Kwehlukana - ungaphakathi biology okungukuthi? izibonelo kwehlukana

Kushintsha biology - kuyini? Kwezinye izimo, inani labantu abahlala ezindaweni Isizalo ahlukahlukene neuropathy kungaba zofuzo ahlukene kusukela abanye abantu, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona ezihlukahlukene ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo. kwehlukana bofuzo - kusaqhubeka biology lapho imiphakathi emibili noma ngaphezulu zinhlobo yokhokho ngokuzimela buthelela izinguquko zofuzo (ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo) ukuze akhiqize angakwazi ukuphila nenzalo. umehluko bofuzo phakathi imiphakathi etshiyeneyo zingase zihlanganise ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa ukuthi musa kuthinte phenotype futhi kuholele izinguquko eziphawulekayo morphological bokuphila.

kwehlukana zofuzo

Ezingeni yamangqamuzana zofuzo kushintsha biology - iyona izinguquko zofuzo ezenzeka ngenxa speciation. Nokho, abacwaningi bathi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi lesi simo bekungenxa yokuhluleka ukuthobela abalulekile eyodwa-off futhi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ovelele kule Locus zofuzo. Ukube bekungenzeka ngabaphilayo, lezi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ayikwazanga idluliselwe ezizukulwaneni eziyolandela. Ngenxa yalokho, i-maningi amathuba okuhambisana samuntu ngabodwa zokuzala, okuyinto ngenxa yezinguquko ezincane eziningi phakathi kwemvelo.

kwemvelo etshiyeneyo

Ngokwe-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, le kushintsha biology - iyisici isihlobo lapho laba bantu ekuqaleni buthelela umehluko inqubo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi kancane kancane abe ngaphezulu futhi abahlukene ngaphezulu. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi "iphutha" achazwa "The Origin of Species:" (1859). Ngaphambi Darwin Imigqa eminingi kusukela osenyameni lemcoka uhlobo izinhlobo zawo ziye esachazwa Alfred Russel Wallace, ngonyaka 1858. Ngokwe-theory yendabuko kwemvelo, kwehlukana sisebenta tinhloso letimbili letibalulekile main:

• It ivumela umzimba ukuze lolu hlobo zikwazi ukuqhubeka ziphila kuleli fomu ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa niches entsha begazi.
• Lokhu kungefani ukwanda kwandisa umthamo oluhambelana isizukulwane abasha ukuba ezihlukahlukene eziphila kuyona.

Lezi ezizathwini kumane esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka, njengoba ucwaningo zabo zibe nzima kakhulu futhi cishe kungenakwenzeka.

kwehlukana yamangqamuzana

Kuyini ngokuya we-molecular biology? Lokhu Ingxenye nucleotide ukuthi kuhluka kubo izingxenye ezimbili-DNA. Ingase futhi ziyahlukahluka iphesenti amino acid phakathi polypeptides ezimbili. Igama elithi "kwehlukana" isetshenziswa kulo mongo njengoba kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi amangqamuzana ezimbili ziyizizukulwane zika omunye engqamuzaneni umzali. Ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo siyenzeka hhayi kuphela umehluko kodwa futhi confluence imicimbi, ezifana hybridization nokudluliselwa ovundlile. Futhi izenzakalo ezinjalo zenzeka kakhulu njalo. izindlela yamangqamuzana kwehlukana yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nesidoda okunikelwe zihlanganisa nucleotide izisusi, okususiwe, okufakiwe, recombination chromosomal, transposition futhi kombhala, ukuphindwa, ukuguqulwa kanye ovundlile ukudluliswa zofuzo. Isibalo nucleotide izisusi isilinganiso elula futhi ewusizo degree of kwehlukana phakathi ukulandelana ezimbili. Eqinisweni, kukhona izindlela eziningana etholakalayo ukulinganisa inani nucleotide izisusi nokuqala ukwakha isihlahla phylogenetic ukuthi ubonisa umehluko endleleni inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Analogue of tekuhlangana

Kushintsha biology - kuyinto analogue tekuhlangani yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngesikhathi lapho izinto eziphilayo nokhokho ezihluke uyoba njengomuthi ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpukane izinyoni ziye zashintsha ngendlela efanayo ngomqondo wokuthi banayo amaphiko futhi ingandiza, nakuba okhokho babo ukundiza zazihlukile. Eqinisweni, lezi ezimbili basonta izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Kushintsha biology - umcimbi obuphathekayo benkolelo yazo ezindaweni obekukhona kuwo imfanelo ezimbili morphological noma yamangqamuzana zisuka kukhokho oyedwa. Lezi zici babedabuka ezifanayo, kodwa aye aba heterogeneous ngokuhamba kwemvelo. Endabeni ka kwehlukana kufanele kube ngezinga elithile ukufana phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili izici ibenze kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakukhona kukhokho oyedwa. Ukuze Kuhlangana, kunalokho, kufanele kube khona dissimilarity ezithile, kusukela izici ethile yayimiswe ngokwaphezulu lathathwa a okhokho ezimele ngokuphelele. Ngakho, umehluko phakathi kwehlukana kanye Kuhlangana kunzima ukufaka.

