I-Pskovo-Caves Monastery. Amaphandla e-Monkstery ye-Pskov-Caves

Enye yezindela ezinkulu kunazo zonke eRussia onamakhulu angaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu emlandweni, enye yezindwendwe ezihloniphekile kuleli zwe yiNdlu yezindela zeP Pskov-Pechersky, eyasungulwa ngo-1473. Itholakala cishe emngceleni wase-Estonia.

Kusukela emlandweni wezindela

Indlu yezindela zaseP Pskovo-Pechersky yabonakala emaphandleni eduze komfula iKamenets. Ngokokuqala ngqa, kubalulwe emibhalweni ngo-1392. Njengoba bebheka lezi zindaba, bahlala amakholi ababalekela eningizimu yezwe, bebalekela ukushushiswa kwamaCrimean Tatars. Ngo-1470, kulo mhlaba, uHeromonk uJona, owokuzalwa eSt George's (namuhla idolobha laseTartu), wakha isonto alihlukanisile ngo-1473. Kwakuyizungeze lapho kwakhiwa khona indlu yasezindlini zasePechersk. Esikhathini sezindlovu zasePsykov-Pechersky ekhulwini lama-XVI idolobha lasePechora lavela.

Kulezo zinsuku zasendulo, lezi zindawo zaziyizindawo ezingenasici, ezigcwele amahlathi angenakwenzeka. Abazingeli ababekhona, babona indoda endala ikhuleka edwaleni, izwa ukucula kwama-hermits. Ayikho ulwazi mayelana nabo, igama lomqondisi wabo ongokomoya, uMark, ligcinwe. UJohn, umkakhe uMaria (empilweni yama-monastic wathatha igama likaVass) noMark kwakuyizakhamuzi zokuqala zale ndawo.

Esiqongweni sezintaba, uJohn wakha isonto leNdodanakazi Ebusisiwe. Ngemva kwesikhashana uVassa wafa (wayegula kakhulu nangaphambi kokuba eze ezweni lasePkovkov). Wangcwatshela umkhumbi ngomzimba womuntu oshonile emhumeni. Kodwa, ngokumangala kwakhe, ngosuku olulandelayo ibhokisi libuyele emhlabathini. UJona wathatha lokhu njengesibonakaliso esivela phezulu. Wacabanga ukuthi ngesikhathi senkonzo yomngcwabo kukhona okwenzekile okungalungile. Ngakho uVasus wahlabelela futhi waphinde wamkhaphela emhlabathini. Kodwa ngakusasa kwenzeka into efanayo. UJona wanquma ukuphuma ebhokisini phezulu.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umusa emaphandleni e-monasteri akayekanga. Emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa, amakhofi anamakholi asefile, afela empini ngamasosha, kanye nabantu bakuleli dolobha, abazange bahlale ezweni. Emgodini we-necropolis we-monastery kunama-crypts, agcwele amakhofi amnyama futhi ahlukumezekile emagumbini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, azikho izimpawu zokubola kwezidumbu.

Abazinikelayo bakaJona

Ngemva kokufa okungakafiki kukaVassy, abazinikeleyo baqala ukufika kuJona. Umngane wakhe oseduze nomamukeli uHeromonk Misail wakha isonto likaTheodosius no-Anthony entabeni ngokwayo. Eceleni kwalo kwakunqunywa amangqamuzana kubantu abokuqala.

Ngeshwa, maduzane iNdlovu YaseMandulo yasentabeni yashiswa ngabantu abavela e- Livonian Order. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVI, lapho i-abbot yayinguDorofei, ithempeli lalinqunywa ukuba lihanjiswe phansi entabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bathulisa iSonto Lama-Assumption, bakhela ithempeli lamaphanga likaTheodosius ne-Antonia. Phakathi nesikhathi esifanayo, isonto lamaMartyrs aseMashumi ama-Sebaste lakhiwa, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sezindela kwaqala. Usizo olubalulekile ekwakhiweni lunikezwa nguMisyury Munekhin, indoda efundele kakhulu, ethanda ukuqonda futhi eqonda ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kukaPecher.

