Dzheyms Uatt - umsunguli we injini umusi

Dzheyms Uatt kwakumi lowo msebenzi waba umvuthwandaba e izinguquko kwezezimboni baseNgilandi emhlabeni. Engineer futhi umsunguli we Scotland wahlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni umshini Newcomen, okubangela injini yayo yasungulwa multi-purpose.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Dzheyms Uatt wazalelwa emndenini umakhi imikhumbi uMdali izindlela ezehlukene zokwenza lokhu kaJakobe. Unina, u-Agnes, kwaba ummeleli lomkhaya ocebile, ngesikhathi esisodwa yena wathola imfundo yekhethelo.

Ukukhanyisa umsunguli esizayo avela 19.01.1736, umfana wazalwa ebuhlungu kakhulu, ngakho imfundo yamabanga aphansi wathola ekhaya kubazali babo. Ingane akakwazanga ukudlala nontanga ngenxa yempilo engeyinhle, ngakho kwenqwaba isikhathi sakhe sasetshenziswa self-imfundo.

Ngesikhathi ngiba ibhungu, izikhonzi zakhe ozithandayo babe chemistry astronomy. Yena alithanda ukwenza imodeli zezinqubo adalwe uyise.

Lapho kokufinyelela eminyakeni ewu esikoleni samabanga aphansi iziqu James langena sokuzivocavoca. Wabonisa impumelelo enkulu ngokushumayeza wezibalo. Umfana bathandile ukufunda okuningi, wadinga ukuqinisekisa practice.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nesishiyagalombili le nsizwa walahlekelwa unina. Lokhu kubonakala impilo kanye nezindaba kayise, ngakho uJakobe kwadingeka ukuzinakekela. Nsizwa ku ngonyaka wathutha waseScotland eLondon ukufunda lo msebenzi, okwakubekelwa ezihlobene amathuluzi wokulinganisa. yokuqeqeshelwa Waboshwa iminyaka eyisikhombisa, kodwa imali James kwakwanele kuphela unyaka owodwa. Waqala izifundo zakhe ekukhiqizeni kwababusi ikhampasi. Ngokushesha, lo mfundi osemncane ongaveza quadrant geodolity kanye namanye amathuluzi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Kuwo lo nyaka, le nsizwa cishe akazange aphume. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi usebenzela: ekuseni - ku ezazibekwe phezu kwempi, kusihlwa - ku-oda. Ngakho phakela yena. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ayikho ohlwini njengenhlangano umfundi olusemthethweni, ku mgwaqo wakhe baphoqwa ukuba athathe lasolwandle.

umsebenzi wokuqala

Ngemva kokuphothula ukuqeqeshwa, Dzheyms Uatt nempilo ebuthaka wabuyela Scotland. Wanquma ahlele okwabo eGlasgow, okuyinto kwaba ukudala namathuluzi wokulungisa. Kodwa kwadingeka ukubhekana inyunyana ababazi, ngubani wamenqabela ukwenza lo msebenzi. Isizathu kwaba ukuthi uJakobe wayengeyena kwakunendlela yokuqeqeshelwa. It akaphinda wamsiza ukuthi wayenguKristu omele ematheni ibhizinisi eScotland.

Kodwa le nsizwa ukhulula icala. Ngalesi sikhathi e-University of Glasgow efika amathuluzi party ngokwenza astronomy. Zazifuna kwenziwe ukunakekelwa njalo, kuhlanganise ukufakwa. Ebanganini bakhe Wyatt uthola ithuba ukusebenza. Wamiswa inkosi amathuluzi esayensi lesikhungo. Waba nethuba ukudala eshabhu lakhe siqu.

Esikoleni, James wahlangana Joseph Black, owayefundelwa kwamakhemikhali. Master kusiza ososayensi kakhulu ekuthuthukeni zomculo chemical ezazisekela okwengeziwe ucwaningo wemithi.

Nge 1759 Watt izinto iye yathuthuka. Lokhu lula ubudlelwano nosomabhizinisi John Craig. Bahlela umsebenzi lapho kuvezwa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene namathoyizi. Income umsunguli uye kakhulu lenyuka. ubambiswano wabo saphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha kusukela ekufeni Craig.

inkathi okusungulile

Newcomen sika umusi injini kwase esase sikhona kakade amashumi eminyaka. Ngokuvamile lalisetshenziselwa ukuphampa amanzi. Akukho muntu ngisho bazama ukuthuthukisa ke. Kusukela 1759 umbono yokusebenzisa umusi Watt waba nesithakazelo, kodwa imizamo yakhe ayizange iphumelele.

Ngo 1763, kuya master wabuza ummeleli we-University of Glasgow ngesicelo ukusiza ukukhanda kusakhiwo Newcomen indalo ekhona. Watt wakwazi ukuchitha naye eziningi ucwaningo. Wakwazi ukulungisa isakhiwo futhi uqiniseke ukwehluleka kulo mshini. Watt yenze ngcono design, kodwa kwakungenele.

