Umdlavuza wezambatho: i-pathogen, izindlela zokusakaza, izindlela zokulwa

Lapho ukhula amazambane, abaningi babhekene nezifo ezithile zamasiko. Ngokuvamile isitshalo se-tuber sithinta umdlavuza. I-agent causative yalesi sifo yi-fungus yeqembu lama-bacteria e-biotrophic. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umdlavuza wezambane uyisifo sokuhlukanisa umuntu esingakwazi ukuchitha noma ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele isivuno.

Izici zokusabalalisa

Ngesikhathi sokuqala umdlavuza wezambatho ubonakalisiwe ngo-1888. Namuhla, lesi sifo sisakaze cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Isifo esingajwayelekile kakhulu sitholakala eMelika, eNew Zealand nase-Afrika.

Ezweni lakithi, umdlavuza wezambane ubonakala kakade ezindaweni eziningi lapho lesi siko sikhule khona. Ikakhulukazi isifo salesi sifo yizitshalo ezitshalwe ezindlini zomndeni. Umthelela omncane wesifo somdlavuza uveza isivuno sezindawo eziseningizimu nasenyakatho.

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi lesi sifo sisakazeke kulo lonke elaseRussia ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Elikhulu. I-fungus iyakwazi ukuthelela amazambane kuphela. Ama-microorganisms anjalo angonakalisa isivuno sepelepele, beet, isitshalo seqanda, utamatisi nokunye.

Izimpawu eziyinhloko zesifo

Umdlavuza wezilimo eziyizigaxa zilula ukubona, ngoba lesi sifo sisho izimpawu. Kodwa-ke, ukukhomba izimpawu zokugula kufanele kube ngesikhathi. Uma kungenjalo, ukutheleleka kuzosakazeka ngokushesha.

Ngalesi sifo, ukutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa kuhlanganiswe nokukhula okuqala ukukhula emehlweni. Ngaphandle, iziphuzo ezinjalo zifana ne-inflorescence ye-cauliflower. Ubukhulu bokukhula bungaba ngamamitha kuya kumashumi amasentimitha.

Ekuqaleni, izicubu ezilimo eziyizigaxa zine-hue ephuzi elikhanyayo. Nokho, kancane kancane umbala wabo ushintsha futhi uba mnyama. Kulokhu, ukukhula kuqala ukubola nokubola.

Kwezinye izimo, izicubu zivela emaqabunga futhi ziqukethe nje ngenhla yomhlabathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpande azithinti lesi sifo, ngoba i-fungus iyathinta izicubu ezincane zesitshalo. Uma izimo ze-agent ye-causative zingavumeleki, ukukhula kwamagatsha, okufana namapayipi ama-pine, kanye nama-hard crusts, afana kakhulu nesibalo, angakha.

Uma lesi sifo sinesimo esonakele, lezi zilimo eziyizigaxa ziphikisana ngemva kokutheleleka. Ebusweni babo, kungase kube khona ukwakha, amagagasi kanye nokuthunjwa.

Indlela lesi sifo esakazeka ngayo

Umdlavuza we-Potato yisifo esasakazeka ngokushesha. Ukuze kutholakale isikhathi esifanele lesi sifo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukutheleleka kwezitshalo ezinempilo. Izici ezilandelayo zifaka isandla ekusakazeni kwe-fungus:

• Kunezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithathelwanayo kakade;
• Izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nezithombo zakhula esakhiweni esithintekayo ngokuguquguquka;
• Umhlabathi othelelekile ulethwe esiteshini kanye nethuluzi lezomnotho, lapho kwakukhona ama-clods enhlabathi ne-fungus ye-parasitic.

Umdlavuza wezambatho ngokuvamile uvela lapho isiko selitshalwe endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingi. I-fungus, echaphazela izitshalo zempande, ingalethwa kusayithi kanye nemvula namanzi aqhakazile. Okubaluleke nakakhulu umquba. Uma izinkomo zondliwe zingcoliswe nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibandayo zamazambane, khona-ke i-pathogen ingangena kumanyolo. Endaweni ehlukile le fungus ingahlanganiswa kanye nezinto zokutshala.

Kunokuba isikhunta siyingozi

Kulula yini ukunqoba umdlavuza wamazambane? I-fungus ebangela ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kungumzimba we-intracellular. I-agent ye causative iphikisana kakhulu nezici zangaphandle. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukugxila kokutheleleka kungaqhubeka emhlabathini iminyaka engama-30.

Ngenkathi yesomiso, i-causative agent ye-khansa yezilimo eziyizigaxa zezambane akakwazi ukuthuthukisa. Uma kungekho umswakama okwanele wamanzi, ama-zoospores afa nje. Lapho isikhathi sezulu siqala, ukungcola kwenhlabathi kuqhubeka ngokushesha. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuzinza ukuthi umdlavuza uyisifo esiyingozi kwezinye izitshalo eziningi.

Ingozi kubantu

I-agent causative yemdlavuza yamazambane isakazeka ngokushesha kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, isifo samasiko asitshalo asibeka engozini kumuntu. Imifino engcolisiwe ngokusemthethweni ayibonakali njengemikhiqizo eyingozi. Bavunyelwe ukuthengisa, nakuba umkhiqizo onjalo ngokushesha ulahlekelwa ukubukeka kwawo futhi uhlahloke kabi.

Nakuba umdlavuza womamazambane womuntu ongeyingozi, ochwepheshe abancoma ukuthi badle imifino engcolile. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, kukhona ukulinganiselwa okuqinile kanye nezinyathelo zokuqeda, kanye nokuthola lesi sifo. Uma i-ukhunta igula okungenani isitshalo esisodwa, isayithi libhekwa njengeligciwane. Izitshalo zokutshala kulo akuvunyelwe. Kulokhu, ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo kwezitshalo kuqala ukusebenza. Indawo enesifo iboshelwe kude. Lokhu kuvimbela ukusakazwa kwe-pathogen.

I-prophylaxis yokugula

Ngaphezu kokutshala ukuhlukaniswa, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulawula kule sifo. Noma kunjalo, noma yisiphi isifo kulula ukuvimbela ukwelapha. Ngenhloso yokuvimbela, imisebenzi elandelayo kufanele yenziwe:

• Ukutshala izitshalo, kuphela indaba eqinisekisiwe yokutshala kumele isetshenziswe;
• Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukujikeleza kwezitshalo nokugcina yonke imithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo;
• Uma uhlakulela amazambane kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise izinhlobo ezingamelana ne-agent causative yomdlavuza;
• Ungatshali izitshalo endaweni enegciwane;
• Ngemuva kokusebenzisa imishini yokusungula nokusebenza kunconywa ukuba uhlanze ngokuphelele inhlabathi kusuka kuma-clods.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukutshala amazambane. Ukuvakasha kunconywa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo esimweni sezulu esisesibhakabhaka nesicacile. Njalo ngonyaka, indawo lapho amazambane azokhula khona kumele ashintshwe. Imithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo kufanele ibonwe. Ezinye izitshalo zingaba neklabishi, okusanhlamvu kanye nommbila. Lesi yisenzakalo esiyinhloko ku-agrotechnics, okunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza wezitshalo.

Ukukhetha isayithi lokufika

Izinyathelo zokulwa nomdlavuza wezambane zihluke ngokuphelele. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ungatshali izitshalo ezinobungozi kumasayithi anenhlabathi ethintekile. Lokhu kuzokwandisa isimo futhi kuphuthumise ukusakazeka kwefungus. Izindawo zokukhiqiza izindlu kanye nezokukhiqizwa ngokuvamile zihlala kude ibanga elilodwa ukusuka emasimini anezimboni zezitshalo zamazambane.

Ukunciphisa ingozi yokungcola kokutshala impahla, kunconywa ukuphatha izilimo eziyizigaxa ngesisombululo se-boric acid. Ukusetshenziswa kwama- fertilizer lapho utshala amazambane entwasahlobo nakho kuyindaba. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe imifino yamaminerali, okuyi-disinfect inhlabathi futhi yande isivuno. Futhi izithasiselo ezifanele ezivela emvelweni. Imanyolo ekhethiwe kahle iyokwehlisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwezitshalo futhi ithuthukise ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo sezwe

I-agent causative yemdlavuza yamazambane isakazeka ngokushesha kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi uma izimo ezihle zenzelwe lokhu. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezithathelwanayo zivame ukuhlukaniswa. Ukutshala imifino kufanele kuhlolwe njalo. Uma izibonakaliso zezifo zitholakala, isitshalo esithintekile sisuswa kanye neziqongonga. Kunconywa ukumba emhlabathini kuya kumitha eyodwa, bese ufafaza i-chlorine lime. Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezisele, akufanele zidliwe. Ukuvuna kusuka kumasayithi anjalo kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise kuphela ngezinhloso zobuchwepheshe. Uma kukhona isitifiketi sokuhlukanisa indawo, imifino ingavuna futhi ithunyelwe.

Endaweni ethintekile, imithetho yokuhlukanisa indawo kufanele ilandelwe ngokuqinile. Kuvinjelwe ukuthatha imifino ethintekile futhi uyisebenzise njengento yokutshala. Akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa umquba kumanyolo ezilwaneni ezidla ngemikhiqizo engcolile.

Okufanele ukwenze uma umthombo wokutheleleka utholakele

Uma kunezibonakaliso zezindlela zokutheleleka kwezitshalo ngomdlavuza, khona-ke uye ngokushesha epulazini eliseduzane noma ekuhloleni. Ochwepheshe abacebisi ukusebenzisa imithi yamakhemikhali yomdlavuza wamazambane ngokwabo, njengoba kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza nabo lapho bebuka ubuchwepheshe. Kungcono ukufuna usizo kulabo abavikela izitshalo ezifweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlakulela amazambane endaweni ethintekile akukhuthazwa iminyaka engu-7.

Yikuphi izinhlobo eziphikisana nefungus

Ukutshala nezinhlobo ezikhulayo zamazambane, eziphikisana nemiphumela ye-agent causative yomdlavuza, ivumela ukuvimba ukusabalala kwefungus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ezinjalo zisiza eminyakeni engaba ngu-5-6 ecacile ngokuphelele inhlabathi yefungus. Ezindaweni ezithelelekile, akunakwenzeka ukukhula ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezinamazinga ahlukene okuphikisa lesi sifo. Ochwepheshe batusa ukushintsha izinhlobo ngezinyanga ezinhlanu.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifuywayo okumelana kakhulu ne-causative agent yomdlavuza yilokhu:

• Falenskiy, Iskra, Yellow Yellow, Borodyansky njalonjalo. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zinikeza isivuno sokuqala.
• Ngokuqondene nezinhlobo zasendlini ezihamba phambili, kufanelekile ukukhetha izinhlobo ezinjalo zamazambane njengo-Ogonyok, uLviv omhlophe, Ithebula 19, uSmachny, uZorka.
• Phakathi kwabaneminyaka ephakathi kweminyaka kukhona i-Vilia, i-Candidate, i-Loshitsky, i-Sulev, i-Pavlinka njalonjalo.

Amabanga angaphandle

Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zamazambane ezikwazi ukumelana ne-causative agent yomdlavuza wesitshalo. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zasekhaya eziphikisana kakhulu nomdlavuza, kukhona uLolkh, Ulyanovsk, Tulun, iKemerovo, Pink, Priobsky, Ermak, Volzhanin. Izinhlobonhlobo ezibalwe ngamazambane zivikelekile kulesi sifo. Umdlavuza wezitshalo awuthinti neze.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezivelele kakhulu zamazambane kulabo abalimi beloli yi-Arosa, Rosara, Bellarosa. Aphikisana ne-agent causative yomdlavuza wezitshalo. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zingatshalwa kunoma yisiphi isifunda. Into eyinhloko ukwazi ukuthi uzotshala nini amazambane nokuthi yikuphi umquba ongawasebenzisa ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ekuphethweni

Ngisho noma umlimi oqala imifino kufanele azi izimpawu ezisemqoka zomdlavuza wezambane. Lokhu kuzovumela ukutholakala ngesikhathi esifanele kwezifo zezitshalo bese kubika izinsizakalo ezifanele. Akunakwenzeka ukubhekana ngokuzimela nesifo. Indawo enesifo kumele ibekwe eceleni.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinyathelo zokuzivikela zivumela ukugwema ukulahlekelwa kokuvuna amazambane kanye neminye imifino endaweni yomhlaba, kanye nasemasimini ezitshalo. Ngokulondolozwa kwezitshalo, ukuqubuka kwenhlabathi kwenzeka ngokungajwayelekile. Ngaphandle kokuhambisana nemithetho yokutshala, eziningi zisebenzela kwezinye izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Indima ekhethekile idlalwe yizinhlobonhlobo zamazambane, kanye nokukhethwa kwamanyolo.