Spacesuits osomkhathi: kudivayisi sabelo. Suit lokuqala

osomkhathi Spacesuits - akusiwona nje ezigqokisa ohambweni emzileni. Eyokuqala yalezi uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho kuze kube indiza emkhathini kwaba cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Nokho, ososayensi waqaphela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa isikhala ezidalweni ezingaphandle komhlaba, imigomo yayo ayifani yethu evamile, ngenakugwemeka. Yingakho ohambweni esizayo wakhuphuka ngubo-astronaut, elikwaziyo ukuvikela umuntu kusuka isimo esibulalayo ngaye.

Umqondo spacesuit

Uyini nemishini ukuya emkhathini? Spacesuit - kuyinto hlobo of mangaliso ubuchwepheshe. Kuyinto miniature isikhala esiteshini ukuzandisa ukuma komzimba womuntu.

I spacesuit zanamuhla anemisila iyonke astronaut ukuphila uhlelo ukwesekwa. Kodwa naphezu yinkimbinkimbi kudivayisi, konke kuba icwecwe futhi sizikhandle eliqhele.

Umlando sokudalwa

Igama elithi "Isudi" elisuka French. Faka umqondo ehlongozwayo 1775 Abbot sezibalo Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. Yiqiniso, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ka-flying emkhathini, akekho ngisho ngiphuphe. Igama elithi "Isudi", elisho YesiGreki "isikebhe-abantu", kwanqunywa ukuba zisebenze imishini diving.

Njengoba sekunama-yobudala isikhala lo mqondo lalisetshenziswa isiRashiya. lapha kuphela usezuze kunencazelo ukuhluka. Le ndoda yaqala ukukhuphuka ziqhubeka zithuthuka. Kule ndaba kwakukhona isidingo imishini ekhethekile. Ngakho, endaweni engamamitha amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa ke efudumele izingubo kanye nowe-oxygen buso. Amabanga ku kumamitha angu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngenxa yokwehla ingcindezi adinga gumbi Umfutho nesambatho uhlawula. Uma kungenjalo, uma depressurization umshayeli ukukhanya ziyokhawuka athole umoya-mpilo. Nokho, uma uya esingaphezudlwana kwalesi? Kulokhu, uzodinga isudi emkhathini. Kumelwe sivumelane Friend kakhulu. Lapho ukucindezela yangaphakathi e suit (amaphesenti ngokujwayelekile phakathi 40 asemkhathini) uyosindisa izimpilo umshayeli.

Esikhathini 1920, ezihlokweni eziningi we physiologist IsiZulu Dzhona Holdena. Kuzo umbhali wacelwa ukuba usebenzise amasudi yezingubo ukuvikela impilo kanye nokuphila balloonists. Waze wazama liqalise imibono yabo. Wakha suit anjalo futhi lwahlolwa ke egumbini ingcindezi, lapho itholakele ingcindezi elihambisana engamamitha 25,6 km. Nokho, ukwakhiwa Balloons ukuthi ongasukuma phakathi Stratosphere - hhayi injabulo ezishibhile. Futhi balloonist American Mark Ridge, kwakusetshenziswa indlela yokugqoka ehlukile lapho, kusho, ngeshwa, akuyona eziqoqiwe. Yingakho suit Holden practice engakaze ihlolwe.

Kutfutfukiswa ososayensi Soviet

Ezweni lethu sasisempini unjiniyela spacesuit evgeniy Chertovsky, owayeyilungu Institute of Aviation Medicine. Iminyaka eziyisishiyagalolunye, kusukela ngo-1931 kuya 1940, wahlakulela 7 amamodeli we imishini uphawu. unjiniyela Soviet wokuqala emhlabeni isinqumo inkinga ukuhamba. Iqiniso ukuthi kubangele ukuphakama spacesuit ezithile ballooned. Ngemva kwalokho, umshayeli waphoqeleka ukuba imizamo nakakhulu nje ukugoba umlenze noma ingalo. Yingakho imodeli B-2 lwenzelwe wobunjiniyela ne kokuhlanganisayo.

Ngo-1936, inguqulo entsha imishini isikhala. Kuyinto imodeli B-3, equkethe cishe yonke imininingwane ekhona amasudi yesimanje ezisebenzisa Cosmonauts Russian. Hlola lolu khetho, imishini ekhethekile senzeka 19.05.1937 In webhomu esindayo TB-3 wawuyisikhungo imoto.

