UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: emfushane biography, izimpumelelo, okutholakele

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - i sezibalo oluvelele isiRashiya, iminyaka engaphezu amashumi amane - the Umphathi Kazan University, wamalungelo wezeMfundo, umsunguli we-non-Euclidean geometry.

Lena umuntu amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe futhi bengayiqondi bangesikhathi sakhe.

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Nicholas wazalwa ngo-December 11, 1792 emndenini engenayo ephansi we sezikhudlwana Ivana Maksimovic futhi uPraskovya Alexandrovna. Kwazalelwa sezibalo UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-9, ngemva kokushona kukayise, yena uthuthwa kunina e Kazan futhi 1802 wabe esengeniswa lesikole sendawo. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu yakhe 1807, uNicholas owaba umfundi we owawusanda kumiswa Kazan Imperial University.

Ngaphansi eqeqeshwa ka M. F. Bartelsa

uthando okubalulekile wayeyisazi ngokomzimba nesayensi zezibalo esizayo ephethwe ukugxilisa Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - uthisha onekhono, ngokujulile wayazi futhi babewazisa umsebenzi wakhe. Ngeshwa, ekupheleni 1806 ngenxa yokungavumelani nobuholi nyuvesi "kube yikwembulwa umoya ukuhlubuka nokungavumelani," usho yaxoshwa isevisi inyuvesi. Izifundo mathematics waqala ukuhola Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - uthisha kanye umngane edumile noKarla Fridriha Gauss. Ufike ku 1808 e Kazan, wathatha izintambo ukusekelwa ophumelelayo kodwa abampofu.

uthisha okusha evunyiwe intuthuko Lobachevskian oye wafunda ngaphansi kokuqondisa ezifana imisebenzi zakudala ngokuthi "Number Theory" UKarl Gauss kanye "Mechanics yasezulwini" usosayensi French Pierre-Simon Laplace. Ngenxa yokungalaleli, inkani, futhi izimpawu zikaNkulunkulu ngonyaka abaphezulu phezu Nikolay isondela Amathuba ezibanjwayo. Leso sivikelo Bartels nomthelela eyabelwe esizohlasela ingozi umfundi onekhono.

Kazan University Lobachevsky ukuphila

Ngo 1811, ngemva kokuphothula inyuvesi, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, Biography iDemo okuyinto nesithakazelo esiqotho asemasha, sivunyiwe ngu-Master of mathematics ne-physics, washiya esikoleni. Ucwaningo olubili ngokwesayensi - e-algebra futhi Mechanics, okwethulwa 1814 (esikhathini esidlule), okwaholela ukwakhiwa yayo likaprofesa (docents). Okulandelayo Lobachevskii UNikolai Ivanovich, impumelelo lapho izobe kahle esikalini inzalo, waqala ukufundisa, kancane kancane zandise izinto umbuthano yezifundo kubo (nezibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, i-physics) futhi ukucabanga ngokungathí sina ngokuthuthela kabusha izimiso zezibalo. Abafundi wayemthanda futhi Lobachevsky kwaziswa kakhulu izifundo kamuva ngonyaka ukhishwa isihloko Uprofesa okungavamile.

Ama-oda okusha Magnitsky

Ngenjongo abacindezela umcabango khulula kanye nemizwelo wamavukelambuso emphakathini uhulumeni u-Alexander I yayisekelwe imibono yenkolo nangezimfundiso zalo Christian ezingaqondakali. Eyokuqala cardinal ukuhlolwa amanyuvesi zabhekana. Ngo-March 1819 imfundo isikhungo ephakeme kanye ehloliwe Kazan efika ML Magnitsky - kummeleli izikole Ebusayo IBhodi, ukunakekela kuphela mayelana ngemisebenzi yabo. Ngokusho imiphumela amasheke yayo mayelana nesimo sezindaba eNyuvesi kwaba esidumazayo kakhulu: ukuntuleka abafundi scholarship lesikhungo kuhilelani ukulinyazwa umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, inyuvesi edingekayo ukubhubhisa (ukubhubhisa esidlangalaleni) - sinombono isibonelo ezifundisayo abanye.

