Umlando kanye kokusungulwa usuku zaseSaratov

Umlando zaseSaratov has eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamakhulu amane. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, landa edolobheni esuka inqaba ezincane Strelets kuyinto elaliyisikhungo esibalulekile lezimboni iVolga esifundeni. Ngezinye izikhathi ezihlukahlukene aye wayithola amagagasi eziningana zokwenyuka kwenani labantu: i Amakholwa Old, bamakoloni German ababefuna impilo engcono abalimi. Saratov - lenkaba elincane nosaziwayo abaningi emlandweni isiRashiya, kuhlanganise tsarist undunankulu Petra Stolypina.

umngcele Fort

Ngokwe incazelo olwamukelwa kubhekwa ukuthi usuku isisekelo Saratov - Julayi 12, 1590. City iye yasakazeka njengosongo inqaba, kancane kancane savela ibe oluqinisayo ezibucayi imingcele eningizimu-nempumalanga ye-Russia. Yingakho aqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa kanye isiphetho kwamazwe enkulukazi. Usuku isisekelo edolobheni zaseSaratov kwaqondana yolunye ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba emzileni iVolga.

Fortress, okwakhiwa kuso ogwini bese ampofu komfula, kuyinto isithiyo enamandla ngokumelene kuphangwa we Nogai futhi YaseCrimea AmaTatar. abayimizulane Kuyingozi ophoqelelwe uhulumeni tsarist cishe ngasikhathi sinye ukwakha Samara, Saratov futhi Tsaritsyn. Konke lokhu emadolobheni waba ngubaba ekusungulweni - UGrigory Osipovich Zasekin. Fortifier okunekhono, induna abanolwazi futhi umakhi kwaba omunye izibalo ezinkulu ezihlobene ne nokuhlanganisa amandla eRussia eMfuleni iVolga. 1590-d (eyasungulwa e Saratov) - usuku, kuba isehlakalo esibaluleke kakhulu endimeni le nqubo. Ngenxa inqaba ephethwe ukuze usungule uxhumano unomphela futhi sifinyelela engezansi sifinyelela engenhla iVolga.

Izici inqaba

Zasekin ukunquma hhayi kuphela lokho kuyoba usuku nesikhathi okwabunjwa ngaso Saratov, kodwa futhi siyoba yini indawo yokuqala kwakhiwe le nqaba. Ziba Ukunqamula lula eMfuleni iVolga, elise ncamashi maphakathi ephakathi Tsaritsyn e Samara. Ekuqaleni, kuleyandawo ukhonza abacibisheli mayelana 300. Eceleni edolobheni kuyinto egqumeni. It iye yasetshenziswa njengendlela yesikhulumi esilungele ubuka sezwe amakhilomitha amaningana emhlabeni.

Lo muzi evikelwe izinqaba nje kuphela kodwa futhi izithiyo zemvelo: emithambekeni emaweni, umfula, ihlathi, amachibi oxbow, imifula kanye echibini elincane. Kolunye uhlangothi umngcele wemvelo Saratov kwaba udonga. Sazama futhi abakhi edolobheni. Kwathi ngosuku ekusungulweni Saratov, ku endaweni engenabantu ngaphambi kwakukhona izindonga ticongotekulindza.

City servitors

Inhliziyo zokuhlala ezintsha ngokushesha baba Office umbusi. Eceleni kwakhe, a abacibisheli egcekeni, izinduna namanye amasosha. Ezinye izindaba zika-dolobha matasa izakhiwo abahwebi nezazi zobungcweti. Izikhungo abantu (kuhlanganise Gunners) babehlala eduze kwezindonga zomuzi, ukuze uma isaziso ngokushesha ukulungiselela lo bevikela umuzi.

Sihlukanisiwe lonke lezakhiwo lalakhiwe neziqhumane zewayini, izinqolobane, nesinkwa ejele. Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke kwaba isonto ukuthi zazilengela phezu kwezinye izakhiwo. Saratov ikakhulukazi eyakhelwe ngokhuni, yingakho kwakukhona sisengozini umlilo. Ukuze ukuphepha abakhileyo zobumba kanye amaziko Metallurgical abekade isiganga. Kuphumelele ekusungulweni usuku zaseSaratov kanye nezimo zemvelo be Lower iVolga esifundeni baye bavumela edolobheni ekwandeni ngokushesha kwesizwe. Kwakukhona endaweni enkulu ezazingakaze zithintwe evundile nedlelo luningi. Bortnye ngezizathu ukuzingela ocebile futhi bakhangwa yonke izifiki entsha.

Ukufika labantu

Emlandweni ikoloni Russian we iVolga usuku nesikhathi okwabunjwa ngaso emzini Saratov waba uphawu ezibalulekile, kwalandela abafuduki ukuze esifundeni ikhuphuke kakhulu. Izikhungo abantu babehamba ehlane ngenxa amathemba amasha nomholo ehloniphekile. Abacibishelayo ephelezelwa imikhumbi yezohwebo yayishaya, akulula ngami kuphela Nogai ayimizulane, kodwa futhi Cossacks amaqembu ezigelekeqe "amasela ', kumphuce bathengisi.

Umsunguli we Grigoriy Zasekin wamiswa yayo yokuqala. Ubephethe sonke ukuphila leli dolobha lalilihle futhi icala lokukhokha yomholo Musketeers. Ezinye izindaba zika-izinsuku ezindabeni zezempi, bona babehilelekile ukulima, ukulima umhlabathi nemfuyo zizalela. Igagasi elilandelayo abantu ayefuna siphile e Saratov, uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII, lapho isimo Russian wasinda empini olunegazi civil kanye kokungenela Polish.

Esikhathini Isikhathi Nezinkinga

Ngaphansi kwesimo izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini, abakhileyo Posada futhi abalimi babaleka izinxushunxushu izifundazwe ezisenkabeni eduze iVolga. Usuku kumiswa Saratov - 1590, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka engu-20 siye sakhula saba idolobha langempela ngezithukuthuku abantu bebe besezweni lakubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inqaba iVolga wakhuthazelela ukucindezelwa eside Cossacks wendawo, elaliholwa pretenders ezihlukahlukene (isib Ileyka Muromets Ilya Gorchakov).

Ehlobo lika-1607 kwaba khona usongo omusha. Inkosana Ivan Agasti eqoqwe Cossack lamabutho Tsaritsin ethumba wathola isikhundla iVolga. Saratov isikaniso Wabe eseyala uVladimir Anichkov Jams futhi Saburov. I abavikeli le nqaba kwawona nakho konke ukuhlaselwa futhi lezi zigelekeqe akazange amvumele ukuba angene emzini.

nezinselelo ezintsha

Tsarevich Ivan kusolakala wabalekela Don, lapho wabulawa wayohlangabezana ibutho of Amanga Dmitry II. Saratov futhi kafushane saphela bazilalele iziphathimandla eMoscow - amandla ke ashaqe abasekeli komunye pretender.

Ngokushesha izwe kuyofika, kodwa 1614 komnikazi kwase sebedlula inhlekelele langempela. City yashiswa. izakhamizi Abaningi babulawa futhi abanye kwalabo abasinda wabalekela Samara. Kancane kancane, enqabeni namanje abuyiselwe. imvuselelo wayo kwaqondana ukubuyiselwa igunya elimiswe ngokufanele eMoscow (sobukhosi wadlulela Romanov lwamakhosi).

