Nokucwengwa esiliva: ekhaya

Okwamanje, izindlela eziningi aziwayo yokuhlanza metal, esebenzayo kokubili laboratory kanye ekhaya. Enye indlela sinjalo yokucwenga, kuze kube muva nje isetshenziswa ngesikhathi amabhizinisi ezikhethekile ubuchwepheshe enelungelo lobunikazi.

Kuyini yokucwenga

Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi "yokucwenga" kusho ukuthola metal of msulwa eliphezulu ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge nezinqubo ukuze akhiphe amanyela. Le nqubo wenziwa ngezigaba eziningana, ngayinye esebenza izindlela ezithile physico-amakhemikhali ukwehlukana izinto bagxambukele ezindabeni zethu. Ngokuvamile ngaleyo ndlela ahlunge amatshe ayigugu.

I impahla eluhlaza for affinirovaniya kulokhu kungase kube edayisa imigexo, "esiliva Foam" slurry ngemva uhlanzekile kagesi izinto negolide schlich.

yokucwenga esiliva

Ngokuvamile, le ndlela ukuhlanzwa isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ephezulu grade esiliva. Ngokuvamile, le nqubo akuhlukile izinqubo ezifanayo kwenziwe ukuze nezinye izinsimbi ezihloniphekayo, ayoni noma non-ayoni. Ngokwesibonelo, yokucwenga zegolide nezesiliva noma yimiphi izinsimbi-platinum kungenzeka okufanayo. Kuphela kwezinye izimo inqubo kuhluke.

Izindlela yokucwenga

Ngo ekucubunguleni esiliva yokucwenga ubuchwepheshe emelelwa ngezindlela ezintathu ezahlukene - insimbi kungenzeka bahlanza of ukungcola, amakhemikhali, noma electrolytic kupelirovannym indlela. Akuvamile esetshenziswa ekususeni chlorine ngokweqile. Kukhethwa izindlela kungenxa inani lesiliva belashwa futhi isimo salo. Inencazelo netimphawu inqubo ukukhiqizwa.

Indlela ukukhetha indlela

Ukuze ephezulu grade esiliva lalibhekisela yokucwenga electrolytic. Ngokuvamile, uma kusetshenziswa le ndlela, kukhona okuphumayo nsuku zonke. Electrolysis kusiza ukuthola ezehlukile ubumsulwa esiliva ngenxa namachibi zokunciphisa yokusebenzisana lapho ukungcola ungafaki ngesikhathi yokuhlanza.

Esimweni lapho Argentum egcinwe ngesimo isixazululo (sulphates zingaxazululeki futhi chloride), indlela ukonga kakhulu futhi elula kuyinto sebethule chemical metal (kwezinye izimo - electrochemical) indlela.

ngokuvamile Base Alloys ahlukaniswe usebenzisa cupellation - kulokhu ukwandisa ubumsulwa ingxube elula.

cupellation indlela

Ukuze lolu hlobo kudinga yokucwenga esithandweni chashepodobnyh (umlilo Assay) Ukuphekwa Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist. Inqubo uhlanzekile esetshenziswa ncibilika phambili okuyinto kwesiliva oxidized ebukhoneni umoya-mpilo. Zonke izinto elonakalisayo, kuhlanganise kuphela, ahlukaniswa metal ezihloniphekayo, wasinikeza a ubumsulwa isihlobo: ingxubevange kuyinto igolide ne-platinum umndeni izinsimbi.

Ukuze afeze yokucwenga esithandweni Preheat edingekayo. It ibekwe lobuchwepheshe nomthofu-esiliva ingxube, okuyinto evuthayo kuze kube yilapho ukuncibilika ephelele. Umoya esithandweni run ageleza ukuthi imbangela namachibi okuqukethwe yezingxenye. Lapho beqeda ukwelashwa ukushisa Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist sisuswa futhi batheleka isikhunta.

