USt. Alexander Nevsky. Izithombe zika-Alexander Nevsky. Izithombe ze-Orthodox ezenziwe ngezandla

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kombono womcimbi othize noma umuntu womlando yisithombe sakhe sobuciko. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi imifanekiso eminingi inamathele kuma-Orthodoxy. Basibonisa ubuso babangcwele, abaguqulwa, bekhanyiselwa, kude nezehlakalo zezwe. Yilokho uphawu lweNkosana Alexander Nevsky, umlindi onamandla, umvikeli wezwe laseRussia, kubonakala ngathi.

Ubuntwana nentsha yesikhulu

Ukuphila kuka-Alexander Nevsky, owaqanjwa ngemuva kokuthola izintambo zakhe ezithembekile ngo-1380, kanye nemibhalo yamlando kubonisa ukuthi i-saint yesikhathi esizayo yazalwa ngoMeyi 30, 1220 ePereslavl-Zalessky. Uyise wayeyinkosana i-Yaroslav (ekubhapathizweni kukaTheodore), kanye nonina - indodakazi kaRyazan Feodosiya Igorevna. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, ubaba wakhe wabizwa ekubuseni kukaNovegorod the Great, lapho ahamba khona no-Alexander. Kusukela esemncane, isikhulu sabona ubuciko bempi, futhi kakade sekuphelele iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu kanye noyise baba neqhaza empini yakhe yokuqala eMfuleni i-Emajõgi (i-Estonia yanamuhla).

Guardian wezwe laseRussia

Ngokushesha kwafika esinye sezigaba ezinzima kakhulu emlandweni waseRussia. Ukusuka empumalanga, kusukela e-wild steppes, amaqembu amaningi abantu abesondela, futhi kusukela entshonalanga bahlasela ama-hordes aseJalimane. Lesi simo sasibalulekile, kodwa, njengoba kwenzeka phakathi nomlando wethu wonke, iNkosi yathumela umvikeli nomkhululi ezweni laseRashiya. Kwakungu-Alexander Nevsky, isikhulu sakhe esinesikhathi esilandelayo esiphefumulela izizukulwane eziningi zamasosha aseRussia ukuba alwe nezitha.

Ukunqotshwa kwabahlaseli baseSweden nabaseJalimane

Isenzo sakhe sokuqala esihle sasihlukunyezwa ngo-1240 kwabaseSweden abahlasela umlomo we-Neva futhi bahlela ukuthunjwa kukaLadoga. Isikhulu sasingekho ngaleso sikhathi eminye iminyaka engamashumi amabili, kepha, ngokuthembela ekusizeni kukaNkulunkulu nokuba nesibindi, yena kanye neqembu lakhe bahlukumeza kakhulu amaScandinavia afana nempi. Ekukhunjweni kwalokhu abantu baqala ukuyibiza ngokuthi u-Alexander Nevsky.

Ngabantu baseSweden besiphelile, kodwa kwakukhona ama-knights aseJalimane abamba iKaporye, futhi ngo-1242 no-Pskov. U-Alexander, ekhanda ibutho elikhulu, wakhulula le mizi, futhi entwasahlobo yonyaka onjalo wawachoboza amaCreusers eqhingini laseLake Peipsi, empini eyedlula emlandweni njenge- Battle of the Ice. Imithandazo yakhe eya kuZiqu-zintathu Ezingcwele kanye nokuxhaphazwa kwezempi yamaLatini yaxoshwa ngokuphelele ezweni laseRussia.

Izingxoxo ku-Horde nokufa okuqotho kwenkosana

Ukuphila kuka-Alexander Nevsky kusitshengisa isithombe somngameli ongesabi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nesiphathimandla esihlakaniphile. Ngemuva kokuthola imingcele engasentshonalanga kahulumeni, waqonda ukuthi umzabalazo ovulekile noKhan Baty, owahola amaqembu aseTatar, ngaleso sikhathi wayeyingozi eRussia, okwakungakabi nesikhathi sokuqoqa amandla ngemuva kwezimpi zangaphambilini.

Ngezikhathi ezine u-Alexander wahamba waya e-Golden Horde ngezinkulumo, ngenxa yalokho akwazi ukugwema nje ukuvimbela isongo lempi, kepha futhi, lapho ephikisana ekamu lesitha, ukwenza ingxenye ebalulekile yamasosha ka-khan ngabalingani bakhe.

Kuthunyelwe eNkosini Alexander Nevsky ngoNovemba 14, 1263 eGorodets, endleleni eya emuva eHorde. Isifiso sakhe sokugcina kwakuwukutholwa kwesimiso se-monastic, lapho athola igama lika-Alex. Ngemuva kokufa okuqotho, isidumbu sakhe sanikelwa kuVladimir ngezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, futhi bonke abakhona babona ukungabikho kwezimpawu zokubola kuye.