I iVolga esifundeni, Okwamanje, waphila ukuphila kwakhe yesifundazwe, nginqume izinkanuko ezombusazwe amaningana amakhulu. Lo mcimbi oyinhloko lapha kwaba ukwakhiwa wezinqaba entsha (isib, ayisisekelo data base kwaba Saratov esifundeni). Umlando we ndawo ngekhulu XVII, udume ngempela eyayivela. Ngo 1636, u-Adamu Olearius wavakashela Saratov - inhloko lenxusa isiJalimane, washiya izihloko zakhe eziyingqayizivele ngokuphila ke Russian.

ukukhula isiphetho

Ngo 1674, lapho u-Alexis, Saratov inqaba washukumiseleka ukuba indawo entsha eduze Sokolova entabeni. Phakathi umkhankaso Persian , wahambela sekuyisikhathi eside Peter I. Saratov Base sokube ngaphezulu. Umuzi Kancani-kancani ikhula nokuthuthukisa. Abavakashi kugujwa ezitaladini zawo eziqondile ocebile yezitolo izindawo zokudlala. Saratov waba isikhungo zobumba, yokukhiqiza ukukhiqizwa, ukutshala okusanhlamvu, kasawoti. Ukuziqhenya abantu bendawo isethwe ukuthi ekhiqizwa taffeta, satin amasokisi amade. Ngo-1774 edolobheni ehlaselwa ihlukane ka Emelyana Pugacheva. kokubhikisha kwango yakhe nekasele imilenze yawo wokugcina. Ataman waboshwa ekwindla efanayo eduze Saratov.

Ukukhula sabo enkabeni yedolobha bakhangisa nasemadolobhaneni azungezile ziye zaba nomthelela abaninimhlaba, ababusi kanye abathengisi. izakhamizi okusha woza, angesabi. Lezi ababaleki zazibaleka serfs we kulendawo. Ngahlala sebuningini sekuvele emhlabeni Temple (Hvalynsk isb, esikhathini esizayo). Esikhathini maphakathi nekhulu XVIII, uye wahlala abantu abangaphezu kuka-200 eziyinkulungwane e-Saratov esifundeni. Phakathi nale nkathi, idolobha wakha eziqalayo isiphetho onesandla ekukhiqizeni usawoti echibini Elton.

isifundazwe isikhungo

Mhlawumbe Saratov namuhla bekungeke kube isiphetho emikhulu, uma azinakho uCatherine II ngemvume isimemezelo ku kuthuthwa onqenqemeni lendawo abasiphikisayo. Old Amakholwa eyasungulwa kukhona nezindawo eziningi, kuhlanganise Balakovo futhi Pugachev. Ukwanda senzeka e Saratov eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lapho izindawo ezintsha zokuhlala yavela. Ngo 1803, idolobha has inkundla yayo yokuqala. Ngenkathi uCatherine II, isikhungo yesifundazwe wawudla izindwali nge bamakoloni German.

Ngo-1782 kwamiswa Isifundazwe Saratov. Kuze 1850 wahlala enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu njengoba sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia. E Saratov nasezindaweni ezizungezile baye bafuna abantu abavela ezifundeni emaphakathi, lapho kukhona ukushoda umhlaba. Ngaphezu bamakoloni Russian nesiJalimane bahlala endaweni Ukraine Mordvinians AmaTatar. Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu 1897, esifundazweni Saratov wahlala 2.5 million, futhi leli nani kudlulwe 3 million ngosuku olwandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukukhula wayeka kuphela ngenxa nokuchitha igazi futhi izinxushunxushu okwalandela. Inani labantu base-Saratov abantu ayizinkulungwane 242. Kwaba idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kulo lonke iVolga esifundeni (ngaphezulu Kazan, Astrakhan Samara futhi Nizhny Novgorod).

Saratov Stolypin

ezikhangayo abaningi e Saratov nasezindaweni ezizungezile zihlobene Petrom Stolypinym (1862-1911), mhlawumbe bomdabu yakhe edume kunazo zonke. Adume sikahulumeni uNicholas II inkathi iminyaka eminingi isikhundla ka Undunankulu wase Russia. Wayengumuntu umqalisi main yezinguquko esikhathini we Tsarist Duma. Indlela yakhe kwezombusazwe waqala e Saratov lwakubo - 1903 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile umbusi Saratov. Ngo-1906 waba ungqongqoshe wezangaphakathi wahamba ngesinyenyela kulo muzi, lapho ngaya kuphela Ukufika.

Stolypin wabulawa ngemuva kokudutshulwa yemidlalo Kiev. Isihlalo lapho wahlala phansi ngemva ebulalayo hit inhlamvu wafaka Saratov Museum lesifunda. Futhi edolobheni kuyinto portrait undunankulu, zaveza ngokuhlangenwe umculi omkhulu Russian Iley Repinym. Ngo-2002 kwafika lokuqala e Saratov eRussia namuhla indlela Stolypin lesikhumbuzo.

kwezimboni Soviet

Ngenxa Okokuqala Umhlaba futhi kulwiwa, ezolimo Saratov kakhulu phansi. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, ivolumu ukukhiqizwa wafika ezingeni irekhodi ngaphambi 1913. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 30. lowo muzi wahlangabezana kwezimboni kanye collectivization. Ukuguqulwa kwesikhathi babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu lokho manje Saratov.

Izithombe wamabhizinisi eziningi zanamuhla - imifanekiso izitshalo, esekelwe kwezimboni ophoqelelwe. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa "Universal" - .. Imboni wahlanganyela emsebenzini wokukhiqiza umshini amathuluzi, kanye ukunitha kwemboni, kubhayela isitshalo, inyama, njll Ngenxa kwezimboni useshintshe isakhiwo umkhakha ekhatsi Saratov. Ukwandisa indima kulo kudlalwa okusansimbi sazikhohlwa - UKUDLA INDUSTRY.

IMpi Enkulu Patriotic

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, izinkampani eziningi ezivela ezindaweni Frontline ziye zayiswa ukuphepha isihlobo zaseSaratov. Izithombe kanye nokubuyekeza zezivakashi evakashele edolobheni namuhla, echaza ke njengoba isikhungo ukukhiqiza yesimanje, kodwa ingxenye enkulu enhlokodolobha kwezomnotho wasibeka 1941-1945. intuthuko engeziwe bekulokhu iraba, zendwangu futhi umkhakha ningukukhanya umkhakha wendawo.

Umuzi satellite zaseSaratov, Engels, Umshicilelo esisogwini ebhekene, kwesokunxele osebeni iVolga, waxoshelwa Bryansk Engineering Plant, esikhathini esizayo ube sebhasi. Kwakukhona production entsha ngokuphelele. Ngakho, ungabi kude Saratov ezazakhiwe ukukhiqizwa gas ukuthi weza emzini oku iphayiphi elakhiwe ngokukhethekile. Iningi izinkampani kabusha ngaphansi izidingo ngaphambili, yingakho emnothweni ezisemadolobheni kwakhulisa share mechanical engineering isisindo.

I last eyishumi

Ngo-1950-yalolucwaningo. Saratov kanye nasemadolobhaneni azungezile sekube eziningana amabhizinisi emikhulu embonini zamakhemikhali. Ukuthuthukisa uphethiloli namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi igesi yemvelo, uwoyela oluthambile, uwoyela namandla ukushisa umkhakha. City bakhangwa ongoti futhi abaqeqeshiwe ngaphezulu sephrofayela yesayensi-lobuchwepheshe.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, instrumentation olusha, imishini kanye izitshalo ukwenziwa electronics. Ngasikhathi sinye, isikhungo lesifunda wayengomunye walaba izimpi Zenhlabathi Virgin sokutakula ezifundeni asemaqeleni we RSFSR naseKazakhstan.

Ngo-1970-yalolucwaningo. e Saratov esifundeni wazalelwa futhi ngokushesha athuthukile sokufunwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Yakhelwe ngenkasa yeNayile nazo izinhlelo, kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda ahlobene. Saratov namuhla uhlala omunye wemizi emikhulu kakhulu iVolga esifundeni. Kanye idolobha satellite of Engels, Umshicilelo akha khona agglomeration elinabantu abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi.