Kuyini yokwakheka komhlaba, futhi uqhutshelwa

Umhlaba ukuhlola amadili nge komhlaba kanye Geophysics. Lezi wesayensi zihlobe- nomunye. Geophysics study kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa, uqweqwe, uketshezi yangaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi core okuqinile. Ngaphakathi isiyalo ihlola olwandle, amanzi ahamba ngaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba. Futhi, lokhu ekutadisheni physics ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ikakhulukazi, Aeronomiya, Climatology, i-meteorology. Kuyini komhlaba? Njengengxenye yalolu isiyalo eyenziwa ezinye izifundo eziningana. Okulandelayo, thola ukuthi izifundo lokho komhlaba.

Uhlolojikelele

Jikelele Geology - isiyalo esiphila ukuphenya isakhiwo kanye amaphetheni yentuthuko Earth kwamanye amaplanethi okuqondene zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, osebenza ku iziphuphutheki zabo zemvelo. Jikelele Geology kuyinto wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuphenywa isakhiwo eMhlabeni ngokusebenzisa izindlela ngokomzimba.

Izikhombisi-main

Njengamanje bobathathu: a komhlaba zomlando, ashukumisayo futhi okuchazayo. Esinye nesinye isigaba sifaka linezimiso ayo eziyisisekelo, futhi izindlela zocwaningo. Ngokulandelayo, sicabanga kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

isiqondiso okuchazayo

Sidingida ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo imizimba abafanele. Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kusho isimo sabo, usayizi, ubuhlobo kanye ukulandelana nesenzakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo lamanje liphathelene isiqondiso yamadwala namaminerali ahlukahlukene.

izifundo kwemvelo

Lokhu liphathelene isiqondiso ashukumisayo. Ikakhulukazi, izinqubo edwaleni ekubhujisweni, ukufuduka zabo umoya, komhlaba noma eliwumhlaba amagagasi, izinguzunga zeqhwa. Futhi, lolu cwaningo uhlola yangaphakathi ukuqhuma kwentaba, ukuzamazama komhlaba, crustal ukunyakaza kanye ekuqongeleleni inzika.

ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi etadisha yokwakheka komhlaba, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izifundo Awuboshezelwe izenzakalo ezenzeka Emhlabeni. Enye yezindawo yesiyalo ihlaziya futhi uchaza ukulandelana kwezikhathi izinqubo emhlabeni. Lezizifundo abazenzi ngaphakathi kohlaka nokwakheka zomlando. Ihlelwe ukulandelana kwezikhathi itafula ekhethekile. Nanguya eyaziwa ngokuthi i- wokubalwa kweminyaka ngamadwala isikhathi embulungeni. Yena, ihlukaniswe ngezikhawu ezine. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngokuhambisana ukuhlaziya stratigraphic. Isikhawu lokuqala ihlanganisa inkathi elandelayo: ukwakheka Earth - manje. Landela ukuziphilisa izingxenye libonise odlule yakamuva. Basuke imakwe ngosizo izinkanyezi ngezinga elingaphezu kwalokho.

Izici engu ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo

Lolu cwaningo yokwakheka komhlaba eMhlabeni kubalulekile oya esintwini. Ngokwenza ucwaningo kwaziwa engu-Earth, isibonelo. izenzakalo Geological inikezwa usuku oluthé ngqo, eziphathelene iphuzu othize ngesikhathi. Kulokhu sikhuluma engu ngokuphelele. Imicimbi kungabuye kukhonjwe isikali ezithile isikhawu. Lona yobudala isihlobo. Ukukhuluma ngokuthi yini yokwakheka komhlaba, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lokuqala konke kuba iqoqo ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngaphakathi isiyalo kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene belinganisa nezikhathi lapho inamathelisiwe esenzakalweni esikhethekile.

Radioisotope ukuphola indlela

Lalivulwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Le ndlela ivumela ukuba anqume yobudala ngokuphelele. Ngaphambi kokutholakala yayo, izazi zokuma komhlaba ziye kakhulu kungagcini. Ikakhulukazi, sasivame isihlobo kuphela Izindlela zokutholakala kwezinsuku zezenzakalo ukucacisa yobudala izenzakalo abafanele. uhlelo Abangane abanjalo bangakwenza ungabe kuphela ukufaka i-oda ezilandelanayo we ushintsho lokugcina, kunokuba usuku ukuthunywa kwabo. Nokho, le ndlela namanje ngempumelelo kakhulu. Lokhu kusebenza izinto icala, elingenalo isotopes enemisebe ayatholakala.

ucwaningo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuqhathanisa amayunithi ethize stratigraphic ngakolunye uhlangothi kungenxa ezivuzayo. Zakhiwa sedimentary nasemifantwini yamadwala, izinsalela zamathambo kanye ebusweni imali. Ezimweni eziningi, le ubudala isihlobo kunqunywa usebenzisa indlela kwezazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphelele ngokuyinhloko esekelwe nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali nezingokwenyama amatshe. Njengomthetho, engu kunqunywa radioisotope ukuphola. Lokhu kubhekisela ekuqongeleleni imikhiqizo ukubola izakhi ohambelana, okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu into. Ngesisekelo idatha Ukusetha usuku okucishe okuvela kuyo umcimbi ngamunye. Basuke walubeka amaphuzu athile esikalini Imininingwane umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ukwakha ukulandelana ngqo lokhu isici kubaluleke kakhulu.

izigaba eziyinhloko

Impendulo yombuzo lokho komhlaba kunzima ngempela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isayensi ayihlanganisi izinkomba ngenhla, kodwa futhi amaqembu ahlukene izifundo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi nanamuhla elisaqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba: kukhona amagatsha amasha kohlelo isayensi. Oku-ekhona futhi abasafufusa amaqembu amasha eyala nawo wonke amagatsha amathathu isayensi. Ngakho, imingcele ngqo phakathi kwawo. Iqiniso lokuthi ukutadisha yokuma komhlaba ngezindlela ezingafani, futhi wafunda isayensi ethile komunye umkhakha. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka uhlelo ukuxhumana nabanye izindawo ulwazi. Kukhona ngezigaba amaqembu elandelayo wesayensi:

1. eyala osetshenziswayo.
2. Mayelana uqweqwe eMhlabeni.
3. On izinqubo yesimanje umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.
4. Ukulandelana zomlando imicimbi efanele.
5. nokwakheka yesiFunda.

mineralogy

Yini ukutadisha komhlaba kulesi sigaba? Izifundo eziphathelene amaminerali, umbuzo of genesis yabo kanye ngezigaba. Lithology iye ukutadisha amatshe, okuyinto akhiwa izinqubo ezihlobene ne-hydrosphere, umhlaba kanye emkhathini woMhlaba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi babizwa nangokuthi sedimentary olungalungile. Geocryology uyafundelwa eziningi izici kanye izakhiwo ukuthi babe eyiqhwa. Crystallography ekuqaleni kwaba omunye izindawo mineralogy. Okwamanje, cishe akunakubangelwa isiyalo ngokomzimba.

petrography

Lokhu izifundo isigaba komhlaba yamadwala metamorphic futhi igneous kukhona uhlangothi ikakhulu achazayo. Kulokhu sikhuluma genesis zabo, ukubunjwa, izici ukuthungwa kanye ngezigaba.

Bokuqala kwesigaba Geotectonics

Kukhona kuthrendi iye ukutadisha thuthuva we uqweqwe kanye namafomu nesenzakalo yemizimba efanele. Igama layo - nokwakheka kwesakhiwo. Mangisho ukuthi njengoba isayensi Geotectonics uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. Bezakhiwe Geology bahlola dislocation zomhlaba kwesilinganiso aphakathi nendawo kanye elincane. Usayizi - amashumi emakhulwini amakhilomitha. Lokhu isayensi ekugcineni kwakhiwa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu. Ngakho, kwakukhona shift inyumbazana ngenxa amayunithi zomhlaba ka ngokwezinga lembulunga yonke futhi leli zwekazi. Kamuva izimfundiso kancane kancane lakhula laba geotectonics.

ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba

Lesi sigaba etadisha nokwakheka ka crustal ukunyakaza. Lihlanganisa ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

1. ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba kokulinganisa.
2. Neotectonics.
3. Geotectonics.

izigaba ewumngcingo

• Volcanology. kwesigaba Kunalokho ewumngcingo yokwakheka komhlaba. Ubelokhu ukutadisha mlilo.
• Seismology. Lesi sigaba liphathelene cwaningo yokwakheka komhlaba Geological izinqubo ezenzeka phakathi komhlaba. Lihlanganisa nokuklanywa zokuzamazama komhlaba.
• Geocryology. Lesi sigaba igxile ekutadisheni nokwakheka ka eyiqhwa.
• Petrology. Lesi sigaba uhlola genesis we komhlaba, kanye nemibandela umsuka amatshe metamorphic futhi igneous.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe izinqubo

Konke nokwakheka ukutadisha, ekuliqondeni kangcono izinqubo ezihlukahlukene emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezikhathi izenzakalo kuyindaba ebalulekile. Kakade, ukungabondli zonke isayensi Geological ingokomlando ngezindlela ezingafani. Bakubheka njengenjabulo imfundo abakhona kulokhu umbono. Okokuqala, la wesayensi ukuthola ukulandelana kumiswa izakhiwo zesimanje.

ngezigaba lezinkathi

wonke umlando eMhlabeni ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu, ababiziweyo eons. Ukwahlukaniswa is ngaphakathi accordance nga ukubukeka eziphilayo ne izingxenye kanzima ukuthi ushiye izibazi e inzika. Ngokusho idatha paleontology, avumela ukuba ukunquma isihlobo engu umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

izifundo zocwaningo

Phanerozoic waqala leholele amaminerali emhlabeni. Ngakho, ukuphila ongaphandle athuthukile. Le nkathi kwandulelwe Precambrian futhi kriptozoy. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba khona ukuphila ezifihliwe. nokwakheka Precambrian kubhekwa isiyalo ehlukile. Iqiniso ukuthi ukutadisha ethize, ikakhulukazi ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi metamorfoznye kakhulu izakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it has a ekhethekile izindlela zocwaningo isici. Paleontology igxile ekutadisheni eziphilayo lasendulo. Uneziqu incazelo zamathambo futhi iminonjana umsebenzi eziphilayo. Stratigraphy inquma isihlobo engu Geological yamadwala sedimentary futhi ukukhishwa kwengalo ukujiya yabo. Iphinde iphatha ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene. izincazelo Paleontologic ukumela umthombo idatha ku stratigraphy.

Kuyini osetshenziswayo Geology

Ezinye izindawo isayensi ngandlela-thile ukuhlanganyela nabanye. Nokho, kukhona yizindaba komngcele kwamanye amagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, yezimayini komhlaba. Lokhu isiyalo liphathelene izindlela yosesho kanye ukuhlola yamadwala. It ihlukaniswe yaba lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: yamalahle Geology, uwoyela negesi. Kukhona metallogeny. Hydrology igxile ekutadisheni komhlaba. Uyala ngokwanele. Bonke babe ukubaluleka esisebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, yini ubunjiniyela komhlaba? Lona kwesigaba ekubhekaneni ekutadisheni ukuxhumana phakathi kwamabhilidi kanye nemvelo. Buhlobene eduze naye nenhlabathi komhlaba ngenxa yokwakheka inhlabathi kuncike, isibonelo, ukukhetha amaphuzu ukwakhiwa.

Okunye subtypes

• Geochemistry. Lesi sigaba sigxile ebuhlotsheni nokwakheka ekuhloleni izakhiwo ngokomzimba Zomhlaba. Kuhlanganisa izindlela ukuhlola eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise prospecting kagesi zokuguqulwa ezihlukahlukene, la mandla kazibuthe, ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi gravimetric.
• Geothermobarometry. Lolu cwaningo liphathelene cwaningo yezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi sokunquma kumiswa ingcindezi kanye lokushisa amatshe namaminerali.
• nokwakheka Microstructural. Lesi sigaba iphatha ekutadisheni ukusonteka yamadwala ezingeni micro. Kwakusho out lokubolekwa okusanhlamvu amaminerali.
• Geodynamics. Lolu cwaningo sigxile ebuhlotsheni ukutadisha izinqubo embulungeni yonke, ukuthi zenzeka ngenxa ukuvela iplanethi. Sifundza izindlela zokukhulumisana uqweqwe eMhlabeni, isiphuku futhi core.
• Geochronology. Lesi sigaba iphatha kwencazelo engu-amaminerali kanye amatshe.
• Lithology. Wabuye ngokuthi petrology yamadwala sedimentary. Usebenta ekutadisheni izinto ezifanele.
• Umlando Geology. Lesi sigaba igxile nesigcino ulwazi wathola futhi ibhizinisi emkhandweni wensimbi.
• Agrogeology. Lesi sigaba unesibopho yokusesha, isizinda kanye nokusetshenziswa agroores ngezinhloso zezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, utadisha ukwakheka mineralogical kwenhlabathi.

On ekutadisheni Geological izigaba ezilandelayo ukugxila sonozungezilanga:

1. Cosmology
2. Planetology.
3. Isikhala komhlaba.
4. Space-chemistry.

Imayini nokwakheka

It is ehlukaniswe uhlobo izinto zokusetshenziswa amaminerali. Kukhona ukwahlukana komhlaba namadwala ore amaminerali nonmetallic. Lesi sigaba iphatha ekutadisheni amaphethini ukusatshalaliswa izinkambu ezifanele. Futhi ukusungula nobudlelwane phakathi izinqubo ezilandelayo: metamorphism, magmatism, ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, sedimentation. Ngakho waba i legatsha esizimele ulwazi, okuthiwa metallogeny. Geology of Industrial Minerals nazo ihlukaniswe isayensi izinto ezivuthayo futhi caustobioliths. Lezi zihlanganisa oluthambile, amalahle, igesi namafutha. Geology rocks noncombustible kuhlanganisa izinto zokwakha, usawoti kanye nokunye. Futhi kulesi sigaba zihlanganisa hydrogeology. It is Kunikezelwa komhlaba.

isiqondiso kwezomnotho

Kuyinto isiyalo kunalokho ezithile. Umsolwa uvele lapho kwakuphambana khona ezomnotho kanye nokwakheka imali amaminerali. Lokhu isiyalo igxile uhlu izindawo kugcwele kanye imali. Igama elithi "amaminerali isisetshenziswa", bakubheka njengobuthakathaka Cishe akunakubangelwa emkhakheni kwezomnotho, kunokuba alisebenzise umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

intelligence Izici

Geology kuyinto olunzulu ucwaningo eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho imisebenzi eyenziwa, okuvumela ukunquma ukubaluleka kwezentengiselwano amasayithi zinhlobo isenzakalo Uthole ukuhlolwa omuhle imiphumela yocwaningo kanye nokuhlolwa yezenzo. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka uphenyo ezifakwayo izilungiselelo Geological nezezimboni. Nazo ngokufanayo, ezidingekayo ukuze izigaba ezifanele ukuhlolwa. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ukucutshungulwa amaminerali ekhishwe, ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi, Umklamo ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi yezimayini. Ngakho, isinqumo materials ezifanele morphology emizimbeni. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba ukhethe uhlelo kucutshungulwe namaminerali. Ukufaka wabuka imizimba yabo. Lokhu uyakucabangela imingcele umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ikakhulu, siphathelene amaphutha ebusweni noxhumana nabo zokwakheka ahlukahlukene lithological. Futhi, kukhona ukubhalisa iphethini ukusatshalaliswa amaminerali, khona ukungcola okuyingozi, futhi okuqukethwe khulula izingxenye eziyinhloko.

