IBhodi Nicholas 2. Imiphumela uNicholas II

Kuthiwa uma umuntu akazi umlando wombuso lwakubo, akazi ezimpandeni zakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi siphila manje, isiphetho ababusi, owabusa ambalwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule? Kodwa umkhuba libonisa ukuthi isipiliyoni zomlando akaphelelwa ukuhlobana kunoma iyiphi inkathi. Ukubusa Nicholas 2 kwaba kuzithinta yokugcina yokubusa Romanov lwamakhosi, kodwa futhi, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi bhá futhi kubalulekile kakhulu emlandweni wezwe lakithi. Esihlokweni ngezansi ngeke bajwayelane asebukhosini, bakusize bakufundise indlela ongahlela Nicholas 2. Ifomu ibhodi isimo isikhathi sakhe, ikakhulukazi kabusha futhi kokubusa kwakhe kuyoba nesithakazelo kuwo wonke umuntu.

The Last Emperor

UNikolai 2 kwadingeka eningi izihloko zobungoma; yena waba Emperor of Russia, Grand UMbusi Finland, iNkosi Poland. Wamiswa Colonel, futhi mithi British ukhishwa kuye elisezingeni Field Marshal waseBritish kwezempi lasolwandle Umkhuzi. Kuthiwa wajabulela nenhlonipho nokuduma phakathi kwezinye zemibuso. Wayeyindoda yokuxhumana elula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, akazange alahlekelwe ukuzihlonipha. Kunoma isiphi isimo, i-emperor, abazange bakholwe ukuthi wayengumuntu - Royals. Ngisho esekudingisweni, ukuboshelwa endlini phakathi nezinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe wahlala indoda kweqiniso.

Ukubusa Nicholas 2 wabonisa ukuthi enhlabathini Russian awazange elihunyushwe alwa ngemicabango emihle nezenzo okukhazimulayo ezinhle wobaba. Abaphila Besikhathi wathi Nicholas 2 kwakusengathi indoda elunge elula abanomqondo ovulekile, ngenxa kanembeza, he is a indlela wemfanelo yiliphi ibhizinisi, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi esilindelwe ngamehlo basabela ubuhlungu babanye. Uyazehlisa ukuze aphathe bonke abantu, ngisho abalimi elula lalingabulawa kalula ukukhuluma ngemibandela alinganayo nanoma iyiphi kuzo. Kodwa lo mbusi neze wamthethelela labo bahileleka imali imikhonyovu, ukukopela futhi ukukhohlisa abanye.

2 Nicholas kabusha

Umbusi esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1896. Lena isikhathi esinzima Russia, nzima abantu abavamile futhi iyingozi ngoba lesigaba esibusayo. Umbusi ngokwakhe ngokuqinile banamathela esimisweni autocracy futhi njalo wagcizelela ukuthi nizolilalela uyigcine charter nanoma yiziphi izinguquko wayengahlosile afeze. Usuku Nicholas 2 wawela phezu izikhathi nzima kuleli zwe, iziyaluyalu wamavukelambuso ngakho phakathi kwabantu nokungeneliseki kwabo nge lesigaba esibusayo ophoqelelwe Nicholas 2 enze kwekuhlela kabusha ezimbili ezinkulu. Lawa kwakungamadodana: izinguquko zezombusazwe 1905-1907g.g. kanye nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo ngo-1907 Umlando wokubusa Nicholas 2 ubonisa ukuthi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, inkosi kwakudingeka ngincenge ibalwa.

Bulygin kabusha ngo-1905

I kabusha iqala nge ingxenye wokulungiselela, aphethwe kusuka February kuya Agasti 1905. Kwaqhutshwa umhlangano okhethekile usethe, eliholwa nguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi AG Bulygin. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, le Manifesto phezu koMbuso Duma nangamalungiselelo ukhetho abakulungiselweyo. Bakhandwa eshicilelwe Agasti 6, 1905. Kodwa ngenxa yalokho kuvukela isigaba sabasebenzi zakonosoveschatelnogo Bulygin Duma awuzange obize.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiteleka Zonke-Russian zezombusazwe, okwaphoqa Tsar Nicholas 2 athambise isandla ezinkulu zezombangazwe kanye 17 Okthoba yokushicilela Manifesto ukuthi wanika zakonosoveschatelnuyu Duma amalungelo zomthetho, inkululeko yezombusazwe ukuba ngimemezele futhi kakhulu bandise abavoti.