Ngaphakathi kwesithando uphahlwe Marl - uhlobo ubumba, ecebile limestone, futhi kokuba isakhiwo ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. It ubamba oxides phambili imiswe phakathi yokucwenga, njengoba yokugcina bathambekele shabalala lapho zihlatshwa komoya. Ngesikhathi ophumayo, ngemva namachibi of ukungcola, ingxubevange etholakala nge enhlobonhlobo rainbow ebusweni. Lapho-ke ngokuhlaziya e ingxube kuyinto ayebuthaka elikhanyayo esiliva, okhombisa affinirovaniya ekupheleni.

Cupellation kubhekwe emangelengele uhlanzekile amasu ngenxa yokuthi ngeke ufinyelelwe inkululeko ephelele kusuka ukungcola: zonke izinsimbi yizicukuthwane e ingxubevange usekhona. Nokucwengwa igolide, isiliva kanye -platinum iqembu izinsimbi ngokuhlukana kwabo kwenziwa ezinye izindlela.

electrolysis indlela

Electrolysis affinirovaniya njenge ndlela eyayenziwa ngesikhathi ukwazi kabili izingqimba electronic: inqubo anode kuba ingcoliswe isinqamu esiliva ibekwa sikhwama, le cathode - amapuleti mncane kumiswa steel non-ezonakalisayo. I electrode bacwiliswa ohlanziwe nitrate metal isixazululo (lokuhlushwa ion - 50 mg / ml) ingezwe nitric acid ngesikhathi kwabantu 1.5 g / L, nomsinga kagesi sidlulile.

La masaka anode bayahamba izingcezu undissolved zesiliva, kanye nokungcola. I cathode isikhala isampula okumsulwa eqoqwe ngefomu microcrystalline. Umthamo esiliva ezikhishwe ongama maqondana nezinye isigxobo kohlelo ukuthi kuphakamisa short circuit. Ukuvimbela Esimweni esinjalo, likhule izingcezwana crystalline ngaphansi ibangele isixazululo oblamyvayutsya parallel cathode electrode eduze nendawo. Isiliva okuholela ayabuya njengoba kwenze bese iphonswe ingots. Kubalulekile esikhundleni electrolyte ngesikhathi, ngakho ukuthi uma okuphothula likhona, njengoba nje nethusi, emva inqubo kudingekile ukuqala sebethule yayo phezu yizicukuthwane cathode metal.

Uma isixazululo esiliva oziphatha njengongqingili eyeseli electrochemical, njengoba indlela ephumelela kakhulu zokwehlukanisa electrolytic metal. I anode kungaba graphite noma ye-ezonakalisayo (Alloys), a cathode - insimbi engagqwali. Amaphaphu e element senzelwe ukuthi abangaphezu kuka-2 V Ukusabela ngokwayo wenziwa kuze bonke sebethule esiliva.

chemical yokucwenga

Isiliva kungenziwa isuswe ngu amasu chemical kusukela izixazululo usawoti noma colloids. Kuyinqubo multistage. Ukuze inqubo edingekayo sodium sulfite, unezela ukuthi ukusabela exchange senzeka nge entsha black kwenze yizicukuthwane usawoti metal. Kokuqeda ukusabela, ikhambi okuholela kuthululwe ammoniac sal (ammonium chloride) noma usawoti. Ingxube luhlala kuze kucace ngokwahlukana wamaqhuzu - kumele zimiswe turbid futhi esobala ingxenye. Isiliva is imali kubhekwa egcwele uma isingeniso ezengeziwe nosawoti akakubangeli turbidity.

Kukhona izindlela ezimbili kwemihlambi okumsulwa chloride metal - nesasehlobo.

Indlela carbonate ukuze kwemihlambi chloride esiliva

Le nqubo ihilela ukuthola yakuthatha chloride kusukela omisiwe - ikhemikhali kuhambisane isamba yakhoibrium sodium carbonate. Ingxube yayithi Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist evuthayo (kuyadingeka ukuze ugcwalise inkomishi uhhafu kuphela okuqukethwe ngenxa elithé ngenxa igesi kwemvelo). Lapho beqeda kumiswa imikhiqizo oluyingozi yenqubo izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukufinyelela amagugu kwadingeka kwezinhlelo Fusion ethule.

