Ukusha Kwesibindi Kohlobo A - Kuyini lokhu sifo? Izimpawu, ukwelapha nokuvimbela kwesibindi A

Wonke umuntu ufuna ukuba ngumqemane. Nokho, kuyadabukisa ukuthi, akekho kithi ungalokothi ukuphatha ukugwema izifo. Futhi indoda eyake yazibeka "inkosi yakwa-imvelo", kuba impela sengozini kuya kulencane izidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu - ezihlukahlukene lamagciwane.

Omunye inqwaba yabo, kuyingozi abantu, iyona ejenti causative zesifo ezifana Hepatitis A. "Kuyini lokhu sifo?" - ubuza. Abantu abavamile ke ngokuthi isifo esithathelwanayo, noma i-jaundice. Lesi sihloko sizodingida ngalesi sifo, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi iziveza-lwegciwane igciwane, ungakuthola kanjani lokho izimpawu zesifo kumele uthole uqaphele futhi bafune iseluleko wezokwelapha, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kanjani ukulwa naso ngokuphumelelayo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana isifo. Kuyini nokohlobo A?

Njengoba kakade okukhulunywe ngaye esethulweni, agent causative of jaundice iyona enterovirus, okuyinto igciwane nge igobolondo acid nemithi, ayikho ngaphansi imvelo okubhubhisa esiswini. Akasona nobunzima ndawonye, isib, nemifino ezingahlanjiwe, izithelo noma amanzi angcolile kudlule ukuvikela naphakathi esidi esiswini futhi emathunjini, igciwane elibangela isifo yenethiwekhi. Kulabo bengaba nokuqonda okuncane mayelana (noma okungelutho) izifo ezifana ne-hepatitis A, kuyini futhi idluliselwa kanjani, ukwazisa: Lokhu lwegciwane has a amasosha omzimba esinamandla sokuba imvelo yasemanzini, okuvame kuphakamisa ukudluliswa salo ngokusebenzisa ketshezi. Kukhona futhi abanye izindaba ezinhle: igciwane immunogenicity eliphezulu kakhulu, okuyinto enomthelela esitebeleni amasosha omzimba ukuphila-isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba lesi sifo.

nokudlanga

Izibalo ngokungakhethi uthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abanye alazi yini nokohlobo A, siyini lesi sifo ukutheleleka ezivamile phakathi kwalabo bayingozi empilweni yomuntu. Emazweni ukuthi zaziwa sezulu layo afudumele nemibandela sanitary abampofu, izigameko zokusha kwesibindi uhlobo A kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, e-Central Asia cishe 100% sabantu ingane perebolevaet lokhu ukutheleleka. Emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu, lizinga jaundice ukutheleleka 1: 400, okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, zonke kubantu ngonyaka ka-100 000 laphaya sigule 250.

Yiqiniso, wonke umuntu ufuna ukuba agweme amagciwane, ikakhulu ezifana lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. kanjani igciwane elibangela ke? Nge awokuthi kungaba ogulayo uphumule emazweni ashisayo, kuhlanganise izindawo eziyizintandokazi sokuzilibazisa kanye nezokuvakasha. It amazwe ase-Afrika, kuhlanganise kwelase-Tunisia naseGibhithe, amazwe ase-Asia naseziqhingini, ezinye zazo ezidumile phakathi abaseRussia, Turkey kanye India, kanye South-East nase-Asia Ephakathi. Kukhona ingozi yokutheleleka ngesikhathi evakashele amazwe aseNingizimu Melika elise naseCaribbean.

Izindlela netindlela ukutheleleka kanye nokuthuthukiswa

Okudidayo ukuthi, hhayi kokushiya ngisho nemingcele yezwe lethu, ungakwazi kalula sithathe lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. Njengoba ke idluliselwa Kulezo zimo? ejenti ezithathelwanayo kungaba phezu izithelo nemifino. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba udle ke, nsuku saziso indlela ubageze ngaphansi egijima amanzi pat ezomile. Kuzokwenzeka, nakuba amancane, kodwa isiqinisekiso sokuthi ngeke bagule ngokudla i-apula noma utamatisi. Uma une wobuthakathaka kwasolwandle ke uzithenge fresh noma eqandisiwe, khumbula: ngaphambi uthola etafuleni lakho, kufanele ukwelashwa ezishisayo lapho ukufa zonke lamagciwane, okuyizinto phezu.

