Kuwunyaka: uhlu ikhalenda. Sinini kuwunyaka esilandelayo?

Kukho konke ukuphila Emhlabeni kunqunywa ukusondela ukuba ilanga ezinyakazayo amaplanethi emaceleni awo azungeze axis awo siqu. Unyaka - lokhu isikhathi lapho iplanethi yethu izimpukane uzungeza ilanga futhi ebusuku - isikhathi revolution okuphelele emhlabeni axis awo. Abantu Yiqiniso, kulula kakhulu ukuhlela ibhizinisi lakho amasonto, ngokubala inombolo ethile izinsuku ngenyanga noma ngonyaka.

Nature - awuwona ngempela umshini

Kodwa-ke kuvela ukuthi kwaba nombhikisho ephelele uzungeza ilanga Umhlaba uzungeza kuma-axis awo azungeze akulona inani eligcwele isikhathi. Okungukuthi, inombolo ongaphelele izinsuku. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi lokhu izikhathi 365, futhi lokhu kulingana inani lezinsuku ngonyaka. Empeleni - kancane kuka-365, 25, okungukuthi, ngonyaka aqoqana esengeziwe amahora 6, ukuba enembile, extra 5 amahora nemizuzu engu-48 namasekhondi 14.

Yiqiniso, uma kungekho isikhathi esithathwayo ku-akhawunti, bese iwashi ozokhula ngosuku, kulezo izinyanga, futhi ngemva kweminyaka ambalwa, umehluko phakathi ezivamile futhi ikhalenda yezinkanyezi kuzoba kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngokuba ukuphila yezenhlalakahle nhlobo: shift zonke amaholide, imigubho.

nobunzima Okufanayo eziye zatholakala kudala, ngesikhathi kubuse ababusi baseRoma, noma kunalokho, lapho omunye kufike komkhulu wabo - noGayu Yulii Tsezare.

kulahlwa kaKhesari

Ababusi ababekhulekelwa eRoma yasendulo belingana onkulunkulu, waba namandla angenamkhawulo, ngakho bathatha isimemezelo eyodwa nje kwashintsha ikhalenda nakho konke.

ERoma lasendulo, wonke unyaka kusekelwe Kalends ukugubha, futhi okungezona-id (igama ngenyanga). Kulesi zokugcina ngenyanga konyaka sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi Februwari. Ngakho, ngonyaka eqa kwaba izinsuku ezingu-366, ne usuku ezengeziwe kwaba enyangeni edlule.

Phela, kwakunengqondo ngempela ukwengeza usuku enyangeni lokugcina lonyaka, ngo-February. Futhi, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ke akengezwanga ngosuku lokugcina, njengoba kunjalo manje, futhi ngosuku extra ngaphambi Kalends inyanga ka Mashi. Ngakho, ngo-February, kwaba amabili amabili nane. iminyaka Leap babelwa e iminyaka emithathu, futhi owokuqala babo kwenzeka e kwempilo Gaya Yuliya kaKhesari. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uhlelo elahlekile kancane yayo, ngoba abapristi wenza iphutha izibalo, kodwa ekugcineni ikhalenda lesifanele iminyaka eqa ukuze alulame.

Manje useneminyaka engu-eqa ezibhekwa kancane nzima. Futhi lokhu ixhunyiwe nalabo imizuzu embalwa extra, okuyinto etholakala ngokwethula usuku lonke esengeziwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine.

Ikhalenda entsha

Ikhalenda likaGregory, lapho uhlala umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu okwamanje, laqanjwa uPapa Gregory ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. Isizathu ukuthi ikhalenda entsha yethulwa, wukuthi isikhathi wangaphambili ayinembile. Ukungeza ngosuku njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, lo mbusi ongumRoma akazange abheke ukuthi njengoba ikhalenda isikhulu ziphumelela kangcono ezivamile imizuzu 11 namasekhondi 46, njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine.

Ngesikhathi kusungulwa ikhalenda entsha, AMANGA Julian kwaba izinsuku ezingu-10, kanye lokudlula kwesikhathi ke liye landa futhi manje ezingu-14. Umehluko kwandisa njalo leminyaka cishe usuku. Kuyinto kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile ngosuku ehlobo nasebusika ngenjikalanga. Futhi njengoba lezi izinsuku zibalwa ezinye amaholide, phawula umehluko.

Ikhalenda zeminyaka eqa e reckoning Gregorian kancane kunokukwenza Julian.