Wonke lo msebenzi we Duma kanye nezimiso lasungulwa alotshwa weMithethonqubo amakhetho Disemba 11, 1905, Isinqumo ku ukwakheka kanye apharathasi we Duma State ngo-February 20, 1906, kanye noMthetho Basic zingama-23 kuMbasa 1906. ushintsho ahlotshiswe isimiso uhulumeni. Sikhishwe imisebenzi zomthetho ukuze uMkhandlu Wombuso futhi uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe, elaqala ne Okthoba 19, 1905, futhi iyinhle nekhanda layo selithe umiselwa Y. Witte. Izinguquko Nicholas 2 ngokungaqondile utshelwa isimo ukushintsha kwamandla kanye kokugumbuqelwa autocracy.

Ukuwa uDuma 1906-1907

Ukwakheka lokuqala State Duma eRussia lezwakala yeningi kakhulu, kodwa ukwenza okufunwa - olukhulu. Babekholelwa ukuthi izinguquko zombusazwe kumele uqhubeke, befuna ukumisa abaninimhlaba zobunikazi bomhlaba, bona ukugxekile lokhu autocracy, qhubekani ukwesaba Imininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazwakalisa ukungabethembi amandla lokubusa. Yiqiniso, zonke lezi ezintsha zazingamukeleki lesigaba esibusayo. Ngakho-ke, le Duma lokuqala nelesibili 1906-1907 GG It yahlakazeka uMbusi uNicholas 2.

Uqede izinguquko zezombusazwe Nicholas 2 ukuthi sidalwe Juni ohlanga Okwesithathu, angavalelwa kakhulu amalungelo abantu lapho. Uhlelo elisha lezombusazwe kwakungeke kusebenze uma izinkinga zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe kungalungiswanga.

Ukubusa Nicholas 2 kwaba nakangaka ngoba isimo sezombusazwe ezweni isimo. I UDuma isibe nesigcawu ukugxekwa neziphathimandla, lokuziveza kwakhe njengenhlangano umzimba ukuphikiswa. Lokhu kuye kwaholela kwaba nesiteleka entsha evula futhi eminye esebenzisa isihluku obumbi emphakathini.

Agricultural "Stolypin" kabusha

Inqubo ushintsho waqala ngo-1907, futhi wahlanganyela PA Stolypin. Umgomo main kwaba ukugcina landlordism. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, sinqume ukuthi kubalulekile ukuqeda kumphakathi ngithengise izwe ukuba abalimi, abahlala ezigodini, ngokusebenzisa ongumlimi Bank. Ngenxa ekunciphiseni ongumlimi umhlaba indlala we abalimi waqala ukudlulela ngale Urals. Ngethemba lokuthi zonke lezi zinyathelo ziyokhawuka izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo emphakathini futhi kuyodingeka ithuba nesimanje ezolimo, wethula nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo.

Ukwanda komnotho Russian

ezintsha Ibe alethwe imiphumela ingabonakali emkhakheni wezolimo, Russian isimo umnotho wazizwa ithuthuke kakhulu. Grain ezithela kukhuphuke ngo-2 quintals ehektheleni, ivolumu imikhiqizo eqoqwe sakhula ngo-20%, okusanhlamvu, kuthathwe phesheya, emqulwini kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 1,5. imali yabalimi kakhulu anda amandla abo wokuthenga anda. Ukubusa Nicholas 2 ephakanyiswe ezolimo kuya ezingeni elisha.

Kodwa nakuba isikhona ithuthuke kakhulu yezimo zomnotho, izindaba zomphakathi akakwazanga ukuxazulula umbusi. Ifomu uhulumeni azishintshile, nokunganeliseki yayo nabantu ukwanda kancane kancane. Njengoba umphakathi kwesokunxele 25% kuphela abantu amapulazi kanye 17% of Ural bashiya amakhaya wabuya, futhi u-20% abalimi wathatha phansi ngokusebenzisa Abalimi Bank, nezimvaba zonakale. Ngenxa abalimi yi ezokuphepha ezweni iziza kwehle kusuka 11 kuya kwezingu-8 desyatinas esingamahektare. Kwacaca ukuthi izinguquko Nicholas 2 yesibili igcwaliswe ngokugculisayo futhi inkinga nezokulima akuyona ixazululwe.

Kufinyeta imiphumela wokubusa Nicholas 2, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi uMbuso Russian ngo-1913 waba ngomunye abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokho akuzange kumyekise emva kweminyaka 4 ngesihluku inkosi enkulu, umndeni wakhe kanye nabantu abaqotho eduze.

