Zhan Pol Marat: Biography emfushane

Intathelizindaba futhi ilungu Isentha Zhan Pol Marat wayengomunye walaba izibalo edume kakhulu futhi onekhono we French Revolution. iphephandaba lakhe "Umngane of the People" iyona ncwadi ebaluleke kakhulu ezitholakala kule nkathi yayo. Marat, akungabazeki, owayengumbusi ezingqondweni nasezinhliziyweni Wangifulathelisela izitha eziningi. Inkathi Stormy kugwinywe isikhulumi eyaziwa - yena wagwazwa wabulawa ngu umsekeli okweqile iqembu isitha.

umsebenzi yezokwelapha

I wamavukelambuso esizayo Zhan Pol Marat wazalwa Meyi 24, 1743 edolobheni Swiss Boudry. Uyise wayengumGreki udokotela odumile ezinquma ukuthi liyobe linjani career ikusasa umfana. Zhan Pol wasala kuhle ekuqaleni ngaphandle abazali, futhi wayengumuntu omncane wayephethe baphathe ukuphila ezimele ngokugcwele. Wayelokhu kokushintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala nendlela nomholo.

Eminyakeni eyishumi Zhan Pol Marat sadabuka phakathi Holland naseNgilandi. Yena wayengudokotela kutilolonga umbhali. Ngo 1775 waba udokotela onguchwepheshe at University of Edinburgh. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Marat iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili wasebenza njengoba udokotela ngesikhathi egcekeni Comté d'Artois - njengeNkosi yesikhathi esizayo France, Charles X.

Qala imisebenzi lesibonwa

Iminyaka 30 umbhali sesingochwepheshe owaziwa emkhakheni wefilosofi obala phikisana uVoltaire. Wanyathelisa hhayi kuphela amaphepha isayensi ku izitho zomzimba futhi imithi, kodwa naye waqala ukuba nesithakazelo izifundo kwezenhlalo. Ngo-1774, kusukela ngothi Marat babe "amaketanga yobugqila" - omunye emaphamfulethi lodumo kakhulu futhi ethandwa isikhathi sakhe. Umlobi kwakuhambelana nokuka umoya isikhathi - eNtshonalanga Yurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi e-France, wakhula kwemizwelo antimonarchist. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-isikhulumi nge nezimemezelo zakhe elikhulu ngokuphindaphindiwe hit emsipheni isiguli kanye nomphakathi kancane kancane laziwa.

Zhan Pol Marat umise ngokwaso njengoba critique eyisisekelo absolutism. Bone imibuso European ecabange abacindezelayo nokuhlupheka ekuvimbela ekukhuleni komphakathi. Marat hhayi kuphela zihlukunyezwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, ke bahlola ngokuningiliziwe kwemvelo komlando absolutism futhi izinhlobo zawo. Esikhathini "Emaketangeni ubugqila" ke esikhundleni imodi ephelelwe yisikhathi inikeza isakhiwo esisha umphakathi ngamalungelo abantu, umnotho nakwezepolitiki alinganayo. Umbono wakhe ka egalitarianism zibalwe okuphambene ethandwa ke elitism.

A nomcwaningi oludala

Ngo imibono yakhe Zhan Pol Marat eziningi wavuma umsekeli umsekeli oqinile Rousseau. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo mfundi wakwazi ukuthuthukisa ezinye imibono uthisha wakhe. Evelele umsebenzi ongqondongqondo wahlanganyela kule ucwaningo zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi elidala Izicukuthwane izinduna kanye nonxiwankulu, kuyinto umsekeli imibono ovulekile. Iqaphela ukubaluleka kwalesi nangombango, Marat wagcizelela ukuthi yingozi enkulu nokuthula kwengqondo e-Europe iyona ukuphikisana phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu. Kungenxa ekungalinganini emphakathini ebangela umbhali wabona crisis ezikhulayo.