Kusukela 1936, osomkhathi isikhala amasudi ezakhiwa futhi onjiniyela abasebasha ziye eCentral hydrodynamic Institute. Ngalokhu bona ephefumulelwe kwesizini-sci-fi-movie "Isikhala Voyage", wadala ngokubambisana Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Suit lokuqala ne Inkomba SK-UP-1 onjiniyela abasebasha baklame, ekhiqizwa futhi lwahlolwa ngo-1937 nje umbono ngisho sangaphandle lokhu imishini ekhombisa endaweni yayo ezisemkhathini. Ngo imodeli lokuqala ehlanganisa izingxenye engezansi bese engenhla ibhande enikeziwe isixhumi. Nikeza eside emalungeni ukuhamba ehlombe. Lokhu jacket isudi wenziwe ezimbili-ungqimba Indwangu rubberized.

Esinye khona ezahlukene uhlelo samuntu suit ukuvuselelwa ezizimele, eyenzelwe 6 amahora wokusebenza okuqhubekayo. SK-IZINYATHELO-8 - Ngo-1940, zinyanga spacesuit pre-impi Soviet yadalwa. Ukuhlola imishini babeqhuba fighter-153.

Ukudalwa production ekhethekile

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, isinyathelo ukuklama isikhala amasudi abamba Flight Research Institute. Ochwepheshe kwalo umsebenzi izingubo ukuklama, eyenzelwe abashayeli bezindiza izindiza, ukuze anqobe isivinini entsha futhi engamamitha. Nokho, i-ekukhiqizweni isikhungo esisodwa ke kwakungenele. Yingakho, ngo-Okthoba 1952, unjiniyela Aleksandrom Boyko umnyango ekhethekile yadalwa. Wayekhona Tomilino suburban, inombolo isitshalo 918. Namuhla, lesi sitshalo ibizwa NPP "Zvezda". On ke ngesikhathi suit Gagarin yadalwa.

Flying emkhathini

Ngo-1950 ngasekupheleni, inkathi entsha yentuthuko isikhala ezisemkhathini. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho iSoviet design onjiniyela waqala aklame "Vostok" - isikhala imoto yokuqala. Nokho, waqale kuhlelwe ukuthi isikhala evumelana osomkhathi ngeke kube nesidingo salokhu rocket. Umshayeli kwakufanele abe esitsheni akhethekile moya, okuyinto ukuba sahlukane ukufika we capsule ekwehleleni. Nokho, leli qhinga wazibonakalisa nzima kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wafuna izinto ngenkani eside ukuhlolwa ukuziphatha. Yingakho ilungiselelo sangaphakathi "East" ngo-August 1960, iye kabusha.

Sergei Korolev Bureau ochwepheshe zishintshile isitsha esihlalweni ejection. Kule ndaba, osomkhathi esizayo ayedinga isivikelo uma kwenzeka depressurization. Futhi kwaba suit. Nokho, isikhathi docking yayo ne izinhlelo izindiza siswele. Kule ndaba, konke kwakudingekile ukuba ukondliwa umshayeli, ibekwe ngqo kwesitulo.

I spacesuits lokuqala osomkhathi nabizelwa SC-1. isizinda engamamitha yabo isudi, "eVorkuta" ikhishiwe, eyenzelwe fighter-Interceptor Su-9 pilot. Qedela nokwakha kabusha owabeka nangesigqoko kuphela. Yaqala indlela elawula inzwa. Uma umfutho suit ngokushesha slams visor okusobala.

Izinsiza kusebenza for osomkhathi senziwa amazinga ngabanye. Ukuze ngendiza yokuqala ke yadalelwa labo ababonisa ezingeni engcono ukuqeqeshwa. Lokhu trio abaholi, ezazihlanganisa Yuri Gagarin, isiJalimane titov futhi UGrigory Nelyubov.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, zezinkanyezi lapho isikhala kamuva wavakashela isudi. Omunye nezingubo ezikhethekile SC-1 brand ithunyelwe ku-orbit ngesikhathi test ukuqalisa ezimbili unmanned we "Vostok" mkhathi, aphethwe ngo-March 1961 Ngaphezu strays zokuhlola ebhodini kwaba udoli "Ivan Ivanovich", egqoke isudu. Ngo isifuba le ndoda yokufakelwa efakwe yezinyoni ne Guinea izingulube amagundane. Futhi ukuze kokufika ofakazi ngezikhathi ezithile bengalamukeli "Ivan Ivanovich" ngokuba alien, ithebhulethi yafakwa ngaphansi visor ka isudi yakhe okudweba nombhalo othi "Isakhiwo".