Izici lemfundo kombusi esizayo

2 Nicholas yena njengoba ingane wakhulela austerity futhi Spartan. A esiningi enikelwe ezemidlalo, izingubo lula samanje kanye izibiliboco namaswidi yayimane nje ngamaholidi. Lesi simo sengqondo izingane ebonisa ukuthi ngisho noma bezalwa emndenini ocebile futhi ihloniphekile kwakungeyona kokufaneleka yabo. Kukholakala ukuthi into eyinhloko ukuthi wazi futhi ukuthi liphume kanjani nokuthi yini umphefumulo wakho. Asebukhosini Nicholas 2 - isibonelo sobunye friendly futhi elinothile okwakuzoba umyeni, unkosikazi kanye nezingane zabo ziziphethe kahle.

imfundo umbusi ezinjalo esikhathini esizayo wahlupheka emndenini wakubo. indodakazi yenkosi wayekwazi kusukela ebuntwaneni ukuthi ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka, bakwazi ukunikeza usizo labo ababedinga ukuphiliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, namadodakazi amadala Olga noMaria, esehamba nonina, iNdlovukazi Aleksandroy Fedorovnoy, wasebenza ezibhedlela empini ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuze wenze lokhu, badlula ezifundweni zethu zobudokotela akhethekile amahora ambalwa emi ngezinyawo zabo etafuleni yokusebenza.

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje siyazi ukuthi ukuphila kwenkosi nomkhaya wakhe - kungcono ngaphandle kokuphila ngokwesaba njalo ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe, lo mndeni, wayesenza kuwo wonke lo wobaba. Kuyinto ngokuyinhloko omkhulu umthwalo, ukukhathalela kwabo bonke abantu. A "umsebenzi" inkosi ngabongi futhi iyingozi, okufakazela umlando isimo Russian. Asebukhosini Nicholas 2 baba indinganiso ukuthembeka iminyaka eminingi.

Inhloko asebukhosini

2 Nicholas wayengumqondisi zokugcina Tsar isiRashiya, waphelela kokubusa Indlu Romanov Russia. Wayeyindodana endala emkhayeni, futhi abazali bakhe kwakunguMariya le uMbusi u-Alexander 3, noMaria Feodorovna Romanova. Ngemva ngokufa okudabukisayo umkhulu wakhe, waba indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian. UNikolai 2 waba uhlobo ezolile, libhekene ezinkulu zenkolo, wakhula umfana namahloni futhi ibe nobuhlakani. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanele bekulokhu eqinile futhi ephikelela izinhloso zabo nezenzo.

UMbusikazi futhi unina umndeni

Unkosikazi ka-Russian uMbusi uNicholas 2 eyindodakazi Grand UMbusi Hesse-Drmshtadskogo Ludwig, nonina owawuyinkosazana of England. Ngokuzayo Born Empress 7 Juni 1872 e Darmstadt. Abazali okuthiwa Alix samnikeza imfundo English samanje. Le ntombazane wazalelwa lesithupha, kodwa lokho akuzange kuwumise wakhe usivikele singangenwa ufundile futhi continuer njengabawufanelekele uhlobo isiNgisi, ngoba ugogo wakhe siqu kwaba iNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi uVictoria. INdlovukazi esizayo waba umlingisi olinganiselayo futhi kwaba nginamahloni kakhulu. Naphezu imisuka ezihloniphekayo, yena wayephila ukuphila Spartan, ekuseni wathatha okugeza ngamanzi abandayo ahlale ubusuku bonke embhedeni kanzima.

abathandekayo asebukhosini

Ingane yokuqala Tsar Nicholas 2 nomkakhe iNdlovukazi Alexandra Feodorovna eyindodakazi Olga. Wazalelwa 1895 ngenyanga ka-November wazala ingane Intandokazi abazali. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova kwaba zihlakaniphile, friendly futhi zihlukaniswa ikhono elikhulu ukufunda zonke izinhlobo zesayensi. ngobuqotho ehlukile indlela aphana ngayo kanye umphefumulo walo Christian kwakuhlanzekile futhi kuyiqiniso. I Ekuqaleni kokubusa Nicholas 2 waba unyaka okwazalwa ngawo ingane yokuqala.