Khathizwe engenhla uqweqwe

Isifundo sabo abathintekayo ubunjiniyela komhlaba. Ulwazi etholwe ekuhloleni nenhlabathi, kusinike ithuba ukucacisa nokufaneleka izinto ezifanele ukuze kwakhiwe izinto eziqondile. Khathizwe engenhla ungqimba lomhlaba bavame ngokuthi imvelo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Into cwaningo kulesi sigaba kuyinto ulwazi mayelana izici ezifunda, Dynamics kanye morphology. Sifunda kanye nokuxhumana izakhiwo zobunjiniyela. Lesi sakamuva uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izakhi technosphere. Lokhu uyakucabangela kuhlelwe, umsebenzi wamanje noma befeza kwezomnotho lomuntu. Ababeqondisa Geological kokuhlaziywa endaweni kuhilela ukwabiwa ilungu ekhethekile, esibonakala by izakhiwo iyunifomu.

A izimiso ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo

Ulwazi olungenhla evumela umuntu ukuba awaqonde ngokucacile lokho komhlaba. Kuyadingeka ukuba bathi isayensi ubhekwa zomlando. It has imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Okokuqala, kumayelana kwencazelo ukulandelana kwezenzakalo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ukuze izinga okusezingeni zalezi zinkinga sekuyisikhathi eside intuitively itfutfukise izimpawu abavamile futhi elula, ezihlobene ubuhlobo isikhathi amatshe. ubudlelwano Okungafuneki amelela abafanele oxhumana yamadwala nasemigodini ugqinsi yabo. Zonke iziphetho zisekelwe izici itholiwe. yobudala Isihlobo inquma futhi intersecting ubudlelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amakhefu idwala, kungashiwo baphetha ngokuthi ukwa kwamiswa emva kwabo. Isimiso phambili ukuthi impahla ukwakhiwa zezendlalelo kwakhiwa kungenziwa welulela ebusweni iplanethi, uma alisho iyiphi enye mass.

Imininingwane zomlando

Kokuma kuqala ngokuvamile chasiselwe nokwakheka ashukumisayo. Kulesi simo libhekisela ulwazi mayelana ogwini ezihambayo, ukuguguleka izintaba, izintaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba. Imizamo zokuhlukanisa emizimbeni Geological uphinde uchaze namaminerali abekade Avicenna Al-Burini. Okwamanje, ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi nokwakheka yesimanje kwaqala ngo amazwe amaSulumane angenkathi ephakathi. izifundo ezifanayo esikhathini Renaissance babehilelekile Girolamo Fracastoro futhi uLeonardo da Vinci. Ziyakwazi ngowokuqala ukubeka phambili ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi amagobolondo ezimbiwa phansi - izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezingasekho. Bakholelwa nokuthi umlando umhlaba ngokwawo unezinkulungwane isikhathi eside kakhulu kuneminyaka imibono waseBhayibhelini ngalokhu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII kwakukhona umbono jikelele mayelana iplanethi, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi dilyuvianizma. Ososayensi ngesikhathi babekholelwa wokuthi izinsalela namadwala sedimentary ngokwabo kwamiswa ngenxa kukaZamcolo.

Isidingo namaminerali ngokushesha okukhulu sasondelana kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Ngakho, i-steel wafunda kugcwele. Ikakhulu ke eyenziwa ekuqongeleleni langempela materials, izincazelo izakhiwo kanye nezici amatshe, kanye cwaningo kwizimo nesenzakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokugada zakhiwa. Cishe wonke nokwakheka XIX leminyaka ziqondiswe ngokugcwele indaba yobudala ngqo womhlaba. kokuhlaziywa ocatshangelwayo kuyinto ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: kusukela ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu iminyaka ukuba izigidigidi. Nokho, engu-iplanethi ekuqaleni kuchazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kwaba nesandla ukuphola radiometric. I kwaphumela kuqambelisa - iminyaka engaba ngu-2 billion. Njengamanje, engu-Earth kweqiniso ifakiwe. Uneminyaka ecishe ibe u bhiliyoni 4.5 ubudala.