Umlando injini umusi kanye nokusebenza kwayo

Ukusungulwa kwe-umusi izinjini kwakushintsha emlandweni wesintu. Somewhere ekuqa- XVII-XVIII eminyaka yaqala esikhundleni iyasilela umsebenzi wezandla, amasondo amanzi windmills ku izindlela entsha ngokuphelele futhi eyingqayizivele - umusi izinjini. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo sebekwazi revolution lobuchwepheshe nezezimboni, futhi lonke intuthuko lesintu.

Kodwa ubani owavela injini umusi? Ukuze Ngesintu ubophekile ukuba? Futhi lapho lokho okwakubalulekile? Zonke lezi mibuzo, bese sizama ukuthola izimpendulo.

Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile

Umlando injini umusi kuhlehlela emuva kuqala eminyaka BC. Geron Aleksandriysky kuchazwe indlela ukuthi waqala ukusebenza kuphela uma abathintekayo imibhangqwana. Idivayisi kuyinto ibhaluni, eyayibonakala umlomo wombhobho isilungisiwe. Kusukela Imibhobho esemzimbeni tangentially aphume umusi, kanjalo okubangela motor ukujikisa. Kwakuwusuku idivayisi lokuqala eyehlayo on umusi.

UMdali injini umusi (noma kunalokho, a ophephela) - Taqi al-Din, (sefilosofi Arab, unjiniyela nesezinkanyezi). wakhe wokusungula baziwa kakhulu eGibhithe ngekhulu XVI. Mshini iye yahlela kanje: umusi ukugeleza iqondiswa ngqo esikhungweni indlela nge vanes, futhi lapho intuthu billowed - izindwani uphendukisa. Okufanayo 1629 bayitshela unjiniyela Italian Dzhovanni Branka. Ububi main yalezi ezisunguliwe kwaba ukusetshenziswa eliphezulu kakhulu umusi, nakho okudingekayo omningi amandla futhi kwakungeyona ezifanele. Izigigaba zimisiwe kusukela ulwazi bese kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe lesintu kwakungenele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo ezisunguliwe enjalo lingekho ngokuphelele.

design

ukudalwa injini umusi kwakungenakwenzeka ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII. Kepha njengoba masinyane njengoba strip ezingeni lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu wakhumula, ngaleso sikhathi kwakunabazalwane abangu ezimeni kuqala futhi icebo. Nakuba sina ababenakho ngaleso sikhathi angizange. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1663 i-usosayensi oyiNgisi ishicilelwe emaphephandabeni ukuklama indlela yakhe, ayibeka enqabeni Raglan. kudivayisi yakhe isetshenziswa ukukhulisa kwemibhoshongo amanzi ezindongeni. Nokho, njengoba nazo zonke omusha futhi engaziwa, le phrojekthi yatholwa ukungabaza, futhi abaxhasi ekuthuthukiseni wayo wayengekho.

Umlando injini umusi iqala umshini okusungulile paroatmosfernoy. Ngo 1681, ososayensi kusukela French Denis Papin baklama umshini ukuthi ededela amanzi ezimayini. Njengoba yisandla okokuqala isetshenziswa powder, bese kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo umusi. Ngakho lapho paroatmosfernaya umshini. A indima enkulu kakhulu ekuletheni ukwenziwa ngcono esenziwe ososayensi evela eNgilandi Tomas Nyukomen noTomase Savery. usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa analo futhi self-wafundisa Russian umsunguli Ivan Polzunov.

Imizamo kuhlulekile Papen

umshini Paroatmosfernaya, kuyilapho neze, idonse ngokukhethekile emkhakheni shipbuilding. D. Papin imali yabo yokugcina esichithwa ukuthengwa lapho kuqhamuka isikebhe esincane, okuyinto waziphatha ukufakwa kwemishini amanzi ephakamisa paroatmosfernoy ukukhiqizwa siqu. Lo mshini wezenzo walala yokuthi, bokuwa usuka endaweni ephakeme, amanzi uqala spin isondo.

ukuhlolwa kwalo umsunguli iqhutshwe 1707 eMfuleni Fulda. Abantu abaningi bebuthene ukubona isimangaliso: Thatha isikebhe emfuleni ngaphandle oseyili Izigwedlo. Nokho, phakathi novivinyo kuvele ingozi: injini yamila, wabulala abantu abangu eziningana. Iziphathimandla bayathukuthela at umsunguli Kuyishwa futhi uvinjelwe kuye kusukela yimuphi umsebenzi namaphrojekthi. Umkhumbi zithathwe zilahlwe futhi Papen yena wafa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa.