Umthombo oyinhloko nokohlobo A - indoda, wacosha igciwane egula jaundice. Bekanye indle yakhe ku imvelo imele lenqwaba amagciwane, iyiphi i-akhawunti uya ezigidini.

Uma umuntu alihambisani olwamukelwa imithetho kwenhlanzeko, ukudla namanzi elinegciwane nokudla (ikakhulukazi ke siphathelene kwasolwandle thermally kabi kusetshenzwe), igciwane ukungena emathunjini, bese ukusivumela igazi kanye lingena sesibindi isetjenziswa ku hepatocytes - ke amaseli.

Kabusha igciwane izinhlayiya kwenzeka cytoplasm lamaseli isibindi, ishiya, bangena Amapayipi Bile, ehlatshwa kanye Bile emathunjini isiguli.

Njengoba lwaqalwa ngo-isibindi ukuvuvukala, okuholela kulimaze noma ukubhujiswa hepatocytes - amaseli kwakhona immunological ngokwemvelo. T-lymphocyte womuntu omzimba amaseli ukuhlasela amaseli kwesibindi, washaya igciwane eqaphela. Ngenxa yalokho, i-hepatocytes elinegciwane afe, aphazamise ukusebenza evamile isibindi nokuthuthukisa lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. Njengoba isifo idluliselwa, sakhuluma ngokuthi ngaphambili.

Amathuba ukutheleleka

Emazweni asathuthuka, lapho amazinga aphansi kokubili ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye nomphakathi, jaundice - lokuqala yabo bonke abangenwa yisandulela ebuntwaneni. Iningi izingane kula mazwe perebolevaet lapho lineminyaka engu-10 futhi lithenga ubufakazi amasosha omzimba impilo yonke lesi sifo kuwo.

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa epidemiological, manifest amafomu, nabo jaundice, kuba nokohlobo A, izimpawu zivame ukuvela manje lingandile kangako. Laqala ukuvama esengeziwe ukutheleleka okubizwa ngokuthi ifomu anicteric lapho akunakwenzeka ukuxilonga izifo.

Izakhamuzi amazwe athuthukile ngokuthi i-jaundice, hhayi nje njengomuntu "isifo yezandla ezingcolile". Amathuba ukutheleleka liphansi kakhulu, okuyinto lula umsebenzi wezinga eliphakeme kwezindlu kanye nezinsiza ohlanganyelwe kanye namasiko okusezingeni eliphezulu sabantu. Kule ndaba, iningi labantu alikho emzimbeni amasosha ukutheleleka, okwenza ingozi yokutheleleka iphezulu kakhulu.

Ngisho nalabo abangamazi ngalesi sifo, ezifana ne-hepatitis A, it is ngobulili nokuthi, azigomekile ukutheleleka, uma ziya nokuphumula umsebenzi emazweni afudumele Afrika ne-Asia, asiwulandeli imithetho olwamukelwa kwenhlanzeko.

Uma ufuna ukuthola amathuba kanye nezinga lobungozi ogulayo, futhi ukuxazulula umbuzo ukwethulwa umgomo, kufanele ukuhlolwa igazi ukuthi kuthola amasosha le-hepatitis igciwane - immunoglobulin G (anti - Ukucinga IgG). Uma umphumela ebonisa yobukhona babo biomaterial, ukuthi umuntu amasosha omzimba igciwane, amathuba okutheleleka zero, kanye lokugoma ayidingekile. Uma amasosha omzimba azitholakalanga, kukhona ingozi yokuba jaundice. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kudingeka agonywe.

Ubani isengozini?