Nokho, u-Alexander I, kwanqunywa ukuba balungise lesi simo ezandleni ukuhlolwa efanayo, futhi Magnitsky ngentshiseko ngokukhethekile aqala 'kwemiyalo eqondile "ezindongeni sikhungo: 9 okwesikhashana umsebenzi osolwazi owethulwa ukucwaninga esiqinile futhi wayelukhuni inkulumo emabhalekisini imodi.

imisebenzi Lobachevsky ububanzi

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha uchaza inkathi enzima esungulwe eNyuvesi lenqubo-amaphoyisa, eyathatha iminyaka 7. Sikhuthazelela uvivinyo kanzima wasiza ukuphoqelela nomoya wokuvukela futhi isikhathi ngokuphelele usosayensi, akabashiyi yimuphi umzuzu isikhathi khulula.

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky deputized Bartels, owahamba izindonga University, futhi kufundiswe ngazo kuwo wonke izifundo wezibalo, futhi ophethe ehhovisi ngokomzimba futhi ufunde isihloko, wafundisa abafundi nesayensi geodesy kuze I. M. Simonov ubekade ukuvakasha emhlabeni. Kunomsebenzi omningi okulondolozwe kubo ngokubeka ukuze umtapo, ikakhulukazi ngokugcwalisa ingxenye yakhe ngokomzimba futhi zezibalo. Endleleni, sezibalo UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, ukuba ngibe usihlalo wekomiti yokwakha, wawuqondiswa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo main of the nyuvesi futhi kwaphela isikhathi esithile isikhundla ka yesikole Faculty of Physics kanye ne-mathematics.

Non-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky

Inani elikhulu of izindaba zamanje, imfundiso jikelele, umsebenzi wasehhovisi kanye nocwaningo akubi yisithiyo lokusungula IiMbalo kusuka esibayeni bakhe beza 2 emabhukutifundvo izikole eziphakeme - "I-Algebra" (yicala ukusetshenziswa ohlelweni imethrikhi) kanye "Jiyomethri" (asishicilelwa ). On the ingxenye Magnitsky UNikolai Ivanovich eyayibekwe kokuqondisa esiqinile, ngenxa ukubonakaliswa kubo isibindi kokunikezwa kwe-kwemithetho esungulwe. Nokho, lezi zimo, ezisebenza ezilulazayo wesithunzi sobuntu, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich kanzima phezu ukwakhiwa esiqinile izisekelo geometry. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi umsebenzi onjalo kanzima ososayensi kwaba kokutholakala geometry entsha, ephelele ezindleleni isibukeza lenkhulu imiqondo inkathi yokubusa Euclid (III ekhulwini BC. E.).

Ebusika 1826 sezibalo Russian iye yenziwa umbiko ngesisekelo weJiyomethri ngocansi ukubukeza eziningi osolwazi ovelele. Nokho, ukubuyekeza kulindeleke (noma omuhle noma ngisho e-negative) itholiwe, kanye umbhalo wesandla ka umbiko ezibalulekile izikhathi zethu ingafinyeleleki. Lokhu usosayensi impahla ayifakile umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala "Ngesisekelo geometry", eyanyatheliswa ngo 1829-1830 GG. ku "Journal of Kazan." Ngaphezu nekwetfula ezibalulekile okutholakele weJiyomethri, uNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky echazwe incazelo elicwengekile umsebenzi (ngokucacile delineating embili yayo futhi differentiability), ngephutha isibaluli sezibalo German Dirichlet. Ososayensi nabo baye balitadishisise series Trigonometric, kulinganiselwa emashumini eminyaka ambalwa kamuva. Sezibalo abanamakhono umsunguli we indlela isixazululo kwamanani zibalo nge isikhathi ngokungafanele ngokuthi "Graeffe indlela".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Managing

KaMcwaningi Mabhuku Magnitsky, eyinkinga izenzo zakhe eminyakeni embalwa, ulindele i isiphetho unenviable: ngokuhlukumeza eziningi ezikhonjwe umsebenzi okhethekile audit, yena isuswe esikhundleni sakhe futhi bathunjwe. Enye zemfundo isikhungo umphatheli waqokwa Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, ngubani ngakwazi ukuqonda esebenzayo UNikolai Lobachevsky futhi watusa kuye kokuthunyelwe ka li Kazan University.