Kwehlukana eziphilayo izithombe

Etshiyeneyo Evolution (divergentia lat -. Kwehlukana) ngokuvamile kuwumphumela okusheshayo yohlobo olufanayo ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi uwedwa. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi okulandelayo: iningi izidalwa emhlabeni babe nemilenze eliphezulu abantu futhi wezinkawu - nesandla yezilwane ezinomgogodla - ngezidladla zezinyoni - amaphiko, izinhlanzi - amaphiko nokunye. Zonke lezi zitho ezisetshenziswa eziphilayo ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa umsuka wawo nsé. I kwehlukana kungenzeka nganoma isiphi iqembu eziphilayo ahlobene. Kukhula inani umehluko, aba maningi iphutha. Futhi izibonelo ezinjalo ngokwemvelo, kukhona ezihlukahlukene, njenge-impungushe. Uma endaweni yawo iyona ehlane, noboya enyamazana abanikela umbala othile esiza ukuze kungabonakali bona ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane. impungushe Red uhlala emahlathini, lapho "ijazi elibomvu" is kuhlangene indawo wendawo. Ehlane, ukushisa kwenza kube nzima ukufudumeza, ngakho ezindlebeni impungushe uye savela ukuba usayizi esikhulu, ukuze umzimba kuqeda ukushisa okweqile. Okubaluleke juqu Kulokhu ngokuyinhloko izimo ezahlukene kwemvelo futhi ngizama ukuzijwayeza izidingo, kunokuba umehluko zofuzo. Uma behlala imvelo efanayo, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyobahambela ithuthukiswe ngendlela efanayo. kwemvelo etshiyeneyo - kuba isiqinisekiso ukusondela zofuzo.

I kushintsha imvelo: izibonelo

Evolution - inqubo lapho izinto eziphilayo zingashintsha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi yonke lena kancane kakhulu futhi kuthatha ezinkulungwane noma ngisho ezigidi zeminyaka. Kushintsha biology - kuyini? Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga, ushintsho emzimbeni womuntu: ezinye okusezingeni eliphezulu, abanye ongaphakeme, abanye babe ngezinwele ezibomvu, elinye - black, kukhona abanesikhumba esimhlophe, abanebala elinsundu khona. Njengabantu, nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso futhi Ziningi ukushintshashintsha ngaphakathi labantu olulodwa.

Kwehlukana - kuyinto Biology (izibonelo ezibonisa lokhu) adingekayo ekuqongeleleni sokusinda isakhi sofuzo ukuguqulwa. Unganikeza isibonelo kusuka empilweni yangempela. On iziQhingi zaseGalapagos kukhona izinhlobo eziningi zezintaka. Lapho uCharles Darwin wavakashela kulezi zindawo, esho ukuthi lezi zilwane ngempela efanayo, kodwa abanye umehluko phakathi kwabo zikhona. Kuyinto ubukhulu kanye ukuma ngoqhwaku lwawo. ukhokho wawo ezivamile usebhekene emisebeni oluhambelana, kanjalo sinezele, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, esiqhingini, lapho imbewu babe obuningi, ngoqhwaku yezinyoni ayikwazanga kangcono ukudla lolu hlobo lokudla. Ngesinye isakhiwo Uqhwaku esiqhingini ukusiza izilwane ukudla izinambuzane. Ekugcineni, kukhona izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha, futhi ngalinye linomsebenzi izici zayo siqu esiyingqayizivele.

kwemvelo etshiyeneyo okungukuthi, uma kuziwa ukubukeka kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Njengomthetho, kubalulekile ukuze vumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene kwemvelo. Isibonelo esihle unyawo lomuntu, okuyinto ehluke kakhulu kusuka imilenze inkawu, naphezu ukhokho wawo ovamile - a hlobo lwezinkawu. A hlobo olusha (kuleli cala, abantu) savela ngoba yayingasekho kudingeka ukugibela izihlahla. Bipedalism wenze izinguquko ezidingekayo kwisitaki ukuthuthukisa isivinini, ukulinganisela ukunyakaza okusimeme komhlaba. Nakuba abantu futhi abe uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile Izakhi zofuzo ezifanayo, ziye zasungula ezihlukahlukene izici ngokomzimba ezidingekayo ukuze baphile.