Izinhlobo Lightning: yomugqa, intracloud, phansi. Umbani. Njengoba Fireball kwakhiwa

Lightning - omunye walabo zemvelo osekuyisikhathi eside ephefumulelwe ukwesaba lonke uhlanga lwesintu. Qonda essence yayo bafuna wongqondongqondo abakhulu, ezifana Aristotle Lucretius. Babecabanga ukuthi lo ibhola lomlilo isibambo umhwamuko amafu, futhi lwanda usayizi, inqamuka kubo futhi bebulawa kungazange yenhlansi ukuwa phansi.

Umqondo umbani futhi ukuvela yayo

Ngo uziphu kakhulu kwakheka nokuduma uqaphele amafu abe isinqumo sezingeni eliphezulu. Ingxenye engenhla zingafakwa ezingeni ukuphakama 7 km, futhi phansi - amamitha 500 nje ngaphezu komhlabathi. Banikezwe lokushisa komoya osemkhathini, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi ezingeni 3-4 km amanzi zilimaze ukwakha izinhlayiya ice, lapho kungqubuzana nomunye electrostatically. Labo ukuthi ube usayizi enkulu, wamukela icala omubi, futhi okungenani - omuhle. Ngesisekelo isisindo sabo, basuke nombala basakaza efwini ngongqimba. Vala ndawonye, akha isiteshi plasma, kusukela okuyinto wasitholela inhlansi kagesi, ngokuthi umbani. A eziphukile umugqa ukuma, azithola ngenxa yokuthi endleleni eya phansi ngokuvamile atholakala emoyeni izinhlayiya ahlukahlukene, akha izithiyo. Futhi ukuze ugweme kubo, kufanele ushintshe trajectory.

Physical Incazelo umbani

Umbani ukhetha kusuka Joules 109 kuya 1010 zamandla. inani okunjalo enkulu kagesi idliwe ngokwezinga elikhulu ekusungulweni flash ukukhanya igagasi ukushaqeka lapho ngenye ibizwa ngokuthi kwezulu. Kodwa ngisho ingxenye encane umbani kungaba ngokwanele ukuba benze izinto ezazingekho, ezifana osenyameni yayo bangambulala noma ukubhubhisa isakhiwo. Kuvela elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo ubonisa ukuthi lokhu Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo uyakwazi Ncibilikisa isihlabathi, ukwakha isilinda eziyize. Lo mphumela kufinyelelwa ngenxa lokushisa eliphezulu ngaphakathi uziphu, kungaba sifinyelele 2000 degrees. ushaye ngenkathi phansi nazo ezahlukene, ngeke kube ngaphezu kweyesibili. Ngokuqondene namandla, amplitude we ishayela ongafinyelela amakhulu kilowatts. Ukuhlanganisa zonke lezi zici, sikhule size of esiqine zemvelo osenyameni zamanje, esizolokhu ngokufa kwaso sonke ukuthi uma icindezelwa. Zonke izinhlobo ezikhona umbani kuyingozi kakhulu, futhi umhlangano wabo engathandeki kakhulu abantu.

nokuduma Ezemfundo

Zonke izinhlobo umbani akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngaphandle nokuduma, okuyinto ongaqhubeki ingozi efanayo, kodwa kwezinye izimo kungaholela ukwehluleka ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi nezinye izinkinga lobuchwepheshe. It kuvela kusukela lokuthi amagagasi ukushisa, umbani ukufuthelana okushisa ibavuthela kunelanga, zibheke abandayo. Ngakho-ke, umsindo etholwe - hhayi nje kuphela wave ubangelwa umoya iyehla iyenyuka. Ezimweni eziningi, umthamo inyuka ngo ekupheleni roll. Lokhu kungenxa reflection of umsindo evela emafwini.

Yiziphi umbani

It kuvela ukuthi wonke ezahlukene.

1. Ukuthuthukiswa umbani - ezihlukahlukene ezivame kakhulu. nokuduma Electric libukeka nokuhle kulesi simo-phansi, proliferating esihlahleni. Kusukela isiteshi esikhulu isuka "izinqubo" kancane olucashile futhi iDemo. Ubude ukudedelwa kuze kube amakhilomitha 20, kanye amperage - 20,000 Amps. Ukushayela ngesivinini amakhilomitha 150 ngomzuzwana. I lokushisa plasma, isiteshi yokugcwalisa we umbani, kuziwa degrees 10,000.

2. umbani intracloud - umsuka zilwane kuhambisana ushintsho emasimini kagesi kazibuthe, njengamagagasi omsakazo sasikhipha. peal okunjalo kungenzeka kakhulu ongasoze wazithola eduze nenkabazwe. Ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele, kubonakala ezingavamile kakhulu. Uma ifu umbani ungamandla ke ntombazane kungaba siphume into angaphandle okuphula ubuqotho igobolondo, ezifana indiza noma ikhebuli metal gesi. Kanye ubude zingaba phakathi amakhilomitha 1 150.

3. Surface uziphu - ifomu asebenzayo sidlula izigaba eziningana. Ngosuku lokuqala luka-la umthelela ionization iqala, okudaliwe ekuqaleni electron mahhala, zihlale khona emoyeni. Inkambu kagesi izinhlayiya aphansi ibe Isivinini esiphakeme futhi aqondiswe phansi, elenga ezintanjeni ashayisane molecule emoyeni nabavoti. Ngakho, kukhona ngendathane electronic kwenye libizwa streamer. Zimelela ziteshi uhlangane nomunye, ayimbangela yazo esikhanyayo, umbani thermally ngci. It efinyelela emhlabeni ngesimo iladi encane, ngoba esendleleni kunezithiyo, futhi ukuba sizigweme, lishintsha isiqondiso. ijubane ukunyakaza mayelana 50,000 amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana.

Ngemva umbani kuzodlula isendleleni, ugcina ukuhamba ngoba emashumini ambalwa microseconds, nokukhanya esezokufa. Ngemva kwalokhu, esigabeni esilandelayo iqala: ukuphindaphinda indlela. Ukudedelwa yakamuva kakhulu lidlula ukukhanya zonke langaphambilini, yamanje, ongafinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane amperes. Izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi isiteshi esifanayo emhlabeni 25,000 degrees. Lolu hlobo umbani yinde kunazo, ngakho imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu.

pearl umbani

Umbuzo mayelana iziphi umbani, asikwazi sikhohlwe kule Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo ezingavamile. Ngokuvamile, ukudedelwa senzeka ngemva umugqa PHINDE trajectory yayo. lapha kuphela ukubheka kuba amabhola, okuyizinto kude komunye nomunye, kepha efaniswe umgexo impahla eziyigugu. Lokhu umbani sihambisana umsindo loudest futhi kwentaba.

Fireball

Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo, lapho umbani ithatha ukuma ibhola. Kulokhu, trajectory of indiza yayo iba ezingalindelekile, okwenza kube yingozi nakakhulu abantu. Ezimweni eziningi, i-com kagesi ezifana kwenzeka ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izinhlobo, kodwa eqoshiwe yokuthi iba khona ngisho sezulu sunny.

Njengoba kwakhiwa it is a Fireball? Ukuthi lo mbuzo uvame wabuzwa abantu abaye babhekana lesi simanga. Njengoba sazi sonke, ezinye izinto babashayeli kakhulu ugesi, ngakho nakhu kuzo, ukuqongelela icala layo, futhi ibhola iqala ukuvela. Iphinde singenzeka kusukela uziphu main. Abazibonele bathi kuphakama nje zizenzakalele.