Epidemiologists kukhona amaqembu amaningana abantu abavukwa ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo B kungenziwa unesifo izinga eliphakeme okungenzeka A. Yini eyenza? Uma uzibheka yimaphi amaqembu ezilandelayo, it is kakhulu Kunconywa ukuba zihlolelwe khona amasosha igciwane, futhi uma kudingeka, zigonywe. Lolu hlu lufaka:

• yasendlini nomndeni amalungu umuntu utheleleke nge-hepatitis uhlobo A;
• abantu abangena neziguli e ubuhlobo obuseduze;
• abantu (ikakhulukazi izingane) abahlala ezindaweni lapho isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A luvame;
• Abantu abathunyelwe kuwe amazwe nge izinga eliphezulu yokugula;
• amadoda anomthwalo ubuhlobo bobulili kobungqingili.

Lapho indlu uyagula. Izimpendulo zemibuzo evamile

Abantu abaqondi ngokugcwele imininingwane ngegciwane ezinjalo, ezifana ne-hepatitis A, ukuthi lesi sifo idluliselwa nendlela, ngezinye izikhathi zikhona izingqinamba okumele iyaphendulwa kulesi sihloko. Okubuhlungu nakakhulu lezi zinkinga, lapho ilungu lomkhaya uwela waphathwa jaundice.

Okokuqala ukhathazeke kakhulu umbuzo: Ingabe kungenzeka nabo lomuntu onegciwane akuyona kanjani leli gciwane? Yiqiniso, yebo, uma ubambelela imithetho olwamukelwa kwenhlanzeko. Kodwa ingabe kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ukuthintana nophethwe ingane egulayo kungcono sokulinciphisa ubuncane, futhi kuhle ukumisa aze belashwa.

Eyesibili inkinga ebalulekile siphathelene kungenzeka yokungenwa yilesi sifo ngaphandle jaundice. Kulokhu, umuntu engakutholi ogulayo kuphela uma wabhekana lokugoma ngokumelene nokohlobo A futhi omzimba ezingeni egazini lakhe yanele ukuze alwe namagciwane. Uma masosha omzimba egazini ungekho, kodwa igciwane eseke wangena ke, ngaleso sikhathi abantu nakanjani ukugula.

Ukuze esikhathini esifushane ukuze azivikele kungenzeka unesifo noma ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa isifo esimweni ukutheleleka, emva kwezinsuku umuntu ngaphambi nje kokuba igciwane kungenzeka, noma ngaphakathi 14 wasungula ukulungiselela ekhethekile - immunoglobulin. isilinganiso esinjalo kungaba kubhekwe hhayi nje njengomuntu indlela yokwelashwa, kodwa futhi njengoba nokuvinjelwa lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. Uma sebebuye babalimaze ke ematfuba kabusha ulithumele azinakwa.

Njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, ukukhomba masosha omzimba indlela ukuhlaziya igazi ngoba khona immunoglobulin G (anti-HAV IgG). Ukuba khona kwabo ukhuluma ukutheleleka womuntu noma ngokugoma. It Kunconywa ucwaningo wonke amalungu omndeni, lapho kukhona omuntu onegciwane ngokuba khona immunoglobulin egazini, imigomo uma kudingeka.

Futhi-ke, akufanele sikhohlwe imithetho aphansi kwenhlanzeko: ukugeza izandla ngensipho ngemva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese, ngemva ukunakekela izingane ezincane, ngaphambi kokupheka noma ukudla.

Imiphumela izifo ubude

Uma igazi lomuntu, unvaccinated, ngikutholile nokohlobo A igciwane, ngaso nakanjani ukugula ne-jaundice. Nokho, ukunquma ngokunembile isikhathi ukutheleleka kunzima, uma kungekhona ubhubhane, kubangelwa, isibonelo, kwenzeka ingozi e amanethiwekhi amapayipi.

Isikhathi bayashintshana ekufukameleni cishe inyanga kusukela ngosuku ukungcola nezinsolo, bese uqala ekhombisa izimpawu zokungenwa nokohlobo A, okuyinto ungakwazi ukubona engumshumayeli: imfiva, dyspepsia (esiswini ukwephulwa of ukusebenza evamile), ukushintsha kombala kwesikhumba.