iphutha

I ngesitimu Papen kwaba isimiso esilandelayo. Ezansi uMbhalo kwakudingekile ukuba uthele inani elincane lamanzi. Ngu uqobo elise roaster isilinda okwakubonisa ukufudumeza ketshezi. Lapho amanzi aqala ubilise, kwakheka umusi, edlulisela, ephakanyiswe piston. Kusukela isikhala ngenhla piston ngokusebenzisa ngokukhethekile elihlomile valve buoyancy. Ngemva kwesikhathi amanzi aqala ubilise futhi umusi wawa, kwakudingekile ukususa Yengcweti Yethusi, ukuvala valve ukususa emoyeni, futhi esebenzisa amanzi abandayo ukuze kuphole odongeni isilinda. Ngokusebenzisa ukungajabuli kwabo ngalesi senzo ngazimbili, owayesesimweni uMbhalo, wafingqa, lenzeka ngaphansi cleaner piston futhi umfutho womoya ngenxa amandla sibuyela piston endaweni yayo yasekuqaleni. Phakathi ukuhamba kwayo phansi futhi enze umsebenzi ewusizo. Nokho, umusi injini kahle Papin zazingakhi. umkhumbi injini kwaba uneconomical kakhulu. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kwaba yisixakaxaka futhi esingesihle ukuyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, lo mshini Papen anginalo ikusasa kusukela ekuqaleni.

abalandeli

Nokho, umlando injini umusi aziphelelanga lapho. Ngokulandelayo, siba yimpumelelo kakhulu ukwedlula Papen, liphendulile usosayensi oyiNgisi Tomas Nyukomen. Sekuyisikhathi eside wafunda imisebenzi ababengaphambi zabo, ukugxila ubuthakathaka. Wasethatha best of imisebenzi yabo, ezidalwe 1712 abasebenzi bayo. Entsha umusi injini (nesithombe eziboniswe) yayakhiwe kanje: esetshenziswa isilinda osesimweni mpo, kanye piston. It Newcomen wathatha emsebenzini Papen. Nokho, ngazimbili kwakhiwa ebhodweni ezahlukene. Emhlabeni piston zase zihleliwe isikhumba ebalulekile, okuyinto kakhulu anda yobunzima ngaphakathi isilinda umusi. Lo mshini Ubuye paroatmosfernoy (amanzi amvusa okwami esebenzisa umfutho womoya). Ububi eyinhloko kokusungulwa bebelokhu yayo nzima futhi uneconomical: umshini "badla" omningi amalahle. Nokho, izinzuzo baletha kakhulu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo Papin icebo. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu amahlanu nasemihumeni nezimayini. Sasisetshenziselwa uzotshala komhlaba, kanye izimoto omiswe. Tomas Nyukomen Uzame ukuguqula imoto yakhe ukuze akwazi ukuyisebenzisa ukuze traffic. Nokho, yonke imizamo yakhe kuhlulekile.

Usosayensi esilandelayo, yazibiza baba D. Hull ezivela eNgilandi. Ngo 1736 wethula wonke ukuba indlela yakhe: paroatmosfernuyu umshini, okuyinto njengoba injini kwakungamadodana impellers. Ukuthuthukiswa Its uye waba yimpumelelo kunalaba Papen. Ngokushesha abaningana kulaba izitsha zavezwa. Basuke ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ebamba izikebhe, imikhumbi kanye nezinye izitsha. Nokho, ukuthembeka paroatmosfernoy umshini bantule ukuthembeka kanye nemikhumbi ifakwe oseyili njengoba umshayeli oyinhloko.

Nakuba Hull Kwadingeka inhlanhla ezingaphezu kuka Papen, indlela yakhe kancane kancane balahlekelwa ukuhlobana, futhi bayalahlwa. Usese imishini paroatmosfernyh sikhathi kwakunoFakazi amaphutha amaningi ethize.

Umlando injini umusi e-Russia

Ukufohla ngokulandelayo wafika eMbusweni Russian. Ngo-1766, ngesikhathi isitshalo Metallurgical e Barnaul umusi injini kuqala, okuyinto yanikezwa emoyeni ukuncibilika esithandweni yadalwa kusetshenziswa Izifutho ekhethekile. Yaba umdali Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, ngubani ngenxa yosizo lwakhe ezweni lakhe ngisho banikezwe isikhundla yesisebenti. Inventor ethulwa abaphathi bakhe imidwebo amasu "imoto umlilo" uyakwazi powering Izifutho.