Ububanzi umbani kuhluka ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukuthi imitha. Ngokuqondene imibala, zikhona ongakhetha eziningana: kusuka emhlophe nophuzi othi luhlaza okotshani, kakhulu ezingavamile ukuthola black ibhola kagesi. Ngo kokwehla okusheshayo, enaka nendawo cishe ngemitha ngaphezu komhlabathi. a uziphu Abangane abanjalo bangakwenza ungabe kungalindelekile ukushintsha trajectory futhi zinyamalale ngokuzumayo nje, ngaleyo ndlela ukukhulula amandla okukhumbula amakhulu kakhulu ngenxa lapho ukuncibilika noma nokucekelwa nhlobo izinto ezahlukene. Cishe ihlala imizuzwana eyishumi kuya amahora amaningana.

sprite umbani

Muva nje, ngo-1989, ososayensi bathola olunye uhlobo umbani, ngokuthi sprites. Ukutholakala kwaba ngokuphelele ngengozi, ngoba lo mkhuba akuvamile kakhulu futhi kuyaqhubeka kwetshumi ambalwa yesibili kuphela. Okunye esithweni kagesi bona zihlukaniswa ukuphakama lapho zivela - mayelana 50-130 km, kuyilapho amanye zenyathi musa unqobe emgqeni 15-ikhilomitha. Futhi umbani sprite kuyahluka ubukhulu omkhulu, okuyinto ifinyelela km 100. Babonakala amakholomu njengoba mpo sokukhanya flash amaqembu. umbala wabo iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kwe-air: eduze phansi, lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo owengeziwe, zingabantu oluhlaza, ophuzi noma amhlophe, kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya nitrogen, endaweni engamamitha angu-70 km, ziba okukhanyayo.

Ukuziphatha ezibaliwe uma kuduma izulu

Zonke izinhlobo umbani baphatha ingozi umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka ukuze impilo ngisho nokuphila. Ukuze ugweme umuntu abanjwe ugesi, le mithetho elandelayo kufanele ilandelwe endle:

1. Kulesi simo, engozini uthole izinto eliphakeme, ngakho kufanele ugweme izindawo ezivulekile. Ukuze babe ngaphansi, kungcono ukuba sihlale phansi futhi ubeke emathangeni akhe yomuzi ekhanda nasesifubeni kwenzeka ukunqotshwa, lokhu ukuma uyobavikela zonke izitho ezibalulekile. Kunoma ikuphi akunakwenzeka ukuba abeke phansi, njengoba hhayi ukwandisa endaweni kungenzeka ukusilaphazeka.
2. Futhi, ungangifihleli ngaphansi izihlahla ezinde futhi lampposts. yokukhosela engathandeki ngeke olungavikelekile sufaka nofana izakhiwo (isib epikinikini yokukhosela).
3. Phakathi nokuduma, kufanele ngokushesha ukuphuma emanzini, ngoba umqhubi ezinhle. Uma kuwo, ukudedelwa umbani kalula lasakazekela abantu.
4. Akunakusetshenziswa Awukwazi ukusebenzisa ifoni yakho ephathekayo.
5. Usizo lokuqala ukuba isisulu okungcono umkhiqizo nangemithi ngokushesha shayela kwizinsizakalo eziphuthumayo.

Imithetho yokuziphatha endlini

Ngaphakathi endlini, futhi, kukhona ingozi ukunqotshwa.

1. Uma isiphepho emgwaqweni waqala, into yokuqala udinga ukuvala wonke amafasitela nezicabha bengena.
2. Kumele cisha zonke izinto zikagesi.
3. Ungasondeli ucingo olunezintambo nezinye izintambo, zingabantu babashayeli kakhulu ugesi. Umphumela ofanayo futhi babe amapayipi metal, ngakho ungabi eduze imishini.
4. Ukwazi indlela yakha Fireball nendlela trajectory yayo ezingalindelekile, uma sisaqhubeka wangena egumbini, kumelwe ngokushesha uyiyeka, futhi ukuvala wonke amafasitela nezicabha bengena. Uma lezi zenzo akunakwenzeka, kungcono ame.

Nature akukakabi kuncike indoda, bese ekudlulisela ezingozini eziningi. Zonke izinhlobo umbani - okungukuthi, enkabeni yalo, i-esithweni enamandla kakhulu kagesi, okuyizinto izikhathi eziningana ephakeme ukwedlula umthamo yazo zonke eyayenziwe adalwe amandla endoda imithombo.