A. V Schusev, wezakhiwo: Biography, amaphrojekthi, usebenza, isithombe usebenza, umndeni

Academician we-Academy of Sciences zase-USSR, kane owawina lo Stalin Prize u-Aleksey Viktorovich Schusev - wezakhiwo futhi umdali omkhulu, i theoretician kakhulu hhayi kancane wezakhiwo emangalisayo, ukuthi imisebenzi kabani ukuziqhenya yezwe, kuyoba iqhawe kwalesi sihloko. Lapha kuxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe umsebenzi wakhe futhi kuyindlela yokuphila.

Architecture njengoba inqubo zokuphila

Shchusev, wezakhiwo, nakuba kuze kube sekugcineni Soviet umzimba kumaseli, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba besho, umakhi kaNkulunkulu. Yena njalo wakhuthaza nozakwethu bonke ikhono lakhe lokusungula, izimiso kwezobuciko ukuthi njalo unqobe nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu imiklamo boldest, njengoba bebizwa kakhulu lihlotshaniswa ukuphila kuzo zonke zako, futhi ukuphila akakubekezeleli okungalungile. "Alikho ifomu eqandisiwe, futhi izakhiwo kuyinto engcono ukwazi ukuqinisekisa lokhu," - wathi Shchusev. Ukuhlela ukwakheka kulo wahlala ngifuna, njalo sizama amasha akhula njalo kuze umphumela singaneliswa, sokuthola ukwaneliseka kuphela ulwazi. Kusukela Vitruvius, wezakhiwo ngamunye efuna ukwakha umbono wakhe siqu ubuciko, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, baye zanqwabelana eziningi ezinkulu - the ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi categorical, kanye nokubika komhlaba kobubanzi izikhundla zabo ezihlukahlukene yemigomo ukuthi achazele ukuqondisa noma nokukhawulela uqobo lokusungula yezakhiwo.

Lapha ngesisekelo zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono, wathola abakhi ovelele, futhi kwakheka zokudala nezikole. Ngokungafani ambitious xaxa nozakwethu Shchusev (wezakhiwo odumile kakhulu), umsunguli noma yini okwenzeka ukuba akazange afune, akazange abeke phambili, akazange adale izikole mbono. Lokhu kwenziwa abalandeli bakhe, ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela ukuthi sisho ukuthini ngempela emlandweni kokubili Russian futhi izakhiwo Soviet, esasibonisa ukuthi izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo adalwe ngayo. Yiqiniso, wakhuluma futhi babecabanga, ngoba ukuqonda kwakhe izakhiwo, ukunambitheka kanye ithalente abanesifiso abantu abaningi. Lezi izitatimende ume ngempela belingana ne yocwaningo olunzulu ukuthi amanye amakhosi esakhiwe emahhovisi ethule iminyaka leminyenti. Manje, ngo-ezazifunwa ezinqolobaneni kanye izinkumbulo zonke indlela okuyigugu ulwazi brilliant, okuyinto kanye ngephutha lawisa Aleksey Schusev, umklami.

Mausoleum

Imisebenzi yakhe igcwele kokubili lula futhi ukuhlakanipha, nokwazi ngokuphelele egcwele okumsulwa izikebhe ohlangothini izakhiwo ezinkulu. Bona - okuhlangenwe nakho ekuphileni, ingqondo, umuzwa, futhi utshalomali olukhulu imizwa ngeso lomuntu. Yilokhu wamvumela ukuba ngaso sonke isikhathi agcwalisa nenzalo yabo eyinhloko umqondo emphakathini. Ukusebenzisa ekhona, ngisho ukuma ezibonakala rashozhie, wezakhiwo Schusev A. V ngokuqiniseka udale indlela ngezifiso ngokuphelele. Ingabe-ke isitayela kazwelonke zomlando, classic noma yesimanje, sasiwumsebenzi hhayi abstract izibalo okunengqondo, nobunye kwezobuciko, umuzwa soldered futhi ngenxa yobuhle izakhiwo kanye ebaziwe, futhi imidwebo. Yilokho omunye emangalisayo eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe - the V I. Lenina Mausoleum eMoscow ngo-Red Square, wadala e 1926-1930, ngokulandelana. Wagibela ivolumu pyramidal, amaqembu izinsika elingunxande, athwala ipuleti ngaphezulu - konke lokhu bokwakha alulusha.