Ingane Nicholas 2 sesibili kwakukhona indodakazi Tatiana owazalelwa June 11, 1897. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga wayebukeka sengathi nonina, ubunjalo ubaba wakhe. Yena kwakufanele umuzwa onamandla wesibopho nothando kulo lonke inqubo. Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova ukufekethisa kahle futhi ukuthunga, ayenakho ingqondo futhi uselokhu i kuzo zonke izimo.

Ngakusasa futhi, ngokufanelekile, umntwana wesithathu yilo mbusi iNdlovukazi baba enye indodakazi - Mary. Wazalelwa Juni 27, 1899. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova sihluke nodade umusa, nobungane futhi kumnandi. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo eyigeza futhi waba ubungqabavu okukhulu. Kakhulu liye uboshelwe abazali wabathanda ziyahlanya.

UMbusi lalibheke phambili indodana yakhe, kepha ingane yesine asebukhosini ntombazane Anastasia waqala futhi. Umbusi wamthanda njengazo zonke namadodakazi akhe. Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova wazalelwa June 18, 1901 futhi uhlamvu sifana kakhulu umfana. It wazibonakalisa ingane emincanyana kanye enomfutho, wayemthanda ukudlala enza imigilingwane enjengeye kanye kwadingeka ejabule.

Agasti 12, 1904 i-indlalifa okwase kukudala ilindelwe ozalelwa asebukhosini. Umfana okuthiwa u-Alex, yokudumisa ukhokho Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova. Tsesarevich njengefa wonke ehamba phambili ukusuka uyise nonina. Yena engaconsi abazali bakhe, loyise, uNikolai 2 kwaba isithombe lwangempela ngaye, ngaso sonke isikhathi wazama ukuba amlingise.

Voshestvie sobukhosi

Meyi 1896 imakwe isenzakalo esibalulekile - eqhutshwe eMoscow wokugcotshwa Nicholas 2. Wagcina ngalelo sehlo: Inkosi yokugcina hhayi kuphela Romanov lwamakhosi, kodwa futhi emlandweni wonke uMbuso Russian. Okuxakayo ukuthi lokhu kuyinto wokugcotshwa kwaba ophakeme kunabo bonke zikanokusho. Yaqala kanjalo nokubusa Nicholas 2. Ezimweni ezibalulekile, lo muzi waphinde ehlotshisiwe nje uvele ngenkathi okumibalabala esikhanyayo. Ngokusho ofakazi, kwaba ngokoqobo "ulwandle lomlilo 'emcimbini.

Ngo-dolobha Russian woMbuso baletha ndawonye abamele wonke amazwe. Kusukela zemibuso ngabe kuya kubantu abavamile - ngabameli ekilasini ngalinye babe emcimbini wokuvulwa. Ukubamba kapende lolu suku lalibe nesiqalo esihle, safika eMoscow abaculi ovelele: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov nabanye. Wokugcotshwa Nicholas 2 kwaba uswidi sangempela abantu Russian.

Kugcine Empire uhlamvu lwemali

Numismatics - isayensi ezithakazelisayo ngempela. Sidingida hhayi nje imali ewuhlweza nengamaphepha yamazwe ahlukene futhi nangenkathi. I amaqoqo kwekulu uhlamvu lwemali abaqoqi kungaba sithungathe umlando waleli zwe, izinguquko zalo zezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezenhlalo. Futhi Nicholas 2 ducat uhlamvu lwemali baba edume.

Okokuqala wakhululwa ngo-1911, futhi ngemva kwalokho ngonyaka Mint igolide olwenziwa circulations omkhulu. Ihlelo lwemali kwaba ruble 10 futhi ngegolide. Kunengqondo, kungani lokhu imali yabakhanga numismatists nezazi-mlando? Le catch wukuthi isibalo zemali esikhishwe futhi kubalwa wawumncane. Futhi-ke, kunengqondo balwela ukuthola athandwayo igolide ucezu. Ngihlangana nabo okungaphezu Mint kushiwo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, phakathi inombolo enkulu elinegazi futhi "samozvanok" kanzima ukuze athole uhlamvu bangempela.