Amasudi SC-1 esetshenziselwa ezinhlanu indiza bavimba we "Vostok". Nokho, izazi zezinkanyezi besifazane kungenzeka ezindiza kubo. Kubo, SC-2 imodeli yadalwa. Waqale yathola ukusetshenziswa yayo ngesikhathi indiza ye "Vostok-6". Thina ekhiqizwa suit, ikhumbula izici of isakhiwo umzimba female, ngoba uValentina Tereshkova.

Development of ongoti American

Ekwetfuleni luhlelo "Mercury" US Abaklami ukhethe onjiniyela Soviet, okwenza iziphakamiso zabo. Ngakho, owokuqala American isikhala isudi ku-akhawunti iqiniso lokuthi zezinkanyezi lapho isikhala esikhathini esizayo kuyoba isikhathi eside ku-orbit.

Umklami Rassel Kolli wenze ekhethekile imvunulo Navy uMarku, ayekuhlosile le izindiza abashayeli zezindiza asolwandle. Ngokungafani nezinye onobuhle, lokhu suit kwaba nezimo futhi waba nesisindo iphansana. Ukuze usebenzise le ndlela ezinhlelweni isikhala design siye sashintsha izikhathi eziningana ukuthi ngokuyinhloko abathintekayo idivayisi nesigqoko sokuzivikela.

Amasudi baseMelika zikufakazela ukwethembeka. Kuphela kanye, lapho capsule "Mercury-4" ukushayela futhi zaqala ukucwila, suit cishe zonakale astronaut Virgil Grissona. Umshayeli ngokulambisa ephethwe ukuphuma, ngakho esingakanani ayikwazanga inqanyuliwe ugibelile izimiso ezisekela ukuphila.

Dala amasudi azimele wodwa

Ngenxa ngesivinini ukuthuthukiswa isikhala okudingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe zokubhukuda ekhethekile entsha. Phela, amamodeli okuqala ayengelona wokutakula kuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi basuke exhunywe ohlelweni yini nokusekela ukuphila kwakhe mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo, zezinkanyezi lapho isikhala igiya ezinjalo wayengakwazi ukuya. Ukuze uphume open space ezisemkhathini kwakudingekile ukuba kwakhiwe akancike isikhala isudi. Lezi ukwenza nabaqambi eU.SSR USA.

BaseMelika ngaphansi kohlelo lwayo isikhala "Gemini" ukudala izinguqulo ezintsha amasudi G3C, G4C, futhi g5c. Umyalo wesibili kubo besihloselwe spacewalks. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke spacesuits base exhunywe kwi-ugibelile esisekela ukuphila uhlelo, iyunithi akancike lafakwa kubo. Uma kudingeka, kungaba izinsiza ngempela ngokwanele ukuba ukusekela ukuphila astronaut ngaphakathi isigamu sehora.

Suit G4C 03.06.1965 wakhululwa ngo evulekile American Edvard Uayt. Nokho, yayingathandi iphayona. Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbili nesigamu ngaphambi kokuba eduze umkhumbi wahamba emkhathini Alexei Leonov. Ngenxa yalesi indiza mlando, onjiniyela Soviet wazakhela yezembatho "Berkut". It babengafani NC-1 ebukhoneni containment yesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, suit kwadingeka Zaplechny ubhaka, zinemishini yomoya-mpilo amasilinda, e kwesigqoko salo esishunyekiwe zokuhlunga.

Ngesikhathi evulekile umuntu ixhunywe imitha nesikhombisa isikebhe intambo, njengengxenye eyayintula kudivayisi Damping, izintambo zikagesi, steel wire futhi hose for eziphuthumayo umoya-mpilo umncane. phandle sezomlando e isikhala ezisemkhathini senzeka 18.03.1965, u-Alexei Leonov kwaba ngaphandle mkhathi imizuzu 23. 41 sec.