Ngemva ukubukeka jaundice kuyinto ngcono isimo jikelele kanye nesimo lesiguli zempilo. Engakapheli amasonto 3-6, futhi ngezinye izikhathi eside, wayemhlonipha, futhi emva ukunyamalala iningi labantu alulame. isithombe Landelayo senzelwe labo muntu iza ubuso nobuso izifo ezifana lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. Iyini? Photo kukhombisa ngokusobala, kubukeka sengathi umuntu egula isikhumba kuqhathaniswa isikhumba awuthelelekile nge-jaundice.

Abaningi bakhathazeka ngezingozi sifo kulabo noma abanye abantu. Olwaba nzima sife-hepatitis izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka 1 unyaka abantu abadala kanye nabantu abadala. Lesifo yokugcina ngokuvamile kuhambisana ukudakwa evelele kanye jaundice, futhi ubude bayo phezu kwemini cishe izinyanga ezintathu.

Ezimweni eziningi umuntu ehlupheka kancane ngaphezu kwenyanga - ezinsukwini ezingu-40. Kodwa isikhathi lesi sifo kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi: engu-isiguli, isimo izifo zakhe mzimba ahlobene okungamahlalakhona (yobukhona babo noma ukungabi). A indima ebalulekile kakhulu udlalwa ngumuntu ukuqaliswa okucacile izincomo kanye izabelo ukuthi uzonikezwa ngudokotela wakho. Ngo-15% yesizwe sonkana ngithi ifomu ezingamahlalakhona kwesibindi, engahlala 6 kuya 9 izinyanga.

Ukwazi ukuthi singase sife futhi self-ukwelashwa

Umbuzo othakazelisayo mayelana nokwenzeka ekufeni isifo. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka, ukucabanga, "ebulalayo kanye ne-hepatitis A? Kuyini lokhu? Jaundice? Izingozi ke okuthwala, "Ngempela, ebulalayo nalesi sifo - a rarity, kodwa kungenzeka, uma isifo kwenzeka fulminant ifomu (umbani). Kulokhu kukhona ukuthuthukiswa onejubane acute necrosis hepatic obuhambisana yokwehluleka kwesibindi oyingozi.

Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo A ziyabulala e-0.1% isibalo sabantu ingane, 0.3% abantu ababulawa kusukela ukutheleleka intsha kanye nabantu abadala kweminyaka engu-40 ubudala futhi kakade 2.1% - kulabo angaphezu kuka-40.

Ngokuvamile, iziguli kanye nemindeni yabo bebuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini isiguli self-ephulukisa ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Ezimweni eziningi, konke kwenzeka ncamashi ngoba zokwelapha zamanje kungukuthi okuhloswe ngazo okuthile ukulwa negciwane. Hhayi abantu isimanga abazi imininingwane izifo ezifana ne-hepatitis A, it is ngobulili nokuthi, impatho okuhloswe ngaso ukususa kusuka emzimbeni izinto ezilimazayo, umphumela umonakalo futhi ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwesibindi. Umzabalazo namagciwane Kulezo zimo isezandleni izivikeli mzimba lesiguli.

Izimpawu zesifo, isikhathi nesenzakalo yabo, ihlaziya

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, izici lokuqala, okungase esolwa khona igciwane emzimbeni womuntu, manifest ngemva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-30, nakuba lesi sikhathi angase ehluke emazweni ngamazwe ezingu-15 kuya kwezingu-50.

Izimpawu zokuqala okufanele ukukuxwayisa, lokhu ukuwohloka kwesimiso jikelele, imfiva, futhi izinguquko eziphawulekayo umbala umchamo. Ngezinye izikhathi ngemva kokusebenzisa abantu yangasese abaqondi ngalokho okwenzeka kuma umdwebo wakhe, kanti wamangaza, kodwa engazi at nokohlobo A, kuba. Izithombe ezinemibala umchamo, kukhonjisiwe ngezansi, kuba sibonelo esigqamile kubukeka kanjani isiguli womuntu. Njengoba ubona, lisikhumbuza kakhulu ukwenziwa itiye elimnyama yesivini kakhulu.