Kungani abaningi kangaka kule uhlamvu lwemali has "amawele"? Kukholakala ukuthi umuntu wakwazi ukukhipha izitembu phambili izinhlangothi emuva nge Mint futhi udlulisele kubo ezandleni abakhwabanisi. Izazi-mlando zithi kungaba Kolchak, ngubani "nachekanil" ducats eziningi ukuze acekele phansi umnotho wezwe, futhi uhulumeni wamaSoviet, okuyinto wazama akhokhe imali nabalingani Western. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi eside, abantu basemazweni aseNtshonalanga alimazanga uhulumeni omusha sina eyaziwa futhi baye baqhubeka izobalwa ne Russian zegolide. Vele ekukhiqizweni zemali inkohliso angase kwenziwe ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu, nge igolide ukhwaliti ongaphakeme.

I angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2

Ukuze kwesikhathi wokubusa kombusi iphutha imikhankaso ezimbili ezinkulu lempi. Ngo Ekude isimo Russian sibhekene Japan nolaka. Ngo-1904, Russian-Japanese War, owawungumnyaka ukuphazamisa umphakathi kusukela izinkinga kwezenhlalo nezomnotho isimo. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke isinyathelo sezempi kwenzeke inqaba ePort Arthur, okuyinto umaluju ngo-December 1904. Ngaphansi Mukendi ibutho Russian walahlekelwa impi ngo-February 1905. Imikhumbi Russian wahlulwa futhi ucwila ngokuphelele off esiqhingini Tsushima ngoMeyi 1905. Yaphela umkhankaso Russian-Japanese lempi ngokungena ngemvume Portsmouth ngo-August 1905 ukuthula Evumelana, Japan simukile ngaphansi okuyinto Korea futhi engxenyeni eseningizimu Sakhalin Island.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Umuzi Sarajevo eBosnia wadutshulwa ngemvula yezinhlamvu wabulawa indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Austria, uFerdinand F., okwaholela ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala 1914 phakathi Central Amandla kanye Entente. I Triple Alliance amazwe afakwe ezifana eJalimane, e-Austria-Hungary nase-Italy. A ingxenye Allied kuhlanganisiwe Russia, iBrithani neFrance.

Okukhulu ezempi senzeka Western Front ngo-1914. On Eastern Front, i Austro-Hungary egqilazwe ibutho isiRashiya, kwakuthandeka sokunikela. Kodwa eJalimane esiye sasiza Austro-Hungarian Empire ukuze usinde bese uqhubeke kuhlaselwa iRussia.

Germany waphinde waphumela yalahla iRussia ngo entwasahlobo nasehlobo of 1915, wahamba nezincwadi okuvela Poland, ingxenye aseBaltic, ingxenye Western Belarus ne-Ukraine. Futhi ngo-1916, amabutho aseJalimane igalelo main ezatholwa Western Front. amabutho Russian wafohla phambi abehlula ibutho Austria, esikhundleni salokho, iqondiswe ezempi, Jikelele AA Brusilov.

I angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2 kuye kwaholela yokuthi isimo Russian ukuthi kwezomnotho bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa impi isikhathi eside, wavuthwa futhi izinkinga zezombusazwe. Zamaphini akazange ukufihla iqiniso lokuthi akuyona wanelisekile inqubomgomo bezingelwa amandla lokubusa. Umbuzo isisebenzi-ongumlimi singakaxazululwa, kanye neMpi Yezwe II kuphela zaba zimbi ke. Ngokusayina Brest ukuthula Mashi 5, 1918, iRussia yaphela impi.

Efingqa

Mayelana isiphetho ababusi ungakhuluma isikhathi eside. Imiphumela wokubusa Nicholas 2 zimi kanje: Russia sihlangabezane eqa omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho kanye nokuqiniswa eziphikisanayo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Ngesikhathi kubusa uMbusi kwadingeka linemibhikisho ezimbili nje, zinyanga okwakunzima juqu. Ukubolekisa ngezindodla ukuguqulwa maqondana kwamanye amazwe kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi uMbuso Russian ikhuphukile usithonye empumalanga. phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 2 kwaba impikiswano enkulu. Mhlawumbe, ngakho-ke, kwaba kuleyo minyaka kwakukhona izenzakalo ezaholela ushintsho isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona.

Kungaba kwengxoxo ende, kwakudingekile ukuba benze umbusi noma kunjalo. Izazi-mlando namanje ayikwazanga kuvunyelwane umbono olulodwa ngokuthi ubani owayemkhulu uMbusi lokugcina Empire Russian - omkhulu umashiqela noma undlovukayiphikiswa ukuhlehlisa wekuba sive. Phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 2 - Ngalesi sikhathi, isikhathi esinzima kakhulu uMbuso isiRashiya, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo emangalisayo kanye nokuguqula izimpilo.