Amasudi ngoba kwehlwaywe of the Moon

Ngemva ukuthuthukiswa orbit indoda eMhlabeni baphuthuma phambili. Futhi injongo yakhe yokuqala kwaba ukuqhuba ohambweni enyangeni. Kodwa lokhu kudingeka ekhethekile ezizimele isikhala amasudi, obekungadala ngaphandle umkhumbi amahora ambalwa. Bakhandwa adalwe amaMelika phakathi "Apollo" ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo. Lezi amasudi ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikela osomkhathi kusuka okweqile elanga futhi kusukela micrometeorites. Le nguqulo yokuqala athuthukile spacesuits kwenyanga ngokuthi A5L. Nokho, kamuva liye ngcono. Izinguqulo elisha A6L enikeziwe ukushisa ukwahlukanisa jacket. Inguqulo A7L kwaba samuntu engangenwa umlilo.

spacesuits Lunar kuyinto zokubhukuda ebalulekile multi-egqinsiwe, kwadingeka emalungeni nezimo akhiwe ngerabha. Cuffs kanye collar kukhona metal izindandatho lokunamathiselwe uphawu amagilavu kanye nesigqoko sokuzivikela. amasudi buttoned usebenzisa uziphu mpo ithungwe kusukela imbilapho kufinyelele entanyeni.

BaseMelika setha unyawo Moon 21.07.1969, le Ngalesi indiza, wathola ukusetshenziswa amasudi A7L.

Siya nenyanga Cosmonauts Soviet. Ngenxa yalesi elizimisele ukwakha spacesuits "Merlin." Kwaba inguqulo semi elukhuni suit, njengoba ayephethe umnyango ekhethekile emuva. I-astronaut Kwakudingeka ngidonse kuwo, egqoke kanjalo igiya. I uvale umnyango kusuka ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yale njongo iye wanikeza isigwedlo ohlangothini cebo eziyinkimbinkimbi sezindophi. Ngaphakathi suit kwaba, futhi isimiso esisekela ukuphila. Ngeshwa, ukuvakasha the Moon yi Cosmonauts amaSoviet nasemakamu kuhlulekile. Kodwa yakhelwe ukuze ivumelane izindiza enjalo kamuva asetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa kweminye imihlobo.

Isisetshenziswa ngoba imikhumbi entsha

kwethulwa "Soyuz" Kusukela ngo-1967, iSoviet Union. Lawa kwakungamadodana izimoto eyenzelwe ukudalwa iziteshi esemkhathini. Isikhathi Kuchithwe kubo osomkhathi njalo anda.

"Union" senziwa suit "The Hawk" I-flying emikhunjini. umehluko yayo kusukela "Berkut" esenzeka design ukuphila uhlelo ukwesekwa. Ngosizo lwawo nokusakazwa ukuxubana ukuphefumula oyenze ngaphakathi isudi. Lapha, it is bahlanza contaminants ne-carbon dioxide futhi ke selehlile.

I wokutakula suit "Sokol-K" lalisetshenziselwa ngesikhathi indiza ka "Soyuz-12" ngo-September 1973 onobuhle Okuningi eziphambili izingubo ezivikelayo uthenge ngisho abamele yokuthengisa e China. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma ugijima mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo "Shanchzhou" osomkhathi kuwo babegqoke igiya, ke kakhulu okusikhumbuza isampuli Russian.

Ukuze spacewalk Abaklami Soviet ngikudalile isudi emkhathini "Orlan". Kuyinto igiya ezimele semi eqinile afana "gyrfalcon" enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Beka liphinde iza ngomnyango emhlane. Kodwa, ngokungafani "Krechet", "ukhozi" kwaba jikelele. imikhono yakhe futhi ngikhefuzele imilenze kushintshwe kalula ukuze ukuphakama edingekayo.

I spacesuits "Orlan" is flying hhayi Cosmonauts Russian kuphela. Ukulandela imodeli imishini amaShayina wenzé "Feitian" yabo. Kuzo, baphuma baya le evulekile.

Amasudi ngekusasa

Kuze kube manje, i-NASA ethuthuka uhlelo olusha isikhala. Lezi zihlanganisa izindiza eziya asteroyidi, inyanga, kanye uhambo-Mars. Yingakho ukuthuthukiswa baqhubeka zokuguqulwa entsha ukuze amasudi, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kuyodingeka ukuxhuma zonke izimfanelo ezinhle amasudi ukusebenza kanye nemishini wokutakula. Kulokho okufana uzoyeka onjiniyela, ke ayikaziwa.

Mhlawumbe kuyoba ezinzima zempi kanzima evikela umuntu wonke amathonya zangaphandle negative, mhlawumbe, ubuchwepheshe yesimanje uvumele ukwakha igobolondo jikelele, ubuhle ukuthi uzobe baziswa osomkhathi zesifazane esizayo.