Marat kwaba advocate ngokuvamile okuhambisana esichema nabampofu, abalimi kanye nabasebenzi. It is ngenxa yalesi sizathu sekuyinto sibalo yisakhiwo sodumo ngakho phakathi amaqembu leftist. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi lokhu wamavukelambuso uyophakanyiswa eU.SSR - igama lakhe kuyothiwa ezitaladini, futhi yomlando wakhe kuyoba isihloko zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele eziningi.

"Umngane of the People"

Ngo 1789, lapho inguquko siqale eFrance, Marat wasiphakamisa iphephandaba sakhe "Umngane of the People." Isikhulumi kanye phambi ezithandwayo, futhi ezinsukwini sesiyaluyalu umsebenzi zomphakathi, waba sibalo enkulu ezinkulukazi ngempela. Marat waqala azibiza "ngumngani wabantu". Ephephabhukwini lakhe, wagxeka uhulumeni ngoba zonke missteps yabo kanye nobugebengu. Le ncwadi kwaba njalo ngaphansi kwengcindezi kuhulumeni. Kepha nxa beza ekhotho, Marat (processor olulodwa) ukuphatha lisinde lingabanjwa. iphephandaba waso kwakuyindishi ukushayelwa athandwa phakathi kwezisebenzi kanye nonxiwankulu ngobala eParis.

Ngu ukushicilelwa ngokulinganayo ishaye njengoba amakhosi ohlanga nomndeni wasebukhosini, nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinsimbi izikhonzi namalungu ePhalamende. "Umngane of the People" baba esinye sezizathu ebaluleke kakhulu ukusabalala ebanzi olukhulu inhliziyo Yokuvukela inhlokodolobha French. Iphephandaba yayidumile ukuze kwakukhona izincwadi fake ukuthi Uzame ngodaka lakhe noma asebenzise amehlo alo.

Ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, futhi kuthutha

Nge inyanga journalism esebenzayo kakhulu futhi izitha ngaphezulu ngamunye ukuthola Zhan Pol Marat. Umlando ezimfushane wamavukelambuso yisibonelo ukufihla njalo nokufihla indoda. Wagwema neziphathimandla nje kuphela kodwa futhi abashisekeli ahlukahlukene uzame ekuphileni kwakhe. Ngesikhathi ukuphakama inguquko, njengoba kwesihenqo wawa ngo-1791, Marat ngisho bethuthele England.

Nokho, eLondon, intatheli kwaba ungakhululekile - wasebenzisa ukuba zingene shí izinto. Ngemva ukungabi emfushane isikhulumi ethandwa wabuyela Paris. Kwaba ngo-Ephreli 1792. Ukuvutshelwa eyathatha kodwa eminyakeni embalwa ekuphazanyisweni izinguquko civil zehlulekile ngcono isimo sabantu ukukhononda.

Ukuvela ukubukwa

abahlanganyeli Abaningi Elikhulu French Revolution, njalo imibono yabo. Ngineminyaka engu azihlukile futhi Zhan Pol Marat. Incazelo emfushane ukuvela izinkolelo zakhe kuyinto. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala inguquko Marat wakhuthaza ukulondolozwa yokubusa kwamakhosi ngendlela elinganiselwe futhi zisakaza Wesigungu Sikazwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto nokwedelela umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo republic. Ngo-July 1791 inkosi sazama ukweqa, ekuqaleni kwenye imizwelo, futhi omunye imiboniso, ngisho esingu. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, umhleli we- "Umngane of the People" usejoyine Abasekeli kokugumbuqelwa Bourbons.

Lapho Louis waboshelwa omunye umzamo ukubaleka kuleli zwe, Marat kuqhathaniswa isifiso uquqaba ukubhekana le nkosi ngaphandle kwecala. cwenga umbusi izame ukuvikela umqondo zidinga ukuhambisana nayo yonke imicikilisho engokomthetho ekuhloleni yinkosi wecala. Marat wakwazi ukuthonya Isentha futhi kwenze kube iphakamisa umbuzo isijeziso phezu ivoti kubizwe. 387 ka 721 amasekela babe esivuna ekukhishweni Louis.