Emva lwaluyophola kwesiliva walulama futhi is phansi kabusha sokuncibilikisa, ngemva kwalokho umkhiqizo angabhekwa esiphelele. iphuzu Negative kungaba yokuthi soda lobuchwepheshe kunomthelela omubi isimo Ukuphekwa Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist. Kodwa Inzuzo enkulu yalo indlela yokucwenga kumakhemikhali ijubane layo uma igijima.

Indlela yokutakula esiliva chloride Kwabiwa

Ukuze usuke yesiliva kubantwana isixazululo kungathatha amasethi ezahlukene reagents - sulfuric acid ukuze ukhethe noma yensimbi noma usawoti izinsimbi esifanayo, kubandakanya i-aluminiyamu.

Lesi sangoma chloride wethula esinye sezici. Ukuze slurry wafakwa wathela acid ekhethiwe lokuhlushwa 0.2 amafraktjhini mass. Ukungeza ikhambi lingahle ingxenye ngokulawula ngokwezinga wokusabela futhi refilling ezilinganisweni waphela. Enye inkomba qualitative nokuxhumana kulokhu ukukhethwa hydrogen - igesi iyeke lekufanele akhicitwe okwamanje yokuchitheka ephelele metal noma ukunyamalala acid (ukusetshenziswa kwalo bangakufakazela inkomba iphepha).

Kwemihlambi usawoti esiliva usuphothuliwe, uhlelo iba umthunzi efanayo ukuhola. Ngemva kwalokho, acid yengezwe ikhambi ukuguqula asele izingcezwana izinsimbi ezingadingekile (ikakhulukazi ngesandla kususwe). Ukuhlala powder impahla (olubizwa ngokuthi i usimende esiliva) is bahlanza ngamanzi distilled, omisiwe futhi smelted.

chlorine yokucwenga

Indlela isekelwe kucatshangwa ukuthi ayigugu isiliva chlorine kuthiwa basabela isimo ngokushesha igolide ne-platinum izakhi umndeni. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlukanisa yokugcina ekusebenziseni azihlanzile (e ubuchwepheshe kucwengisiswa iyona ngokwahlukana kakhulu okudla isikhathi Alloys eziyigugu).

Rough igolide oncibilikisiwe ngesimo chlorine gas badabula. Ukuxhumana iqala izakhi okuphothula uhlobo ezihloniphekayo, bese-ke wabe esiliva, okungaba kamuva ukukhetha amanye amasu affinirovaniya ngefomu kwakwakhe. Chloride e ingxube ifike kwamanzi ngenxa ephansi kwabantu kuqhathaniswa nosawoti kanye nezinsimbi.

Ukuhluza kwezinye izimo

Endabeni zethusi sekwehlukanisweni esiliva enomqondo angiwakhulumi ingxubevange, futhi Izingxube izinsimbi (kungenziwa amelwe ngesimo chips). Khona-ke, kungaba nitric futhi sulfuric acid ziyoncibilika ku metal isizinda. izinto bagxila elisetshenziswa cold- noma kushisa (yokusabela isilinganiso sincike kuyo).

Ukuze ususe emgodleni esiliva nge ingxube umkhiqizo sishisiswe ku ngesibani utshwala noma a okugeza amanzi. Emazingeni ngezansi 50-60 degrees kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ingilazi noma iphosilini ware. Ngu indlela efanayo ingahlukaniswa ukuxubha lensimbi nickel, ithini noma phambili.

Nokucwengwa esiliva ekhaya

Zonke izindlela ezichazwe ngenhla, kwakuthiwa ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya ukutholakala imishini ekhethekile futhi nakho. Beginners uzame indlela electrolytic kungcono. Ngokuvamile, yokucwenga wenziwa ngendlela yokuthi othintana esiliva.

Inqubo 3 izinyathelo. Lokhu esiliva Ukuqedwa e nitric acid, futhi ekuqiniseni alloying nokucwengisiswa ngqo esiliva izimo zalo electrolysis ekhaya.

Ukuhlakazwa nitric acid

nitrate Isiliva ibhalwe ngokushesha kulo lonke loluhlelo - kaningi ithathwa 50 amagremu metal ilitha kuphela ngasinye (isilinganiso ukuthola 32 g we-scrap ziyoncibilika 80 g we hydrogenated nitrogen oxide V). Alulaze acid kuyadingeka okungu alinganayo ngamanzi enyakaza ngenduku ingilazi. Refining kungaba kwenziwe ngokuxuba isiliva nitrate ammonium nitrate electrolyte (ukuphendula i-medium ehambisana esingaphansi 7) ukuthola HNO3 efanayo. Ukuze ikhambi okuholela ingezwe zesiliva. Ingxube kufanele kwesokunxele amahora 10-11, njengoba nensimbi shintsho ukumiswa ngeke kwenzeke ngokushesha. Mhlawumbe Ukukhetha okusheshayo iba nsundu ngokubomvu igesi. Uma isixazululo iba tinge bluish noma ogqamile, kubonisa khona yensimbi ukungcola noma vitriol. Nokucwengwa yesiliva nitric acid etholwe kangcono uma staining okukhulu engekho.

Ukususa usimende esiliva

Ingxube ingezwe ku-Amabha zethusi ababezithola phansi benze ukusabela ukufuduka ngesiliva. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso phezu obomvu metal yizicukuthwane uqala ziyazika okufanele ngezikhathi shake isixazululo * kunonophisa luhlelo. Uma nemigoqo kuthiwa yahlakazeka ngokuphelele, kudingeka ukuba esikhundleni saso kungene amasha. Ngemva ukusabela Kulokhu kubhekwa lwaluyophola isixazululo nokuhlukaniswa yayo ku serebryanotsementnuyu wamaqhuzu futhi bluish ketshezi ingxenye.

zokuhlunga

Ukuze kuhlukaniswe metal kusukela isixazululo sisetshenziswa uphondo futhi isisefo sephepha. Esitsheni nge usimende ukulungele ngokukhethekile ihlangana isixazululo: zethusi usawoti kugeleza iphedi of isikhumba futhi isiliva uhlala phezu. Kamuva namanje edingekayo izikhathi 5 ukugeza ngamanzi distilled.

Isixazululo cishe kuba phambi abanye inani lesiliva asalile. Ukuze kukhishwe usawoti zethusi sengezwe kwenze sodium izaqheqhe.

usimende Isiliva seyomile. I Fusion wenziwa ku Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto ukusebenza isampula ehlanzekile is akulindelekile. Shisisa isampula ngokulinganayo ukugwema isidingo ihlakaza isiliva noma uthuli oxidized. Kungenzeka ukwengeza ebusweni ncibilika is baking soda futhi borax elixutshwe ngezabelo alinganayo - isakhiwo metal kudala ifilimu lwengilazi ukuthi zivikela ukulahlekelwa.

Indaba okuholela kuyinto ephansi banga. Ukuze yokuhlanza yayo ngokuphelele liyadingeka ukuze afeze electrolysis esiliva. Yokucwenga, kulesi simo eyenziwe indlela kakade ezichazwe ngenhla - kulula Ncibilikisa zensimbi zithutha.

zokuvimbela ingozi

Kubalulekile ukuthi igumbi uye kahle umoya. Njengoba isivikelo, a igilavu, a ijazana lasebusuku futhi yimpandla izibuko. Ukuze ugweme wachela acid emanzini yengezwe CONCENTRATE uqobo, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Ukulungiselela HNO3 exchange yokusabela ngendlela evikelekile kakhulu ngawo lokufeza yokucwenga esiliva. Ammonium nitrate ixubene kuleli cala kanye electrolyte (medium yokusabela esingaphansi 7). Glassware kufanele kuhlolelwe ukumelana lokushisa, njengoba inqubo ukushisa lingaba ngaphezu degrees 100. Isixazululo yagcwala e hhayi ngaphezulu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu isitsha ukugwema ashaya acid.

Imiphumela

Nokucwengwa esiliva akuyona inqubo kunzima ebukhoneni ubuchwepheshe ethize kanye nemishini. Uma uqaphelisisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha kungaba kwenziwe akusiyo egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

Ukuze uthole aphakeme isampula metal okuyinto sisetshenziswa yokucwenga electrolytic esiliva ekhaya, ngoba le ndlela kunciphisa ingozi ukungcola ngokufaka ngokusebenzisa zamanje.