Uma noma iyiphi yalezi izimpawu esiphuthumayo ukubona onguchwepheshe. Khumbula, udokotela kuphela kungacacisa ukuthi noma ngabe isiguli empeleni lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. Iyini? Izimpawu kulokhu azikhulumele: umkhuhlane obuhambisana sifo dyspeptic (nesicanucanu, umuzwa wobukhulu ku hypochondrium kwesokudla nasesiswini, ukuhlanza), ubuthakathaka, umchamo onombala, okuyinto thina okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni, i-jaundice (yellowing we sclera, isikhumba, sezinyawo ukushintsha kombala ). Lapho khona muva nje, kuye kwaba khona ubungcono kunangonyaka esimweni jikelele kanye nesimo lesiguli zempilo. Ngokufanayo wabonakaliswa-hepatitis acute, kanye nezinye izinhlobo.

Ukuhlonza isiguli-hepatitis C virus egazini idwetshwa futhi ihlolwe biomaterial ikhombisa khona amasosha omzimba, basonta M ekilasini immunoglobulin (anti - I-HAV Igm). Angathungathwa kuphela ngesikhathi lokubuya kwesifo (ngesikhathi sibi lesi sifo), ngcono isiguli kokuqukethwe igazi labo kuba aphansi.

Inqubo ukuxilongwa

Into yokuqala iba elucidation yomlando epidemiological kule nqubo, esizokwenza, noma ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphika lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A. Kusho ukuthini? Udokotela uthola ukuthi ubeka abantu abavakashele esikhathini esidlule yamuva, Ikuphi ukudla namanzi kudliwe, kungakhathaliseki oxhumana ababegula ne-jaundice.

Ngemva kwalokho, udokotela emini uhlola ngokucophelela isiguli, ukuthi uzinake wena:

• kwezempilo jikelele futhi ngezimo zesiguli, izimpawu kungenzeka lokudakwa;
• khona iziyaluyalu wokugaya ukudla - dyspepsia;
• khona i lokushisa lomzimba ephakeme - imfiva, ukujuluka, Ukugodola;
• khona-jaundice kwesikhumba, ulimi, amehlo.

ngaleyo ndlela Kubukeka sengathi isikhumba womuntu, kwatholakala ukuthi nginesifo nokohlobo A, okuyinto yisimo esivezwa ngezansi ubonisa.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, udokotela esikalini isimo zonke izibilini izinhlelo isiguli ngokuvumelana nezindlela ezivamile ukuxilongwa, lugujwa njengoba umbala umchamo kanye sezinyawo isiguli. Palpation (palpation) esiswini kungatholwa ukwandisa kwesibindi.

Ngemva kwalokho, sitadisha imiphumela yokuhlolwa, ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Kla - ephelele segazi;
• Bac - igazi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali;
• kaogulogramma - ukuhlolwa igazi for coagulation yayo;
• OAM - urinalysis.

Uma igazi wembula amasosha nokohlobo A (anti - Ukucinga Igm), okuyinto kuhambisana izinguquko okukhulu umsebenzi ukuhlolwa isibindi, sitholakele "nokohlobo A" baqinisekisa ngokugcwele.

Ukwelashwa futhi Izibikezelo ngemva yokutakula

Ezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi odlule sakhuluma ngalokho a nokohlobo A, kuba. Indlela yokuphatha kulo - lokho okumqoka ekhathaza bonke owatholana naye. Uma isifo okuncane ifomu, umzimba ukwazi ukubhekana ukutheleleka, sivaleleke ngaphakathi kuwo. Injongo eyinhloko yokwelashwa kuleli cala - ukunciphisa lokuhlushwa ubuthi ukunikeza izithombe amaseli isibindi ukutakula namandla abo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokwelapha iba esasikhipha izixazululo dezitoksikatsionnyh, glucose, amavithamini kanye hepatic (izidakamizwa ukuthi ukuvikela amaseli kwesibindi). Kwenza akukho ukwelashwa namagciwane. Uma lesi sifo ezinzima, ukunakwa esikhulu sona sinikwe othe, kanye dezintoksatsionnoy, futhi ukwelashwa lingaze.

Kulezi zindlela ezingenhla kukhona eziphambili kakhulu kuze kube manje. Zizonke, lezi zokwelapha ezimbili banciphisa ubuthi okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa ukulimala kwesibindi, ubuthi igazi dilution nokususwa izidakamizwa eziyingozi, kuqede izimpawu isifo. Konke lokhu kuholela ngcono isimo jikelele kanye nesimo lesiguli zempilo.

Ngesikhathi lokubuya kwesifo okufanele lunamathele ukudla №5 ngu Pevsner. Lokhu nenani elikhulu imifino, izithelo, okusanhlamvu, inyama ebomvu, inhlanzi, cottage shizi, egg elimhlophe, soy, apula, enikeza izicubu emzimbeni, izinto lipotropic, pectin. eboniswe Futhi kuyinto ukusetshenziswa esiningi ukuhambisana uketshezi ngokugcwele nalo lonke ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.

Abazali abaningi abazi indlela yokuphatha ingane yabo uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka, nakuba ajwayelekile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngeke amahlebezi, izifo ezifana ne-hepatitis A, kuyini futhi ludluliselwa kanjani. Izingane, njengoba sishilo phambilini, lesi sifo kungase kube okwedlula kwabadala. Nakuba ukwelashwa isu in iziguli zanoma iyiphi iminyaka kuyafana, sincoma kakhulu kokukhuluma nodokotela wezingane abahlola ingane futhi zibeka imithi esiza ukuba ngempumelelo ukulwa nalesi sifo futhi ngeke ubuhlungu nakakhulu.

Ngemva yokutakula, odokotela bavame ukunikeza izibikezelo elihle kunawo, njengoba ukusebenza evamile isibindi kubuyiselwa ngokugcwele.

Ukuvikelwa isifo: lokugoma nekghono yayo

Ngasekuqaleni sase ukhuluma igciwane elibangela isifo esinjengo nokohlobo A, siyini lesi Lesifo ngobulili nasezinhlotsheni indlela yokuphatha kulo. Sekuyisikhathi sokukhuluma ngendlela abakwazanga ukuyivimbela.

Kuze kube manje, indlela ephumelela kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukutheleleka ngokugoma, futhi kwasusa esikhulu yokugoma ambalwa ngempumelelo ukuthi kukhona ezingeni ilungelo ukuvikela isifo jaundice.

wokugoma okunjalo - lutho kodwa efile igciwane i-hepatitis nge immunogenicity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Iqondiswa kabili, nezikhawu phakathi ihlumela lokuqala nelesibili ivela 6 izinyanga ezingu-12.

Abantu abaningi emva komthamo wokuqala wakhululwa ngemva mayelana 14 izinsuku, amasosha omzimba abonakale, ukulungele ukulwa negciwane. Le ndlela - kude kahle kakhulu mhlawumbe kuphela nokuvimbela lokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A.

Administration komjovo ezizokhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana esiningi lwamasosha omzimba oluvame ukuba inikeza isivikelo ezifweni kokubili ngabantwana nangabantu abadala. Umthelela umgomo ihlala engu-6 kuya 10.

Lokhu kubonisa wokugoma?

Ukugonywa ngokumelene jaundice kufanele compulsorily ezenziwe abantu abangazange ngaphambilini wahlushwa isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo uhlobo A - kokubili abadala kanye nezingane, kanye labo aye anda ingozi yokutheleleka.

Phakathi kwabo:

• abombutho izivakashi abangakwazi ukuhamba ezindaweni nge eliphezulu legciwane nokohlobo A;
• uju. kubasebenzi abasebenza ezigcemeni samafayela;
• Abantu abasebenza inkulisa izikhungo;
• nabasebenzi amathilomu, izindawo zokudla namanzi.

Imibhalo Yokuphatha zihlanganisa yokugoma kwezingane ukuhlala endaweni lapho kukhona eliphezulu legciwane. Sebeqala ukuba libhekele wokugoma, kusukela ngineminyaka engu-3. Kuphoqelekile ukuthi agonywe futhi iziguli izifo zesibindi ezingamahlalakhona.

Sethemba, konke okungenhla kuyokusiza kulabo abaye baba amashwa ukuba ukugula, umzimba ukulwa nezifo, labo lokhu kuhlasela kuze pass, enze isinqumo esifanele ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi futhi bazivikele ke. Hlala uphilile!