Isakhiwo ikhalenda le-Gregorian

Ikhalenda likaGregory uyakucabangela umehluko esisemthethweni futhi ikhalenda yezinkanyezi e amahora 5, imizuzu 48 namasekhondi 14, okungukuthi, wonke eminyakeni engu-100, ngonyaka eqa ikhanseliwe.

Ngakho wazi kanjani ukuthi hlobo luni ngonyaka eqa, futhi yini akuyona? Ingabe ikhona uhlelo kanye algorithm e ukuqedwa usuku olwengeziwe? Noma ingabe kungcono ukusebenzisa uhlu iminyaka eqa?

Ukuze kube lula, lo algorithm owethulwa ngempela. Ngokuvamile kubhekwa unyaka eqa njalo ngonyaka wesine, ngokuba lula iminyaka ukusetshenziswa ukuthi kukhona ngeembuyabuyelelo ezine. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukuthola ukuthi ikhona kwaba kuwunyaka lokuzalwa nogogo noma seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, wena nje kufanele uthole ukuthi kulo nyaka ihlukaniswe 4 noma cha. Ngakho, i-1904-th - ngonyaka eqa, 1908, kwesibili - kuyafana 1917 kwaba - akukho.

Ngonyaka eqa ikhanseliwe lapho kwekhulunyaka, ie ngonyaka ukuthi uyahlukaniswa ngu-100 Ngakho-1900 wayengekho ngonyaka eqa ngoba uyahlukaniswa ngu-100, okungezona kuwunyaka, futhi ngawo-1800 th futhi 1700 th. Kodwa hhayi usuku olwengeziwe aqoqana kwaphela ikhulu leminyaka, futhi kwaphela iminyaka engaba ngu-123, bese kudingeka khona ukuze kuchitshiyelwe futhi. Kanjani ukuba siqonde lokho ngonyaka eqa? Uma unyaka uyahlukaniswa ngu-100 futhi sihlukaniswe ngu-400, kubhekwa unyaka eqa. Okungukuthi, 2000 waba unyaka eqa, kanye 1600-th.

Ikhalenda likaGregory nge eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana kushintshiwe inemba kangangokuthi isikhathi esengeziwe kwesokunxele, kodwa sikhuluma imizuzwana. Abizwa eqa imizuzwana, futhi, ukuthi kwaba akukacaci ukuthi asho ukuthini. Ababili babo ngonyaka futhi kunezelwa ku-June 30 futhi Disemba 31 at 23:59:59. Lezi imizuzwana ezimbili alinganayo isikhathi yezinkanyezi kanye nezwe.

Yini ehlukanisa unyaka eqa?

Kuwunyaka eside kunokujwayelekile usuku olulodwa, izinsuku ezingu-366 kulo. Ngaphambili, ngisho ngezikhathi zamaRoma, kulo nyaka Sekuyizinsuku ezimbili ngoFebhuwari 24, kodwa manje, yebo, usuku kubhekwa ngendlela ehlukile. Lo nyaka ngo-February, usuku olulodwa ngaphezu kokujwayelekile, okungukuthi, 29.

Kodwa kunenkolelo yokuthi unyaka lapho khona ngoFebhuwari 29 izingozi. Kukholakala ukuthi eminyakeni eqa likhuphuka bebeletha zenzeka izinkinga ezihlukahlukene.

Happy noma nangabe ungajabuli emshadweni?

Uma ubheka ishadi yokufa e-USSR, engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili, kanti eRussia, singabona ukuthi kuleli zinga ezilotshwe 2000. Lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo zinhlekelele kwezomnotho, Indinganiso low eziphilayo kanye nezinye izinkinga. Yebo, izinkulungwane ezimbili kwaba ngonyaka eqa (njengoba lihlukaniswe by 400), kodwa lesi simiso? 1996 - kungaqali wokukhulekela izinga lokufa eyandulela kuye ngo-1995 izinga lokufa kwaba ngaphezulu.

ezingeni yalo ephansi impela cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka ke kufinyelelwa 1987. Unyaka akuyona ngonyaka eqa, kodwa ngo-1986 izinga lokufa kwaba uphansi kakhulu, ephansi kakhulu kunalokho, isibonelo, ngo-1981.

Izibonelo eziningi, kodwa kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi abantu abafa ngenxa yesono ngonyaka "eside" ayikhuphuki.