Imisebenzi yezemfundo

I-mononexin iphinde ihloniphe u-abbot uKorneliyu. Ngaphansi kwakhe, i-Pskovo-Pechersky Holy Assumption Monastery yahluma. Ngokuphawulekayo kwanda inani lamakholi, kwakukhona ukubazi, i-ceramic, imidwebo yokudweba yezithonjana. I-Pskov-Pechersky Monastery kakade ngalezo zinsuku ingaziqhenya ngelabhulali enhle kakhulu. Lapha bahola i-Third Pskov Chronicle. Kusukela emaqoqweni asePechersky kuze kube yilolu suku izincwadi zikaJohn IV ngeNkosana u-Andrey Kurbsky sezifinyelele.

UHegumen uCornelius wenza ukukhanya okungokomoya - wadala amathempeli eningizimu ye-Estonia, wathumela abapristi lapho. Nokho, umsebenzi wezemfundo wamiswa ngenxa yokuphumelela empini yamaJalimane.

Ngokusho kwesinqumo sika-Ivan the Terrible, i-Monastery ye-Pskovo-Pechersky yayizungezwe ngodonga olunamandla lwamatshe. Esikhathini sezindela kwakhiwa iSonto Lase-Annunciation, elenziwe ngamatshe. Esigodini saseStreltsy, esasisebenza njalo, sakha isonto lesango likaSt. Nicholas, elihlanganiswe ngqo nemibhoshongo yempi. Ngesikhathi seVietonian War, i- monastery yayivame ukuhlaselwa esuka entshonalanga.

Pskovo-Pechersky Holy Assumption Monastery namuhla

Emthambekeni wezintaba ezijulile, izindonga zenkampu yasePechersk zelulela izinsimbi ezimbalwa ezungeze umgodi lapho kuqhutshwa khona iKamenets. Ubude bawo buphelele ngamamitha ayi-726, ubukhulu bufinyelela emamitha amabili. Namuhla inqaba iqukethe imibhoshongo engu-9. Phakathi nomlando wayo wamakhulu eminyaka ubudala, i-Monastery i-Pskov-Pechersky Uspensky yaphikisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuhlaselwa kwebutho le-Livonian eliholwa uStefan Batory (Livonian War), ababusi baseSweden uKarl XII noKarl-Gustav, uHetman Khodkevich (Poland). Umlando wokubamba iqhaza kwezempi kwezindwendwe, kugubha ukuxhaphazwa kwabavikeli bayo abanesibindi - amakholi kanye nemifula, ephele ngesikhathi seMpi YaseNyakatho. Ngalesi sikhathi, umngcele osentshonalanga waseRussia wathuthela eBaltic Sea.

Abahambi abakhulu

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuba khona kwezindela kwakwaziwa wonke amaRussia amakhulu futhi, eqinisweni, eMoscow. Indlu yezindlovu zaseP Pskov-Pechersky yaba yindawo yokuhambela abantu abaqhelekile abaneminyaka ehlukene. Isivakashi esivamile lapha kwakuyi-Ivan the Terrible, owaphenduka umphefumulo we-abbot hegumen uKornelius. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinsolo zombusi okhohlisayo zawela phezu kwakhe. Ngezikhathi ezine ngivakashela iNgqungquthela yaseP Pskov-Pechersky uPeter I. Iqoqo elihle kakhulu, elisezindongeni zezindela, lahlala likhunjulwa ukuvakashelwa kule ndawo yokuhlala kaMnumzane Anna Ioanovna. Ngo-1822, u-Alexander I. wamvakashela. Wakhuluma nomboni uLaris esendlini yezindela. Ngohambo luka 1903 uNicholas II wayekhona. Lapha ekuqaleni kuka-1911 uMnuz Elizabeth Elizabeth Feodorovna wathandaza lapha.

I-Shrine yesakhiwo sezindela

Indawo yokuhlala yasendulo igcina izithombe eziyigugu kakhulu ezindongeni zayo. I-Monastery ye-Pskov-Pechersky, isithombe sakhe ongayibona esihlokweni sethu, sinamathempeli amathathu. Okokuqala, lesi sithonjana sikaMama kaNkulunkulu, okubhekwa njengesimangaliso. Unyaka wakhe edilini lomsebenzi wenzelwa ukwenziwa komkhumbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi yizithombe ze-Tenderness ne-Hodigitria ye-Pskov-Caves. Ubufakazi ezincwadini zokuguqulwa okuyisimangaliso okwenziwa yilezi zindlu kugcinwa. Izimpawu zigcinwa e-Assumption Church naseSt. Michael's Cathedral.

Abadala bezindela

Namuhla i-monasteri, eholwa ngu-Eminence Yakhe Eusebius, igcina ngokucophelela amasiko endlunkulu, igcina imithetho nemithetho yezindela. Abantu abamangalisayo bahlala lapha. Abadala bezindela zezindela zaseP Pskov-Pechersky bayisibonelo sokuzinikela kweqiniso nokukholwa okukhulu. Lawa yi-Archimandrite Adrian (Kirsanov) noJohn (Krestiankin) - izindabakwane zeSonto Lobu-Orthodox nezibonelo ezicacile zokuphila kwamasonto.

Abangcwele bezindlovu zezindlovu ze-Pskovo-Amabhishi bayisibonelo sokulingisa nje kuphela abaholi abahlala e-monasteri namuhla, kodwa nabo bonke aba-Orthodox. Lawa nguMhlonishwa uMark, uMfundisi Vassa, uMonk of Jonah, uMonk Dorotheos, uMonk Lazarus, uMonk Simeon.

I-Monasteri namuhla

Namuhla, izinkulungwane zezivakashi ziza kulezi zindawo ukuze zibone izindawo ezimhlophe zamehlo abo. Isikhumbuzo somlando nezakhiwo zokwakha, okuthakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi emhlabeni wonke, yiNdlu yezindela zeP Pskov-Pechersky. Ukuvakasha lapha kuhlelwe izinkampani eziningi zokuhamba ezivela emadolobheni ahlukene ezweni lethu. Imicimbi ye-monastery iyingqayizivele ngempela.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, leli bhishi lezindela lisebenza. Lapha, izinsizakalo zaphezulu zenziwa. Ukuze uthinte ama-shrines, abaningi baya e-Pskov-Caves Monastery. Ungacela futhi amathikithi lapha. Mhlawumbe akubona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi kuyini. I-Trebs yinto engcwele engenziwa ngumfundisi ngesicelo somuntu okholwayo noma kubantu abasondelene naye. Lesi yisicelo somuntu eNkosini, lapho abefundisi bephenduka naye.

Namuhla kungenzeka ukuhambisa amathrekhi kwi-Monastery yasePechersky nge-Intanethi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukufaka isayithi lezindela, lapho kuchazwe khona ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani. Abaphathi nsuku zonke babheka kuzo zonke "amanothi" athunyelwe futhi bawadlulisela kubhabhishi le-Archimandrite Tikhon lezindela.

Imihume yezindela

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, umhume kanye nethempeli ladalwa ngumpristi owayenguPhukov John Shestnik.

Emaphandleni e-Pskovo-Caves Monastery, empeleni, amathuna asezindlini. Inombolo ngqo yamangcwaba ayisungulwa ngokunembile. Cishe abantu abangaphezu kuka-14 000 bangcwatshwa lapha. Akusekho ukulungiswa kwesayense kwalesi senzakalo esiye sabonwa emaphandleni amakhulu eminyaka: kuhlale kunomoya omusha futhi izinga lokushisa lihlale lihlala njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphunga lomzimba owohloka ngokushesha.

Ososayensi baye bazama ukuchaza lesi simo ngezakhiwo ezingavamile ze-sandstone, ezikwazi ukukhipha iphunga, lezi zindela zikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi lokhu kubangelwa ubungcwele bale ndawo.

Ukuvakashelwa emaphandleni asezindlini kushiya umbono onamandla kuwo wonke umuntu okhetha ukuwavakashela. Umzila ukhanyiswa kuphela ngamakhandlela, kukhona ukuthula ... Futhi uma umonki oqhuba lohambo ekhuluma ngezwi "elibi" mayelana nezono zabantu futhi okhokhela lona, kuba lula.

Cishe ekungeneni emaphandleni kukhona izinhlamvu zikaMfundisi uMarku, uJona, uLazaru, kanye noVassy.

Kusuka emnyango kunamabhayisikobho ayisikhombisa angaphansi komhlaba. Zibizwa ngokuthi izitaladi, eziyiminyaka ehlukene zanda futhi zande. Imigwaqo yesishiyagalolunye nesithupha iyabizwa ngokuthi yizihlobo. Amakhokithi e-monastery angcwatshwa lapha. Ama-pilgrim wangcwatshwa kwezinye izindawo zemibukiso.

Ekupheleni komgwaqo ophakathi komgedlana kukhona isibani esikhethekile. Ihlotshiswe ngesimo setafula elincane futhi libizwa ngokuthi i-eve. Eduze kuye kukhona izinsizakalo zomngcwabo (izinsizakalo zomngcwabo). Ngokushesha ngemva kwelanga, kwakunqunywa isiphambano esikhulu sezinkuni, ngakwesokudla lapho sangcwatshwa khona iMetropolitan Veniamin Fedchenko.