Nokho, isiphetho wadlala ihlaya elibi nge Polzunova: emva okusalungiswa yayo iminyaka eyisikhombisa lwemukelwa futhi imoto uhlanganiswe, ukugula futhi washona ukusetshenziswa - kusele isonto elilodwa vó ngaphambi ukuhlolwa kwaqala injini yayo. Nokho, idokhumenti bakhe kwakwanele ukuqala injini.

Ngakho, ngo-August 7, 1766 Polzunova umusi injini wethulwa futhi ibekwe ngaphansi komthwalo. Nokho, ngo-November walowo nyaka, wabe yephuka. Isizathu sokuba kubhayela ukuba izindonga kakhulu mncane, ayenzelwanga umthwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli wabhala ku iziqondiso zakhe ngokuzithandela, ukuthi lokhu kuphela phakathi novivinyo ingasetshenziswa imbiza. Ukukhiqizwa kubhayela entsha ngabe ikhokhwe kalula off, ngoba kahle umusi injini Polzunova wawumuhle. Amahora angaphezu 1023 umsebenzi ngosizo esiliva smelted ezingaphezu kuka esingamakhilogremu 14!

Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, akekho yokulungisa indlela ayizange. Intuthu injini Polzunova kubutsela uthuli iminyaka engaphezu kuka-15 in the ishede, kanti imboni zwe emi namanje abuye atfutfukiswe njalo. Bese ngokuphelele ukuthi adiliza izingxenye. Ngokusobala, ngaleso sikhathi Russia ongakabi esekhule izinjini umusi.

izidingo isikhathi

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuphila endaweni akazange ame. Futhi isintu njalo wacabanga yini ukwakha indlela kuxhomeke imvelo ezingezwakali, futhi ulawule isimo ukudalelwa. Kusukela oseyili ngabe bonke bathanda give up ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ukusungulwa indlela unomphela ngoba umusi kwathi nyá. Ngo 1753, eParis, wakhushulelwa ukuncintisana phakathi abadwebi, ososayensi kanye abaqambi. Academy of Sciences wamemezela umklomelo kunoma ubani okwazi ukudala indlela ukuthi ungakwazi ukushintsha amandla omoya. Kodwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iqhaza emncintiswaneni izingqondo ezifana L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, Canton de Lacroix nezinye iziphakamiso ezinengqondo kungukuthi ekhishwe eyodwa.

Yadlula iminyaka. Futhi izinguquko kwezezimboni ukuthi laying emazweni angaphezu nokuningi. Igunya kanye nobuholi phakathi kwamandla njalo ishaye England. Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwaba ungumdali UK emikhulu umkhakha, ngaleyo ndlela iwine isihloko monopolist emhlabeni kule mboni. Udaba kwamandla enophephela nsuku zonke kuba okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe. Futhi lokhu injini yadalwa.

Eyokuqala umusi injini emhlabeni

1784 kwaba iBrithani kanye nezwe iphuzu turning e izinguquko kwezezimboni. Futhi lowo muntu odala lesi kwakuyisiqalo unjiniyela IsiZulu Dzheyms Uatt. Injini umusi, eyasungulwa, baba kakhulu ephezulu iphrofayela ukutholakala kwekhulu.

Dzheyms Uatt iminyaka eminingi wafunda imidwebo, isakhiwo kanye nezimiso zokusebenza imishini paroatmosfernyh. Futhi ngesisekelo konke lokhu, waphetha ngokuthi nekusebenta injini kuyadingeka nokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lamanzi kuleli uMbhalo bese isitimu olunceleka indlela. Ububi main paroatmosfernyh imishini isidingo njalo lwaluyophola amanzi isilinda. Kwaba ungakhululekile futhi okudlekayo.

Entsha umusi injini kwakhiwa ngenye indlela. Ngakho, lo mbhalo kwaba ukuba ihembe ekhethekile umusi. Ngakho Watt kuvikelwe isimo sakhe unomphela ashisayo. Umsunguli idale esibuthakathaka ekhethekile, bacwilisa emanzini abandayo (epholisayo). It is wajoyina isilinda tube. Lapho umusi wenziwa ilandelwe uMbhalo ngokusebenzisa ipayipi, watheleka phakathi capacitor lapho aguqulwa emuva amanzi. Ukusebenza ngcono imoto yakhe, Watt wadala a cleaner ku epholisayo. Ngakho, bonke isitimu Idlula isilinda, wafingqa therein. Siyabonga ukuthi lokhu kwakwenqatshelwe kwandisa kakhulu ukunwetshwa umusi, nakho ikuvumela ukuba kukhishwe esilinganayo umusi amandla okuningi. Kwakuwusuku impumelelo umqhele.