Uma ubheka izibalo lokuzalwa, ubudlelwane cacisa ubude ngonyaka, futhi, ayikwazi ukutholwa. Leap iminyaka kwekhulu lama-20 abazange ukuqinisekisa ngamashwa theory. Izinga lokuzalwa eRussia futhi amazwe aseYurophu uwela ngokulinganayo. Iya kancane kuyanda siyenzeka kuphela ngo-1987, bese izinga lokuzalwa iqala likhula emva ka 2008.

Mhlawumbe ngonyaka eqa ichaza ukungezwani ezithile kwezombangazwe noma ubandlululo izinhlekelele zemvelo noma impi?

Kuphela unyaka owodwa eqa kungatholakala phakathi nosuku lapho kugqashuka impi: ethi 1812-th - empini Napoleon. waphelela ngempela ojabulisayo Russia, kodwa yebo, ngayo nje ngokwayo yaba inselele enzima. Kodwa futhi ngonyaka ka-revolution 1905 noma ngo-1917 awazange nigxumagxume iminyaka. Unyaka ka ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II (1939) kwaba nakanjani ngonyaka dabukisa kakhulu yonke iYurophu, kodwa kwakungeyona ngonyaka eqa.

Eminyakeni eqa sekube ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-Armenia futhi ukuqhuma kwebhomu e-hydrogen, kodwa izenzakalo ezifana kwenzeka le nhlekelele yaseChernobyl, usizi imizi Japanese Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo nezinye izinhlekelele ziye kwenzeka ngonyaka ka abavamile kakhulu. Uhlu iminyaka eqa kwekhulu lama-20 asishayisani nge uhlu edabukisayo ngamashwa nezinhlekelele.

Izimbangela zokungajabuli

Odokotela bengqondo akholelwa ukuthi zonke izinsolo eyinhlekelele kuwunyaka, hhayi ningi than ezeni. Uma kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ukhuluma ngakho. Uma kungenjalo kuqinisekisiwe, kuvele ukhohlwe. Kodwa ukulindela zokungajabuli uqobo may enkingeni futhi "silingo." Hhayi lutho ngokuvamile umuntu ncamashi okwenzekayo, into ayisaba.

Omunye abangcwele wathi: "Uma ungakholwa ukuthi eziphathelene namabika, ngeke abulawe." Kulesi simo alikwazanga wusizo kakhulu.

Ngonyaka eqa ngesiHebheru

Ngo bendabuko ekhalendeni lamaJuda isebenzisa izinyanga ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, lapho izinsuku ezingu-28. Ngenxa yalokho konyaka ikhalenda ngaphansi kwalesi simiso kungazifinyeleli yezinkanyezi izinsuku 11. Ukuze ulungise njalo unikezwe ngenyanga extra konyaka. Leap Unyaka bendabuko ekhalendeni lamaJuda siqukethe izinyanga nantathu.

Kuwunyaka amaJuda ngokuvamile: zeminyaka nesishiyagalolunye ngokuvamile nambili kuphela, futhi enye eziyisikhombisa - eqa. Okungukuthi eqa eminyakeni amaJuda okungaphezu icala evamile. Kodwa umbuzo Yiqiniso, kuphela bendabuko ekhalendeni lamaJuda, esikhundleni lapho uhlala isimo Wakwa-Israyeli wanamuhla.

Kuwunyaka: lapho olandelayo

Zonke ababephila ngesikhathi zethu ayisekho bebhekene kwezinkombandlela iminyaka akhawunti eqa. Ngonyaka ozayo, ukuthi ngeke ngonyaka eqa, kulindelekile kuphela 2100, akunakwenzeka lokhu kuyiqiniso ngathi. Ngakho ukuthi esilandelayo uma kuwunyaka ingabalwa kakhulu ukumane: ngonyaka ozayo ukuthi uyahlukaniswa ngu 4.

2012 waba unyaka eqa, 2016 beyoba wesibili, nigxumagxume yesibili kuyoba 2020 futhi 2024 th, 2028 th futhi 2032 th. Bala ulula. Ukuze ukwazi lokhu, yebo, uma kunesidingo, kodwa ake lolu lwazi akusho ezisabekayo. Futhi ngonyaka eqa zenzeka izenzakalo ezimangalisayo futhi bajabule. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu Wabelethwa ngenyanga kaMhlolanja ngomhlaka 29, ezibhekwa lucky futhi bajabule.