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Dzheyms Uatt wathola indlela ungakha ephelele umusi injini. Waqala nokuqalisa uhlelo zakhe ekuphileni. Ngo-1769 wakhipha igunya lokwenza ekamelweni uphawu uphenduke. Wakwazi ukwakha imodeli zokusebenza oye usebenza ngalendlela. Ukwakha imoto ogcwele akabanga imali. Lokhu kwasiza Dzhozef Blek, Dzhon Robak. Izinkinga aziphelelanga lapho, ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ngokunemba kudingekile ekwenzeni uMbhalo bese piston. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Roebuck baba ungeke uzithole usuwile.

Watt wathola umxhasi entsha. Zaba Mettyu Bolton, eyayinawo a Foundry. Inkinga ekwakheni isilinda Dzhon Uilkinson isinqumo. Impumelelo kwezentengiselwano wakhe wokusungula Watt esikuthola ukudalwa inkampani ezikanye Mettyu Boltonom, esasivutha iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu, waletha nengcebo enkulu ukuba umsunguli.

Watt engagcini nje ukuthuthukisa umshini Newcomen, wayefuna ukwenza umfuziselo nge motor jikelele. Yonke imizamo yakhe sezishiye indlela entsha emsebenzini injini umusi, yena lobunikazi ngaphansi kwegama achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi. Kungenxa yalesi ndlela waqala ukusebenza umusi injini lokuqala ngu uJames Watt.

Ngemva impumelelo umshini omusha waqala kwemizamo eminingi komlayezo. Ekulweni idumela ibhizinisi lakho siqu Watt futhi Bolton baphoqeleka ukuba bachithe imali eningi ku umbango. Ngenxa yalokho, bakwazi ukulwela amalungelo azo.

Meaning of kokusungulwa

I-patent ngoba injini uJames Watt yabhaliswa 1769. Kule ncwadi, kwatholakala ukuthi umlobi we-patent akazange usungula imoto entsha, futhi injini umusi. Watt babengakuqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi kubaluleke esikhathini esizayo kuyoba ngcono.

Ukubaluleka kokusungulwa liqukethe ukuthi injini piston ihamba ngaphansi kwethonya umusi. Ngenxa yalesi kwakunokwenzeka ukwandisa ngokuphindaphindiwe amandla, ukudala ingcindezi. Kwakungasadingeki ezidingekayo ukwandisa ubukhulu. Siyabonga lo mshini, kungenzeka ukudala injini, futhi kamuva kancane umkhumbi.

ukuqashelwa

Ngisho ngesikhathi impilo umsunguli imoto uJames Watt esiye sashintsha embonini. Akumangalisi ukuthi wakhethwa ukumela ezinye emiphakathini eminingi. Waze wafuna umklomelo isihloko baron, kodwa wenqaba ke.

Inkampani, okuyinto wakhethwa Watt:

• I-Royal Society of Edinburgh.
• Zefilosofi Society e Rotterdam.
• Okufana iLungu French Academy.
• Lunar Society e Birmingham - inhlangano lolungakahleleki ukuze ososayensi baseBrithani Ukukhanyiselwa.

eminyakeni yamuva

Biography of uJames Watt kufakazela indlela ubuntu ezihlukahlukene. Ukungafani ngolwazi lwakhe ngobuqotho umbhali bamangale Walter Scott, owayebizwa mathupha umsunguli.

Esekhulile Watt eyingoduso e siqu umshini yayo ukukhiqizwa ezingase ukukopisha imisebenzi sculptural ezifana imifanekiso, izithombe eziqoshiwe, nezinye izitsha.

Washona master 19.08.1819, ngesikhathi eneminyaka engu ayisishiyagalombili nantathu. Wembelwa Hendsvorte.

Umndeni nezingane

Dzheyms Uatt, kokusunguliwe intuthuko kule mboni, useke washada kabili. Umkakhe wokuqala, Margaret Miller, washona ngo-1772 ngemva kokubeletha kuye ingane yabo yesihlanu. Kodwa ukuze ukuphila ovuthiwe ngasinda izingane ezimbili kuphela, okuthiwa njengoba abazali, noJakobe, no-Margaret.

unkosikazi wesibili kwaba Enn Makgregor e 1777. izingane zabo ndawonye okuthiwa UGregory uJanet.

Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo

Watt okunikelwe ingasetshenziswa njengendlela iyunithi amandla ngokuthi "amandla ihhashi". Nokho, ngo-1882 ngesikhathi isinyathelo we British Association of Engineers kwanqunywa ukuba nika iyunithi amandla egameni umsunguli. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ndlela wasebenzisa Watts. Kwaba njalo okokuqala emlandweni ubuchwepheshe.