Iminyaka engu-19, kusukela ngo-1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (isithombe lesikhumbuzo e Kazan ukubona. Ngenhla) kanzima kulesi sikhundla, ekufezeni ukuntwela ingane yakhe ozithandayo. Ngenxa Lobachevsky - ngcono ecacile ezingeni kwezesayensi ezemfundo jikelele, ukwakhiwa inani elikhulu izakhiwo ihhovisi (ehhovisi ngokomzimba, umtapo, amakhemikhali laboratory, Observatory yezinkanyezi kanye uzibuthe, sokuhlaziya, workshop mechanical). Umphathi futhi kuyinto umsunguli iphephabhuku esiqinile yesayensi "Ososayensi Kazan University uthi," esikhundleni "Kazan Bulletin" futhi eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1834. Ngo parallel li iminyaka 8 eholwa umtapo UNikolai, wahlanganyela yokufundisa, ngokubhala imfundo othisha wezibalo.

Ngu uquketheni Lobachevsky akunakwenzeka ndaba ukukhathazeka ngobuqotho ngokusuka enhliziyweni ngeyunivesithi nabafundi bayo. Ngakho, ngo-1830 wakwazi ukuhlukanisa indawo yokutadishela nokuqhuba magciwane obuphelele ukusindisa labasebenzi ikholera isikhungo umqedazwe. Phakathi umlilo esesabeka Kazan (1842) iphethwe ukulondoloza cishe zonke izakhiwo zemfundo, amathuluzi yezinkanyezi kanye nomtapo impahla. Futhi, Nikolai wavula uquqaba ukuvakashelwa khulula imitapo baseyunivesithi iminyuziyamu futhi wahlela ikilasi ngezihloko athandwayo for labantu.

Ngenxa yemizamo Amazing Lobachevsky ogunyaziwe, lokuqala ekilasini, kahle Kazan University isibe omunye izikhungo imfundo engcono kakhulu eRussia.

Ukungaqondi ukwenqaba imibono sezibalo Russian

Sonke lesi sikhathi, izibalo akagcini ku ucwaningo okuqhubekayo okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa i-geometry entsha. Ngeshwa, imibono yakhe - ezijulile futhi fresh, njengoba kwakunjalo ngokuphambene Axiom owamukelwa ukuthi abantu ababephila zehlulekile, futhi mhlawumbe engafuni ukuba siqonde imisebenzi Lobachevsky. Angisizwanga kahle isisebenzi kanye kungashiwo ngezinga elithile zokuhlukumeza akayekile UNikolai Ivanovich: - ". Isicelo geometry ngengqondo kwabanye integrals" ngo-1835 wanyathelisa "geometry ngengqondo ', futhi ngemva konyaka Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, umhlaba wabona umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu "New Beginnings geometry nge theory egcwele parallel", linegama emfushane, kucacile kakhulu izyasnenie imibono ayo ayinhloko.

Isikhathi esinzima empilweni maths

Musa uthole ukuqonda izwe lazo lendabuko, Lobachevsky ngaqala ukuzama ukubazi abantu abanazo phesheya. Ngo-1840 Lobachevskii UNikolai Ivanovich (bheka isithombe. Kusahlaziywa) enyathelisa incwadi yakhe ngokucacile ebekwe imibono eziyisisekelo zalolo limi German. ikhophi Omunye lolu hlobo waklonyeliswa Gauss, ngubani wayesebenza ekusithekeni of geometry non-Euclidean, kodwa akazange alinge ukukhuluma eningini ngemicabango yakhe. Njengoba bazijwayeze imisebenzi ozakwabo Russian, German belulekwa ukukhetha uzakwabo Russian iRoyal Society of Gottingen njengelungu umlobeli. Laudatory mayelana Lobachevsky, Gauss wakhuluma kuphela encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zosuku futhi kwesiyingi lamadoda ethenjwayo kunazo. Ukhetho Lobachevsky isaba khona; kwenzeka ngo-1842, kodwa isikhundla usosayensi Russian, awusebenzi ngcono: ayenakho ukusebenza e-University of iminyaka 4.