Yakhiwe ngu- injini umusi washintsha futhi air isimiso. Manje umusi lokuqala ingena ngezansi piston, kanjalo abaliqukulayo, bese uya ngenhla piston, ukwehlisa. Ngakho kokubili unhlangothi mshini steel usebenza ngisho ngaphambilini kungenzeka. A owodwa-amahhashi amalahle ukusetshenziswa kwaba ngaphansi kane kunokuba, ngokulandelana, imishini paroatmosfernyh, bese bafuna Dzheyms Uatt. Intuthu injini ngokushesha okukhulu iwine UK kuqala kahle, bese umhlaba wonke.

"Charlotte Dundas"

Ngemva emhlabeni washaywa kokusungulwa uJames Watt, waqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi umusi izinjini. Ngakho, ngo-1802 e-UK has umkhumbi walo wokuqala ambalwa - ". Charlotte Dundas" isikebhe Abasunguli balo bakholwe uWilliam Symington. Lesi sikebhe esingamathani wawuyisikhungo yokudonsa izikebhe yisiteshi. Indima bendiza emkhunjini wadlala isondo gwedla ogibele emkhunjini. Lesi sikebhe okokuqala ihlolwe ngempumelelo: izikebhe ezimbili omkhulu towed 18 amamayela e amahora ayisithupha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke kakhulu liphazamisa nomoya. Kodwa wakwazi.

Noma kunjalo, wabekwa ihlaya, ngoba babesaba ukuthi ngenxa amagagasi anamandla, okuyinto zadalwa ngaphansi isondo gwedla, umsele amabhange ngeke kufiphazwe. By endleleni, "Charlotte," ukuhlola abantu baba khona, lapho umhlaba wonke kubhekwa uMdali Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala.

Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala emhlabeni

IsiZulu umakhi womkhumbi Robert Fulton nge ebusheni bakhe, ngiphuphe besemkhunjini kanye injini umusi. Futhi manje iphupho lakhe lishona ingenzeka. Ngemva kokusungulwa umusi izinjini isibe sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha shipbuilding. Kanye-Messenger of America R. Livingston, owathatha phezu ohlangothini zezimali mayelana nodaba, Fulton wasiphakamisa okusalungiswa emkhunjini nge injini umusi. Kwakuthinta yafika nzima kusekelwe umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu o gavriliuk ir kvitka ngamandla. Ngokusho izinhlangothi womkhumbi abadonsekela eziningi amaphini, simulating ezihlukahlukene kumnandi. Kulokhu, amaphini bese ukugxambukela nomunye futhi waphula. Namuhla, umuntu kalula bathi umphumela ofanayo kungafinyelelwa uma zonke amaphini ezintathu noma ezine. Kodwa ngokombono ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi kwakungenakwenzeka ukubona. Ngakho-ke, bemikhumbi kwadingeka eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Ngo 1803, okusunguliwe Fulton sika seyenziwe emhlabeni wonke. I ngesitimu kwaba kancane futhi ngokulinganayo phezu Seine, izingqondo emangalisayo futhi umcabango yososayensi abaningi futhi izibalo eParis. Nokho, uhulumeni sikaNapoleon sinqatshiwe iphrojekthi, futhi bemikhumbi acasuke baphoqeleka ukufuna wonke umcebo wakhe Melika.

Futhi ngo-August 1807 umkhumbi kwezwe yokuqala okuthiwa "eClaremont" lapho ezinamandla kakhulu umusi injini kwakuhileleke (nesithombe eziboniswe), waqhubeka Hudson Bay. Abantu abaningi bamane nje abakholelwa impumelelo.

Ngo ngendiza yokuqala, "i-Claremont" owancisheka wezimpahla kungekho abagibeli. Akekho owayefuna ukuthatha uhambo emkhunjini aphefumula umlilo. Kodwa uma sebebuya, kwakunengozi umgibeli wokuqala - umlimi wendawo, ngubani ikhokhwe amadola ayisithupha ithikithi. Waba ngowokuqala emlandweni inkampani umgibeli lokuthumela. Fulton yayiningi kangaka wathutha ukuthi daredevil wanika impilo yonke travel kwamahhala kuwo wonke ngezenzo zabo.