Nokho Mausoleum ngomlingo atholwe amandla, okwakhe, izici ezintsha, imiva elihlukile zonke ingxenye, futhi okubaluleke - the connectedness ngokuphelele ukuqashwa salesi sibhedlela, Fusion ku Ensemble nezinye izakhi ezakhiwo ndawo. Konke lokhu futhi wenze lesi sakhiwo uphawu oyinhloko ngesikhathi sako. Zonke wanquma Ingxenye. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Schusev AV esibaliwe ukuphakama kanye ukushuba amapuleti ke okwandisa ke ukusika ukuthi ulilela ifomu ovundlile mpo, egcwele amandla, kanye Ukuvalwa edabukisayo egumbini elingaphansi futhi compactness - abhekene necala sarcophagus ngokuzumayo ezihambelayo izitebhisi futhi platform isikhala, lapho kugujwa kwemalanga inkululeko , umoya nokukhanya. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi ukutholakala obubabazekayo elihlakaniphile funereal we Mausoleum uguqulwe ube nenjabulo zemikhosi futhi ngokuwina imiboniso. Ngalesi sikhathi, agcinwe kule ezibiyele emsebenzini wokulungisa nokwakha kabusha, ngakho Mausoleum yavalwa mbukiso zokugcina. Abantu baye isizungu futhi wabhala eziningi ngakho ku-intanethi. Ngempela, lesi sakhiwo wayebona lonke wezakhiwo Shchusev, ukuthi imisebenzi kabani okuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu ongokomoya, eziyinkimbinkimbi imibono ezinkulu kwezenhlalo.

biography

Okthoba revolution Shchusev wahlangana, ngenkathi academician, umakhi neyaziwayo nge umkhuba engu-nanhlanu. Ngo-1910, liye ahlonishwe imiphumela ithatha okuhle lapho izindlela zokuqala iningi ithempeli lizovuselelwa kwekhulu weshumi nambili e Ovruch (naseVolyn). Futhi wazalwa ngo-1873, e Chisinau, ingane yesithathu emndenini oswele we olusemthethweni umhlalaphansi. Ikhono ukudweba uvele ekuqaleni kakhulu, bese udonsa umfana esuka kulo msebenzi kwaba nzima. Kusukela ngineminyaka engu-nanye waqala ukutadisha nge L. N. benua, e workshop lapho wonke zithola ukuqeqeshwa olunzulu. Ngokulinganiswa abeluleki wezakhiwo esizayo Shchusev, umsebenzi wabo bayahlonishwa efaneleyo high, waba nenhlanhla emangalisayo.

Izimiso zabuna Russian futhi iNational Heritage, isibonelo, wafundisa UProfesa Kotov, ogama credo kwaba ukuthi akuvumelekile zifa ukukopisha izikhumbuzo zomlando, kubalulekile ukuba adalule kuvisisa yesimanje endala isiRashiya, futhi mbumbulu Russian isitayela - squalor. A okuvelayo phezu nsizwa yenza izakhiwo Asian Central yasendulo, ikakhulukazi Samarkand, lapho sifisa wezakhiwo Schusev Aleksey Viktorovich ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngokucophelela izilinganiso esikhumbuzo egqamile Bibi Khanum, futhi eGuri Emir. Kuye nendima enkulu emsebenzini wakhe kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, Kazansky sesitimela wezakhiwo Shchusev yakhelwe, osekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo Asian.

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Shchusev Academy futhi waphothula ngo-1897, ngemva kokwamukela iphrojekthi idiploma kuyinto amaphuzu aphezulu ne big indondo yegolide kanye uhambo phesheya ibhizinisi. Kwakuyisikhathi "Manor" owamsiza ukuchitha iminyaka ethi ayibe mibili ekuhloleni izakhiwo Vienna, Trieste, Venice nakwamanye amadolobha yeBelgium, e-Italy, Tunisia, eFrance naseNgilandi. Nobe ngabe ngukuphi lapho benza eziningi imidwebo, zazo umbiko mbukiso iyawakha. I. E. Repin owayejwayelene le misebenzi, wajabula. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe ekhaya, futhi ngemva ukuhanjiswa umbiko Alexey Shchusev, wezakhiwo kodwa ngaphandle isipiliyoni, ngake umyalo ezithakazelisayo. Kwakuwusuku iconostasis e Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Assumption Cathedral okuyiwona-ke kwakudingekile ukuba aklame kusuka ekuqaleni. Shchusev Talented abhekana ngayo lo msebenzi, futhi kwakubonakala sengathi umsebenzi wakhe manje selihlotshaniswa unomphela nge izindawo zokukhulekela.

Ngo-June 1904 esiGungwini wamyala umsebenzi wemfanelo nzima, wathunyelwa Ovruch, lapho wonke ebusika aklame ithempeli ku emanxiweni lesikhumbuzo kwekhulu weshumi nambili. Umphumela waba enhle esontweni emihlanu oluyingungu ngokuphelele isiko classical isiRashiya, kodwa zonke izinto ezisele afakwe umongo organically ukuze kwaleli sonto kwabonakala iyonke. Iphrojekthi ngalibona njengomunye wezinye izenzakalo amahle kakhulu izakhiwo zesimanje. Cindezela waqala ukukhuluma ngalokho Shchusev eyakhelwe isitayela esisha neo-Russian. Weza udumo, kodwa umakhi Shchusev, ogama biography ugcwele phama kwabe, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe aphathwe ngayo ngomoya ophansi nodumo bamane awuboni.

"UMarta"

Ngo-1907, Shchusev lwenzelwe Marfo-Mariinsky Sezindela (umphakathi), zonke izakhiwo zalo. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna zazidayisa izinto zokuhloba zabo ukuze abonise isikhungo sokusiza abantulayo, okwakuyinto Isigodlo, kodwa izindela,-Sisters of Mercy futhi izithembiso ukuthi kukhona Kwakufana Izigodlo. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka engu-babekwazi ukuphuma lapho ngaphandle ingxabano ebandleni, ukuze baqale umndeni futhi siphile abantu njengoba abavamile.

Yini ephefumulelwe lapho ukuklama ngesisa engavamile eMoscow yakhe "Marta", kakade wezakhiwo odumile Shchusev? Veliky Novgorod ugqozi lakhe, Pskov izikhumbuzo - ukuthi lokhu komkhathi olukhulu odongeni ngokuvumelana amavolumu ahlobene. Kuyinto obonakala khulu uma uqhathanisa. Usayizi enkulu izakhiwo sezindela bheka ethokomele futhi Homely. uhlelo sethempeli kufana ukusonta omkhulu ubudala ivuliwe kuya entshonalanga nesilevu indlebe, zonke amacembe ezintathu zibheke empumalanga. Ngenxa lezi Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba ongaphambili omise kwakha umuzwa induduzo, ngoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ecashele amehlo, futhi isigubhu okusezingeni eliphezulu, isipikili nge endaweni ezicijile we Dome uqeda kwengoma.

Chisinau

On Kerch Street (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo - Char Valley) umuzana okuhlala kuwo i-ezimbili storey indlu yokuqala umakhi Yakhiwa Shchusev - akunika Mihaila Karchevskogo, ofunda naye ekilasini lakhe, bese - Dragoeva endlini ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo Pushkin futhi Forge (manje Bernardazzi). Futhi ngo-1912 yayakhiwe esontweni edolobhaneni Kuchureshty. Konke zaklama futhi zakha izindawo umakhi Shchusev, ubu-Orthodox ngempela othintekayo - ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane, nale awasebenzi kuphela izindawo zokukhulekela. Esikhathini eside kamuva, Shchusev wabelwa isikimu jikelele kabusha Chisinau agugile ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Lapho esemusha ekuseni, ngemva nje ezivikela okhazimulayo idiploma yakhe iphrojekthi, ngachitha izinyanga ezimbalwa lapha Shchusev - wezakhiwo, ogama umndeni ezithanda okunamathiselwe esaphila kulo muzi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa injabulo: yayingekhona nje yakhelwe indlu nengane efunda nayo esikoleni, kodwa futhi washada udadewabo - Mary Vikentievna Karchevsky.

Lapho, ngo-esigodini Char e Chisinau Emaphethelweni, waqala ukuphila komuntu umakhi Shchusev, owayebizwa ngokuphepha uvikelekile ezintweni prying zonke iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe. Yebo, futhi manje uthole idatha encwadini yomlando wakhe, hhayi ezihlobene ubungcweti, cishe kungenakwenzeka. Isikhumbuzo ukuze Lenin umsebenzi wakhe waba adiliza ngo-1991. Wabuye yakhelwe futhi ibhuloho elisha phezu komfula BIC, kuyilapho wayengumhlali acebile kakhulu, futhi ngenkuthalo wazisa wezakhiwo nozakwethu ukuthuthukiswa amaphrojekthi wokwakha kabusha kwezakhiwo batshabalalisa isethi - esiteshini sesitimela, izitolo, presences nezinye izakhiwo. Chisinau ihlonipha inkumbulo Countryman odumo: emgwaqweni okuthiwa emva kwakhe, endlini lapho wazalwa futhi ngakhulela-museum izimpahla zakhe, amadokhumenti, izithombe.

Fashion ku Shchusev

Ngokushesha ngemva kokudalwa kuka Ovruch nenkazimulo yale Isigodlo Marfino amaphrojekthi wamlandela umakhi on the izithende. ukuzingela Rich ngaye kuleli themba ukwakha noma yini ezweni labo, kodwa nemfashini schusevskogo isitayela. Nokho, kwathatha isikhathi amaphrojekthi mnandi. Ngo-1913, wayekulungele imidwebo eyakhelwe Shchusev inkundla Art Exhibition Venice, okwakhiwa kwalo ngokuhunyushwa izakhiwo kazwelonke kwekhulu nesikhombisa. Futhi lihambisana enhle Italian ebabazekayo landscape. Khona-ke San Remo ngu umakhi eyakhelwe sesonto lobu-Orthodox, ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe itshe, ama-tile, nombhoshongo insimbi enophahla hipped. LikaKristu UMsindisi Cathedral eSan Remo, lapho ngokuphelele ahlotshiswe isitayela isonto Russian kwekhulu nesikhombisa.

Kodwa esiteshini Kazan abanesifiso kuye hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nokho, zonke athunyelwe emncintiswaneni kwahluka abaklami cishe eyayivela hhayi eziphefumulelwe, nezinye abavelele abaye babhekana nazo, hhayi kuphela Shchusev imfashini, wezakhiwo kabani imiklamo babe yokuqala, onekhono, kodwa bembalwa kangaka kude. Noma kunjalo, likhethiwe indaba emfushane ka ikusasa esiteshini Kazan, ngoba ibhodi uyazethemba ukuthi ziyokwenza kube akwazi ukuvusa isithakazelo esangweni empumalanga eMoscow hhayi kudala asithandayo Samarkand Shchusev. IBhodi kwakungelona iphutha.

Kazan Isiteshi sesitimela

Moscow Amasango kuya eMpumalanga - omunye kakhulu efanele ubukele isixazululo umklami umsebenzi onzima. Ngisho elilungile lwemibala etholakele. Futhi lokho isixazululo brilliant for ubuqotho Ensemble eqinisweni yayo luyingxenye womhlaba! Ngo-October 1911, Shchusev sivunyiwe njengoba nomklami oyinhloko lesi sakhiwo, okuyinto lufakwa isamba fabulous - izigidi ezintathu igolide ruble wasebukhosini. Yekuchumana yephrojekthi abangu ufundwa nombhali iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili - lokhu kuye hhayi okwenzekile okwamanje. Usesho kwakubuhlungu - lokhu "umgodi" hhayi ugcwalise kunoma iyiphi indawo Kalanchovskoy kuze Shchusev hhayi yashayiswa umqondo ezinkulu: Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ibekwe endaweni ephansi.

Bese kudlalwa ubunye Ensemble zezakhiwo eziningi, ukufunda shazi lula. Umbhoshongo wakhonza njengephayona evelele Okuyınqo, eqoqa konke amamitha izindawo ezingamakhulu amabili ngaphansi sephiko lalo. Impumelelo yalo mklamo khona alinganayo-ukuze adale ke. Umagazini "ukwakheka", ngiyibeke phezu Amakhasi, ngase ubuthaphuthaphu. Siyakuhalalisela wathela imvula. Futhi ngempela ubude okunjalo enkulu esiteshini akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa bezibona ephelele isakhiwo sonke, ngoba ngokukhethekile wesimethri eliphukile, futhi abadududu esiqhingini umbhoshongo kusiza ukuvula zonke inhlanganisela ezintsha kusuka kuphi endaweni. Kuze kube manje, abakhi akusebenzanga ngokukhululekile ngakho lokuxhaphaza ukukhanya nethunzi lapho ilanga akuyona kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuvuselela amaphethini ifu itshe.

Indalo enhlobonhlobo nokuzivumelanisa kwayo inkululeko wesitayela

Kusukela Kazan Station Shchusev benza ngokuphelele ababezibheka, sasiwumsebenzi, ukwakhiwa komuzi, kodwa hhayi ngendlela evamile - kancane ahlanganiswe ezimbonini noma kancane lula wokwakha isigodlo. Imisebenzi izakhiwo esiteshini kukhona heterogeneous kakhulu, futhi lalifuna yokuthi yakhelwe the brilliant Shchusev, umklami. Umsebenzi, izithombe zazo ethulwa lapha ngobuningi, ne okufanayo ezibanzi, ozethembayo khulula isitayela incazelo (okungenani e ezinkulu, ngisho amafomu ezincane) ukukhombisa indlela Shchusev wezakhiwo hhayi kuphela enezici, kodwa kuzo zonke izindlela eziphumelelayo of njalo futhi uyaligcina ngokwabo, imibono yabo. Lesi sakhiwo sibhedlela Matsesta, futhi Moskvoretsky Bridge, kanye Ministry of Agriculture, futhi-Opera Theatre e Tashkent, futhi esiteshini "kuyi-Komsomolskaya" - indandatho umasipala eMoscow. Vele resourcefully futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuqinile okukakhenoni eyinkimbinkimbi izokwakhiwa zezakhiwo we-Academy of Sciences of the USSR - a eqenjini lomculo ejwayelekile Russian ehlanganisa izakhiwo zomculo ezihlukahlukene. Shchusev futhi wahola ithimba abaklami ngubani sihlehlise eMoscow.

Kuyinto ba, futhi Shchusev ngokukhethekile kufanele eletha ukubonga kwabo abashayeli kancane ezihambayo sezimoto. Ngoba uma benza cha, ukuhamba ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale njengoba enjalo. isakhiwo edolobheni usumisiwe, nezindawo zokuhamba cishe awuzange enikeziwe ikuphi, ikakhulukazi ubuningi lanamuhla. Abadwebi bamapulani benze ezinwetshiwe yonke imigqa, ikakhulukazi wathinta Leningradsky Prospekt, imizila iboshelwe osabalalayo indandatho imigqa ebhekisela izitimela. Kufanele kuqashelwe, okwenzeka ngokushesha nje ngemva Revolution futhi kulwiwa - ngo-1919. Ikhomishini ubamukela okusalungiswa uhlambalaze abaklami ephahlwe okungalungile ezinjalo ezibanzi ezitaladini, kodwa Shchusev banxenxa amalungu kahulumeni.

ngaphezu kwalokho

Ngo-1922, njengoba nomklami oyinhloko Shchusev ngabelwa semibukiso, labavulekela ngo-August 1923. Khona-ke yakhiwa ensimini ka Gorky Park. Shchusev lavuselelwa ukwakha isitshalo mechanical ngaphansi inkundla of cottage izimboni, waqhuba cishe yonke ukwakhiwa, futhi lokhu anamakhulu mahlanu izakhiwo. Ngo-1924, kakade umakhi ehola yezwe wahlanganyela ukudalwa iphrojekthi ye Lenin wezindawo zezidumbu. Engxenyeni yesibili ye eko eziningi amaphepha Shchusev zaklama futhi zakha izindawo e isitayela Constructivism: egatsheni Tbilisi walesi sikhungo leKomiti Central, State Bank at Neglinnaya futhi Okhotny Ryad, uLenin Library, sibhedlela Matsesta, nokuningi.

Ikesi ekhethekile - hhayi isakhiwo Kwasetshenziswa ku Tverskaya Central Telegraph Office, lapho ephendula bemangalelwa abanothando umuntu onamandla kangaka ngokuba constructivism Shchusev wafakazela ukuthi constructivism unelungelo ukuphila, uma usigcwalisa ingokomoya Dynamics zako nesigci ukusiza kuphela qinisa isisekelo isiko elingokomoya, okuyilona Kusekelwe izakhiwo njengoba enjalo. Ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-isakhiwo yocingo is ngokucacile kuyofikwa hhayi kuphela uxhumano kwezinkathi, kodwa abanye - ukuxhumana uhlelo international, okuyinto, isimiso, kuhloswe - ukuxhuma amazwe amazwekazi. Granite mpo ingilazi ibhande. Inala igumbi. Monumentality. Beautiful, mesmerizing. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iyona wokwakha ncamashi isofthiwe, kwezomnotho, enomqondo. Kwaba ezintsha kakhulu isikhathi. Ngubani kungaba lula ukwakha futhi kungaba ilungelo.

Ngiyajabula okungenani ukuthi ihhotela emangalisayo "Moscow" Yakhiwa, Embassy Soviet eRomania inani elikhulu nezinye izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Alexey Shchusev wahola umsebenzi asebenzayo yokufundisa cishe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila - ngo-1949, wabhala amaphepha engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngokwesayensi.