasendulo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi inkathi likhona futhi yini nezikhathi ihlukaniswe sikhathi.

Kuvamise wamukela periodization ezilandelayo:

1. Early Antiquity - nesikhathi umsuka uthi ngesiGreki.

2. Classical Antiquity - inkathi ubunye Roman nempucuko ngesiGreki.

3. Late Antiquity - kokuhlukana koMbuso WamaRoma.

Uma ucabangela umphakathi wasendulo, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele yokuthi isikhathi luhlaka akunakwenzeka ukuthola ngokunembile. impucuko ngesiGreki kunenkolo LamaRoma futhi Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma likhona isikhathi esithile ngemva kokuwa West. Kukholakala ukuthi inkathi endala - kulokhu VIII. BC. e. phezu VI. n. e., ngaphambi kokuqala Ephakathi.

Ukuvela lithi kuqala

On iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan endulo, kube nemizamo embalwa akuphumelelanga ukudala isimo. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-inkathi emlandweni zezwe lasendulo.

2700-1400 GG. BC. e. - esikhathini Minoan impucuko. It likhona eKrethe futhi kwadingeka ezingeni eliphezulu yentuthuko, namasiko. It phephetha inhlekelele engokwemvelo (kuqhuma, okuyinto elakhiwe i-tsunami eqinile) nesiGreki Achaeans ngilinqobile isiqhingi.

Emhlabeni BC XVI ekhulwini impucuko Mycenaean eladabuka Greece. Wabe uyafa 1200-1100 BC. e. ngemuva ayehlasela Dorians. Lesi sikhathi ubizwa nangokuthi "enkathini yobumnyama esiGrekini."

Ngemva ukunyamalala Mycenaean isiko izinsalela endulo isikhathi sokuqala iqala. Ngu ngesikhathi kuvumelana ekupheleni emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age kanye kumiswa ekuqaleni umphakathi class.

Isimo ngesiGreki yimpucuko eyinhloko. It elisuka umphakathi bakudala, futhi phambi kwakhe kwakungekho isipiliyoni yangaphambilini ye wekuba sive. Ngakho-ke, umphakathi wasendulo kakhulu kuthonywa lasekuqaleni. Lokhu yabonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko emhlabeni zenkolo. Umuntu okukhulunywa ngaye lapha isikhathi lalibhekwa njengento nendawo emkhathini. Ngakho isici esiyinhloko kwaqala kudala - asebenzayo sengqondo izwe.

Ukuphila umphakathi wasendulo: isakhiwo kanye amakilasi

Isimo sokuqala ngesiGreki athuthukile kakhulu ngenkuthalo. Lokhu esizwa zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi abalimi kanye nezicukuthwane, lapho yokugcina kuqala wazama ukuvula ezikweletini ebugqilini. Nakwezinye izizwe eziningi zasendulo, ukuthi kwakuzokwenziwa, kodwa hhayi ngesiGreki. Lapha, ama-demo bayakwazi ukuvikela inkululeko yabo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kwadingeka abathile amalungelo abo ezombusazwe. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi umphakathi endulo angazanga ebugqilini. Futhi Greece lasendulo nalapho kamuva eRoma ayengabangane uthi senceku.

Uyini umphakathi lasendulo futhi siyini isimo sawo? imfundo eyisisekelo zomphakathi zezwe lasendulo kwaba inqubomgomo, noma idolobha-state. Ngakho-ke, lo Inkampani isungule kuhlukile kunokunikeza kwamanye amazwe. umphakathi ewumgogodla isinyathelo. Wonke umuntu labetibambile zikuphi-ke. Liyakwazi ukuzwa khona isimo civil. Yonke abantu kwakusekungazini izigaba ezintathu: izakhamuzi egcwele, ukungalingani kanye disenfranchised. isimo Civil - impumelelo eyinhloko emphakathini lasendulo. Ngenkathi amanye amazwe sabantu wahlala ngaphansi kohlaka okuqinile izigodi, e IGrisi NeRoma, isimo khona isakhamuzi kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Wavumela namademo ku-nokuwumisa elilinganayo izikhulu ukuba azibandakanye inqubomgomo kahulumeni.

umphakathi waseRoma kwakuyiyona uhlukile esiGrekini, futhi kwadingeka isakhiwo elandelayo:

1. Izigqila.

2. Abalimi khulula kanye netingcweti temsebenti. Emkhakheni elifanayo labantu lalinabashumayeli amakholomu.

3. Abahwebi.

4. Military.

5. Abanikazi senceku. Lapha, okokuqala kwaba isigaba senatorial.

Isayensi isiko umphakathi lasendulo

Ulwazi lokuqala kwesayensi kuye kwakhishwa ezikhathini zasendulo, e-United ka eMpumalanga. Nkathi ngokuthi prednauchnym. Esikhathini esizayo, lezi umzimba ezakhiwa eGrisi lasendulo.

Isayensi umphakathi lasendulo - kuyinto ukuvela izinkolelo-mbono wokuqala yesayensi, imiqondo eyisisekelo, azibhala nemiphakathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukwakheka kanye ukuvela wesayensi eziningi zanamuhla.

Ekuthuthukisweni yayo, isayensi endala ize endleleni:

1. usaqala - VII-IV cc. BC Ngalesi sikhathi, le natural sciences kanye nefilosofi. Izazi lokuqala, ososayensi ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo izinkinga bemvelo kanye search for nesimiso esiyisisekelo zonke ekuphileni.

2. esiteji Hellenic - it libhekene ukukhishwa kwengalo isayensi esihlanganisiwe ezindaweni ahlukene: logic, izibalo, i-physics kanye imithi. Lesi sikhathi iyona izimbali eliphezulu kakhulu isayensi yasendulo. Yakha imisebenzi yabo olukhulu Euclid, u-Aristotle, Archimedes, Democritus.

3. isigaba Roman - yisikhathi nokwehla isayensi yasendulo. Hlangana nokuzuza ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sikhathi, ugqamise astronomy lukaPtolemy.

Impumelelo eyinhloko isayensi basendulo Ukwakheka kwezitho izinkomba ehlukile, kwakheka amagama lokuqala kanye nezindlela cognition.

Ifilosofi umphakathi wasendulo nabameleli bayo abadumile

Kukhona cc VII-V. BC. e. eGreece luhlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. nefilosofi ezivamile noma zabuna ekuseni. Zefilosofi sikhathi ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo imibuzo ka Cosmology. abameleli bhá: Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus.

2. Classic - lena sokuthuthwa kwempahla nefilosofi lasendulo, isikhathi lapho wahlala nabameleli bayo bhá: uSocrates, uPlato Euclid, u-Aristotle. Lapha okokuqala esikhundleni nezindaba wefilosofi zemvelo weza isithakazelo inkinga mayelana nokuziphatha okuhle nokubi,.

3. Philosophy of kobuHellenism - ngalesi sikhathi asebenzayo ukuthuthukiswa nefilosofi ngaphansi kwethonya izazi ngesiGreki. Laba bameleli be-edume kakhulu: uSeneca, Lucretius, Cicero, uPlutarch. Kunezindawo eziningi zefilosofi: zokungabaza, Epicureanism, Platonism futhi Stoicism.

Ithonya endulo ku isiko yesimanje

EGrisi naseRoma lasendulo ngokusankondlo ngokuthi sombuso impucuko yesimanje. Ngokungangabazeki, umphakathi lasendulo kuye kwadingeka kunethonya elikhulu endleleni ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye amazwe nezizwe. Isayensi, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, ezemidlalo, amahlaya, idrama, ebaziwe - musa uhlu konke wanikela lonke izwe lasendulo umuntu wanamuhla. Leli thonya is isabonakala emasiko, lulwimi indlela yokuphila Latins eziningi nabakhileyo esifundeni saseMedithera.