Imihume yendlu yezindela yindawo eyingqayizivele yokuhlwithwa kwabangcwele, ehlanganiswa nemithandazo ye-ascetics. Liyisikhumbuzo esithile esiyingqayizivele somdwebo nomlando.

I-assumption ye-temple cave

Isiteji esikhulu siholela kuso. Ngaphezulu kwesango kukhona isithombe sikaMama kaNkulunkulu waseKiev. Ephahleni libhekene nezindela, kunezahluko ezinhlanu ezibeka umqhele iziphambano. Amakhanda entanyeni ahlotshiswe ngemifanekiso engcwele.

Ingaphakathi lesonto aliyona engezansi. Unamaphesenti amathathu ubude nezinhlanu ngobubanzi. Zihlukaniswe izigayili zobumba, ziboshwe ngezitini. Lokhu kudala induduzo ekhethekile. Ikamelo livulekile, njalo ikhoneni elingasese lapho ungathandaza khona ngokukhanya kwesibani.

Ekujuleni kwethempelathi, ngakwesokunene, ezindaweni zokuhlala zokuphumula ze-Monic Cornelius.

I-Great Belfry

Akukude ne-Assumption Church yiyona eyinhloko yebell tower ye-monastery, noma i-belfry, njengoba ivame ukubizwa. Isakhiwo samatshe esinezinsika eziningana ezilandelana ukusuka empumalanga kuya entshonalanga.

Lena enye yezakhi ezinkulu zokwakha zalolu hlobo. I-Belfry inezinhlaka eziyisithupha eziyinhloko kanye nokwakhiwa kamuva. Siyabonga, kwakha isigaba sesibili.

Amabhentshini asezindlini ze-Pskov angenye yeqoqo elibaluleke kakhulu hhayi ezweni lasePsykov kuphela, kodwa futhi nasensimini yaseWestern Russia.

ISretensky Church

Yakhiwa ngo-1670 esakhiweni sethempeli laseBlagoveshchensk langaphambili. I-Sretensky Cathedral - isakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili ezenziwe ngezitini, esenziwe ngesitayela esingamanga-isiRussia. Isonto lisesitezi sesibili. E-altare kukhona i-niche ephakathi ye-altare nezinhlazi eziningana ezimbalwa zedikoni. Umpheme uhlukaniswe udonga olukhulu. Kukhona ukuvuleka oku-3 kuwo. Wonke amafasitela anesimo sama-arches. Iphansi elisethempelini liphathwa nge-rust smooth.

Ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga yeSretensky Church, lo mdwebo uye wagcinwa, osuvele ubuyiselwe izikhathi eziningana. Izindonga eziseningizimu nasenyakatho zihlotshiswe ngama-pilasters. Izindonga zenziwe ngezitini, bese zifakwa futhi zidwetshwe.

Imizamo yokuvala

Kuwo wonke umlando wayo omude i-Pskov-Caves Monastery ayizange ivalwe, iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu.

Phakathi nenkathi yeSoviet, imizamo yenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuvala i-Monastery yasePechersky. Abafakazi bokuzibonela bakhumbula ukuthi lapho ikhomishana elandelayo ifika kuye ngesinqumo sokuvala. I-abbot yazijwayeza ngesinqumo futhi yasiphonsa endaweni yokucima umlilo. Izikhulu eziphazamisekile, ngaphandle kwemibhalo, zishesha umhlalaphansi.

I-abbot ye-monastery, i-Alipy, ihlangane nabamele abaphathi njalo, yathi inani elikhulu lezikhali ligcinwa e-monasteri, futhi abaningi kubazalwane bangabasosha bephambili. Bazovikela i-monastery kuze kufike ukuphefumula kokugcina. Wacwayisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uthathe i-monastery kuphela ngosizo lwezindiza, okuzobe sekubikwa ngokushesha kwiSiteshi somsakazo we-Voice of America. Lesi sitatimende senze umbono kwikhomishini. Ngokumangalisa, kodwa lokhu kusongo kwasebenza. Kwaphela isikhashana i-monastery ishiywe yedwa.

Izimo ezinjalo, lapho i-monasteri ingavaliwe noma ichithekile, yayiningi, kepha isikhathi ngasinye ngendlela engacaciswanga yahlala ingakhulumi.