Ukukhansela kanye nezithonjana zakuqala

Inkumbulo yabantu ngezenzo ezikhazimulayo zesikhulu yahlala kusukela ngosuku lokufa kwakhe, kodwa ukukhulekelwa kwezenkolo kwalandela ukutholakala kokukholelwa okuthembekile ngo-1380. Ngokusemthethweni, walungiswa iminyaka eyikhulu nehafu kamuva, ekubuseni kuka-Ivan the Terrible.

Eminye imibhalo yoMkhandlu waseMoscow ka-1547 kunesinqumo sokuthi phakathi kwalabaphi abanye abangcwele bakaNkulunkulu isikhulu esibusisiwe u-Alexander Nevsky naye wabalwa phakathi kwabangcwele. Izimpawu ezilotshwe esikhathini sokuqala zibonisa umbukeli wakhe endaweni yokugqoka, bese kugcizelela ukuthi i-monasticism yamukelwa ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Kuzo, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ingxenye engokomoya yezenzo zakhe izandi.

Kodwa-ke, kunesithonjana esisodwa, esibhaliwe iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi kwalezi zenzakalo - "I-Battle of Novgorod ne-Suzdal," esivele ine-halo yobungcwele ekhanda elimelelwe iNkosana Alexander Nevsky. Izithombe ezinjengalezi, ezidalwe ngaphambi kwesenzo esisemthethweni se-canonisation, azibhekwa njengezivumelekile, futhi lezi zinsuku azivamile. Esigabeni salesi sithombe kukhona enye imininingwane enolwazi - umcimbi okwenzekile ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe u-Alexander Nevsky, okumele kugcizelele ukungapheleli kokukhona kwalowo ongcwele kaNkulunkulu.

Izithombe ze-pre-Petrine isikhathi

I-iconography yayo yayisakazwe kabanzi ekhulwini le-16, ngokushesha ngemva kweKathedral yaseMoscow, futhi yahamba ngezindlela ezimbili. Isisekelo sabo sakhiwe kahle ngamazwi akhe, iMetropolitan John (iSychev). Wagcizelela ukuthi isikhulu esingcwele sasebenza ngokulinganayo ngenxa yensindiso yaseRussi njengesiqhawe esinamandla futhi njengesihenqo esithobekile.

Ukuhumusha okunjalo kwesimo esibucayi kwesithombe kufinyelelwe emifanekisweni yenkathi yangaphambi kwePeterrine. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, isithonjana sikaSt. Alexander Nevsky esivela ku-Novgorod Sophia Cathedral sinikeza isikhulu esiphethe umqulu, okubhalwe kuwo okubiza ukwesaba uNkulunkulu nokwenza imiyalo Yakhe. Kanye no-Alexander, abangcwele bavezwa: UJohn no-Abraham waseRostov.

Icon kusuka eCathhedral yaseSt. Basil

Omunye wemisebenzi evelele yoMdwebo Omdala waseRussia yisithombe se-sacristy sikaSt. Alexander Nevsky, oseMoscow, esontweni elidumile laseSt. Basil oBusisiwe. Kulokho isikhulu sinikezwa ngokucabangela komhleli, esimeme ngokukhula okugcwele, kusibonakaliso sesibusiso esaphakamisa isandla sakhe. Lesi yisithonjana esingavamile sika-Alexander Nevsky.

Ukubaluleka kwaso kubangelwa ukuthi izimpawu ezizungezile ingxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa akumele nje izenzakalo zangempela ezivela empilweni yesikhulu, kodwa nalabo okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezalandela. Kulezi ziqephu zalezi zimpawu ezincane ezingabonakali zizwa ukuthi ukhona u-Alexander nomsebenzi wakhe osezulwini. Phakathi kwalezi zigcawu - kanye nempi yaseKukokovo, nokulwa neCrimean Khan Girey, nokunye okuningi. Lokhu kubonisiwe, okokuqala, ingxenye engokomoya yesenzo sika-prince, futhi wagcizelela inkonzo yakhe kuNkulunkulu naseSontweni.

Izimpawu zenkathi kaPeter Omkhulu

Ukuchazwa kwesithombe sokudweba kwezithombe zika-Alexander Nevsky ekubuseni kukaPeter Omkhulu kwashintsha kakhulu. U-Tsar-reformer wayezibheka ukuthi uqhubeka nokulwa kwakhe konke okubonakalayo ukwanda kwamanye amazwe. Njengombonakaliso wokuhlonipha ngokujulile umlandeli wakhe ovelele, wasungula eSt. Petersburg ngo-1710 i-Holy Trinity i-Alexander Nevsky Monastery, okwathi kamuva yathola isimo se-laurel.

Lapha izintambo ezingcwele zesikhulu zalethwa eVladimir. Kanye nalesi sinqumo esiyingqayizivele seSonto, kwafundiswa ukuba iqhubeke ukuyiveza emifanekisweni yezembatho zempi, ngezikhali nasembathweni yombuso nge-paderm padding. Ngako-ke, ukugcizelelwa kwasuswa ekuziphatheni okungokomoya kuya empini, lapho u-Alexander Nevsky eba udumo. Izimpawu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zammelela ukuthi akasasekho umonisi othobekile, kodwa isosha esinamandla, umvikeli wezwe.

Izitayela ze-Iconographic zamakhulu eminyaka alandelayo

Ukuhlonipha okukhethekile iNkosana engcwele u-Alexander Nevsky esetshenziswe ngekhulu le-XIX, lapho isihlalo sobukhosi saseRussia savakashelwa ngabamakhosi abathathu, ababizwa ngegama lakhe futhi babheka ukuthi ungumphathi wabo osezulwini. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, inani elikhulu lezithombe zenkosana labhalwa, liqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa komugqa wezithombe, owaqala esikhathini sikaPetru Omkhulu.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XIX - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX emidwebo waseRussia kwakhiwa isitayela okuthiwa senkolo-kazwelonke. Wathinte futhi umdwebo wesithonjana. Abameleli bakhe abavelele kwakunguVM Vasnetsov, owadala isithombe esihle somdwebo we-prince of the Cathedral yaseSt. Vladimir eKiev, noMv Nesterov, abadwebe imifanekiso yeSonto loMsindisi wethu ngegazi eSt. Petersburg. Esikhathini sokuqala, u-Alexander Nevsky ubhekene neqhawe le-epic, futhi okwesibili - ngumonisi othobekile.

Amathempeli akhiwe ngokuhlonipha kwakhe

Inkumbulo yesikhulu esingcwele yayikhona futhi ekwakhiweni kwesonto. Ngempela ezinsukwini zethu eMoscow, emigwaqweni ye-Alexandrovka neNookryukovskaya emigwaqweni, isonto elisha elisha lase-Alexander Nevsky liyavulelwa amalungu esonto. Abakhi bayo sebeqalile ukuqedela umsebenzi. Futhi akuyona yedwa kuphela enhloko-dolobha. Elinye ithempeli lika-Alexander Nevsky liqhutshwa yi-MGIMO - i-Institute of International Relations. Kuyathokozisa kakhulu ukuthi labo abazongena ezifundweni ezizayo baqeqeshwa futhi bakhuliswa esibonelweni esifanele ukulingiswa.

Amathempeli egameni lesikhulu esingcwele ayekwakhiwa ezikhathini zangaphambilini emadolobheni ahlukene. Lona yiSt. Petersburg, noRiga, noTula. Okuphawuleka ngokukhethekile yi-cathedral e-Nizhny Novgorod, eyakhiwa ngo-1858 futhi namuhla ibuyiselwe ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kweminyaka eminingi yokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Isithonjana ku-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral yalowo muzi wasePrvololsky sihlonishwa njengesimangaliso.

Incazelo yenkosi engcwele esikhathini sethu

Yini uStrans Alexander Nevsky ashoyo emlandweni wethu, imifanekiso yakhe isondelene kangakanani nenhliziyo yawo wonke umuntu weqiniso? Ngokusobala, kakhulu, ngoba akusikho isizathu sokuthi eminyakeni yempi enzima ifilimu ye-genius uSergei Eisenstein yayidingeka kakhulu ngeqhawe lesizwe, owawunqoba amaJalimane eqhingini leLwandle iPeipsi, enika amandla amasha kulabo abaqothula ama-fascists. Igama lakhe liyisibhakela kubo bonke abaye balwela iMelandland, futhi umthandazo wakhe uyisibonelo sethemba sosizo nokuncenga koZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele.

Wonke umuntu ongokwenkolo ngempela, embuzweni wendlela nokuthi isilondolozi siyasivikela kanjani, uzophendula ngokufanele ukuthi uqondisa imicabango yethu kanye nezifiso zethu ezingokomoya kuNkulunkulu - uMdali kanye noHlelo lwezifiso zabantu kanye nomvikeli wezinkinga. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela. Ngakho izithombe zika-Alexander Nevsky, ethempelini, zona noma ekhaya, zisishumayeza izindinganiso ezingapheliyo zokunamathela - ukholo lwe-Orthodox nothando lwe-Motherland, futhi kuwukuthi insindiso yethu ikhona.