Ukulwa girondins

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, iSivumelwano lalidinga enjalo izipikha oluvelele like Zhan Pol Marat. Izithombe ngalezo zinsuku wayengekho lapho, kodwa munye kuphela izithombe imibiko yamaphephandaba abonisa ngokucacile indlela akwazi ukuthatha ukunakekela komphakathi. inqubomgomo Charisma wabonisa kwelinye icala. Kuzo zonke izinhlangothi wamavukelambuso Marat wakhetha futhi wasekela Montagnards, okwakuphume kuye abaqokelwe Convention. Kubaphikisi babo girondins abangu ngaphansi ukugxeka nsuku zonke intatheli.

Marat isitha baze bakwazi ngisho wambeka icala ethi ukuthi iSivumelwano Samazwe isibe abode esiphikisayo revolution. Nokho, iphini owakwazi ukusebenzisa isivivinyo emphakathini njengendawo yesikhulumi futhi wafakazela ubumsulwa siqu. Girondins babekholelwa ukuthi inkanyezi Marat imayelana ekugcineni kwelanga. Nokho, ngo-Ephreli 1793, ngemuva kokuwina inkantolo, ukuthi, kunalokho, wenza ukubuya okunqobayo kuya Sezindela. Unsinkable futhi ukuyo yonke indawo wanika abantu besikhathi sakhe kwaba Zhan Pol Marat. Ngamafuphi, uma hhayi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukufa, ngekusasa lakhe kwaba lwaluzokwehluka ngempela.

Umholi Jacobins

Ngo-June 1793 ngesicelo baseParis uthukuthele Isentha amasekela axoshwe girondins. Amandla ngesikhathi esithile isidlulile kuya Jacobins, noma kunalokho, ezintathu abaholi babo - Danton, Marat futhi Robespierre. Bahamba club zezombusazwe, esibonakala by ukuzinikela kwayo olukhulu breaking oludala amakhosi asendulo futhi monarchical.

I Jacobins babe abalandeli zobuphekula, okuyinto njengembuka zoku- bafinyelele imigomo yabo kwezepolitiki. In Paris, aziwa futhi njengoba "okuthiwa iSociety of Friends soMthethosisekelo". Sesinamandla kwayo ngesikhathi Jacobin kufaka kuze kufike abasekeli 500,000 yonkana eFrance. Marat kwakungelona umsunguli wale nhlangano, Nokho, banamathela ngokushesha baba omunye umholi walo.

ukubulala

Ngemva kokunqoba okunqobayo phezu girondins Marat buthaka kakhulu impilo. Washayiswa ezinzima esehlaselwa isifo sesikhumba esenyanyekayo. Imithi awazange asize, futhi ngandlela-thile adambise ukuhlupheka kwabo, intatheli wathatha isikhathi okugeza. Akazange nje wabhala kulesi sikhundla, kodwa ngisho ngavakashelwa.

Kuyinto ezimweni ezinjalo, Julayi 13, 1793 weza Marat Sharlotta Korde. Ngeshwa isisulu sakhe, wayengumhlali umsekeli evuthayo Girondists. Owesifazane wagwazwa wamavukelambuso obuthaka nabangenabani. Bath, lapho wabulawa Zhan Pol Marat, kusenzo imidwebo yakhe edumile uJacques Lui David (ngokudweba "Ukufa Marat" isibe omunye imisebenzi edume kakhulu yobuciko elalinikezelwe inkathi yezinxushunxushu). umzimba Okokuqala kubeka ku intatheli. Ngemva nenguquko wamandla 1795 ke washukumiseleka ukuba emathuneni abavamile. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa lokubulala Zhan Pol Marat wayengomunye walaba enkulu lonke Omkhulu French Revolution.