Ukulungiselela ammonia endaweni yokucwaninga nesikali zezimboni

Ammonia (NH3) kuyinto ekhuthaza kwamakhemikhali hydrogen ne-nitrogen eningi. It lethiwa igama lesiGreki «Hals ammniakos» noma Latin «sal ammoniacus» okuyinto uhumusha Odinokova - "ammonia". Kuyinto into okuthiwa ammonium chloride etholwe kule waseLibya ehlane oasis ammonium.

Ammonia kubhekwa into enobuthi kakhulu ukuthi uyakwazi abakucasulayo nolwelwesi lwamafinyila samehlo ipheshana zokuphefumula. Izimpawu eyinhloko ammonia ubuthi kuyinto lacrimation ngokweqile, dyspnea nokuvuvukala yamaphaphu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ammonia - ikhemikhali ezinxanelekayo, sisetshenziswa kabanzi ukulungiswa acid wezinto ezingaphili, isib, nitric, cyanide, kanye urea nitrogen nosawoti. ammonia Liquid - kuyinto enhle kakhulu ukusebenza naphakathi esiqandisini iziqukathi futhi imishini, njengoba has a ukushisa elikhulu eqondile vaporization. Aqueous ammonia izixazululo asetshenziswa njengoba umquba liquid kanye Umanyolo ammoniation superphosphate, futhi Izingxube yalo.

Ukulungiselela ammonia kusukela igesi flue ngesikhathi coking iyona ndlela eminingi yasendulo futhi iyatholakala kakhulu, kodwa kuze kube manje iphelelwe futhi cishe kusetshenziswe.

indlela yesimanje kanye eziyisisekelo liyoveza ammonia embonini esekelwe inqubo Haber. essence yayo kuyinto ukuxhumana ngqo nitrogen ne-hydrogen, okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa ukuguquka hydrocarbon amagesi. I feedstock zivame ukuvela igesi yemvelo, amagesi petroleum yokucwenga, uwoyela ongahluziwe amagesi odlulayo amagesi asalile ukukhiqizwa kwe acetylene. Indlela ngokukhiqiza ammonia ukuguqulwa liqukethe ukubola methane ne homologs yayo nge high izingxenye lokushisa hydrogen ne -carbon monoxide nge oxidants - oxygen ne umhwamuko. Uma le gas admixed kuya Convertible emoyeni elingenawo umoya-ahlanganiswe, noma umoya ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ekuqaleni, ukusabela esikhiqiza ammonia ngesisekelo igesi eguquliwe ogeleza usuka ukushisa, kodwa ukwehla ivolumu imikhiqizo kokuqala ukuthi bayavuma:

N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + 45,9 kJ

Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia ngezinga ezimbonini Kwenziwa usebenzisa kulethe nangaphansi kwezimo yokufakelwa okukuvumela ukwandisa umkhiqizo umkhiqizo osuphelile. Esimweni lapho kulungiselelwa ammonia kwandisa ingcindezi ku 350 eziphindwe, futhi izinga lokushisa likhuphuka 500 degrees Celsius. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isivuno ammonia - 30%. Negesi asuswe zone ukuphendula nge ukupholisa indlela, futhi i-nitrogen ne-hydrogen, abangasizakalanga ngakho asabela ngayo phinda kukholamu zamagama futhi kungase futhi iqhaza ukusabela. Phakathi zamagama kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlanza negesi kusukela kulethe ubuthi, izinto onekhono ize yelikhono senzo. izinto ezinjalo, umhwamuko, CO, Njengoba, P, Se, O2, S.

Njengoba kulethe e nitrogen ne-hydrogen zamagama ukusabela ukhonza ukungena nakwamanye amazwe yensimbi ingxubevange aluminiyamu kanye potassium oxides. Kuphela Ingqikithi zonke 20 ayizinkulungwane ngaphambilini wazama, ephumelelisa yakhoibrium ukuphendula. Lomgomo yokuthola ammonia iyona ukonga kakhulu.

Ukulungiselela ammonia endaweni yokucwaninga esekelwe ubuchwepheshe ukufuduka ke kusukela nosawoti ammonium ka alkalis eqinile. Schematically, ukusabela simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

2NH4CI + Ca (OH) 2 = 2NH3 ↑ + CaCl2 + 2H2O

noma

NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 ↑ + NaCl + H2O

Ukuze ususe umswakama ngokweqile kanye ammonia ezomile, it is idlule ingxube sodium hydroxide nomcako. Ukulungiselela ammonia eyomile kakhulu ibangelwa Ukuqedwa sodium metal therein kanye ziphuzo zazihluzwa okwalandela ingxube. Ezimweni eziningi ukusabela okunjalo abazenzi e irherho le-closed ngaphansi cleaner metal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso esinjalo kufanele singamelana nokucindezela eziphakemeyo kufinyelelwa ukuma ngaphandle i-ammonia Ukhuphula izinkungu 10 eziphindwe emazingeni okushisa okuvamile.