UHulumeni Nicholas ngangingafuni ukuhlola iminyaka eminingi emsebenzini Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha futhi ngo-1846 wamsusa kuye umsebenzi eyunivesithi, okuthiwa ngokusemthethweni imbangela: abukhali Oqala ukungezwa aze agcine impilo. Ngokusemthethweni, le li wangaphambili wanikelwa isikhundla labahluleli umsizi, kodwa ngaphandle ukubeka iholo. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama ukuxoshwa nasekusweleni esihlalweni professorial Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, Biography emfushane futhi namuhla sifundwa ezikoleni, Kunconywa uthisha esikhundleni Kazan sokuzivocavoca A. F. Popova, walivikela kahle ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela. UNikolai wacabanga bebona kudingekile ukunikeza indlela lengiyo empilweni ikhono ososayensi abasha 'ukuthola futhi kungafanele ukubamba kwesitulo ezimweni ezinjalo. Kodwa, ngalahlekelwa konke ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi nakancane bona izikhundla, Lobachevsky balahlekelwa ithuba lokuba ahole inyuvesi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngandlela-thile iqhaza emisebenzini yesikhungo.

Ekuphileni komkhaya Lobachevskii UNikolai Ivanovich kusukela 1832 abesavele ashadile Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. Kulesi umshado azalelwa izingane 18, kodwa eziyisikhombisa kuphela ezisekhona zonke.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ephoqelekile ukususwa kusukela icala kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, ukwehluleka geometry entsha, wokungabongi anolaka ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ziwohloke elibukhali sezimali (ngenxa ucabanga izindlu zalo mbhangqwana ngabe athengiswe ngemali izikweletu) maye somshado (ukulahlekelwa e 1852, izibulo) Deplete abathintekayo impilo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo sezibalo Russian: yena ebonakala ukhathele futhi aqala ukuphelelwa emehlweni akhe. Kodwa waphuphuthekisa UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky akamanga ukuze khona izivivinyo, ukuza izenzakalo zemikhosi, nengxenye mpikiswano zezemfundo baqhubeka besebenzela inzuzo yesayensi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-sezibalo Russian "Pangeometriya" kwalotshwa abafundi ezitholwe waphuphuthekisa Lobachevskian ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, ukuvumbulula geometry okuyinto Kuhlolwe eyishumi kuphela kamuva, akuyona kuphela umcwaningi wezibalo entsha. Usosayensi Hungarian János Bolyai, ngokuzimela nozakwethu isiRashiya, nozakwethu esethula Court 1832, embonweni wakhe-non-Euclidean geometry. Nokho, imizamo yakhe awazange aqashelwe besikhathi sakhe.

Life kuyinto usosayensi oluvelele, ngokuphelele elalinikezelwe Russian Isayensi Kazan University, yaphela Februwari 24, 1856. Lobachevsky wangcwatshwa, futhi ayibonwa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, e Kazan, ngesikhathi Arsk emathuneni. Kuphela ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa isimo emhlabeni kwesayensi kuye kwashintsha kakhulu. A indima enkulu ukunconywa nokwamukelwa yemisebenzi UNikolai Lobachevsky kudlalwa isifundo Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. Ukuqonda ukuthi geometry Euclidean uvele okunye agcwele ukuze nomthelela obalulekile emhlabeni yesayensi nokunikela isisusa nezinye imibono abanesibindi sciences ngqo.

Indawo kanye usuku lokuzalwa UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky eyaziwa besikhathi eziningi, ezihlobene sciences ngqo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi emgodini the Moon. Igama usosayensi omkhulu Russian has a umtapo locwaningo University eKazan, lowo lanikezela isinqamu omkhulu empilweni yakho. Futhi ezitaladini Lobachevskian e lamadolobha amaningi aseRussia, kuhlanganise e Moscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.