Ukuqoqa imithwalo esisekelweni: oda izibalo, izici kanye nezincomo

Injongo eyinhloko yawo isisekelo - iyona ukudluliselwa imithwalo kusukela isakhiwo enhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoqwa imithwalo isisekelo - omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele ixazululwe ngaphambi kokuqala kwakhiwa isakhiwo.

Yini okumelwe icatshangelwe lapho kubalwa umthwalo

Ukuthi lolusuku ukubala - lokhu ingenye izinyathelo ezisemqoka ekwakhiweni, okumele ixazululwe. Ekuqhubeni miscalculation cishe ziyoba bacindezele isisekelo luhlala nje imithwalo futhi "kuzoya ngaphansi emhlabathini." Lapho kubalwa kanye lokuqoqa umthwalo esisekelweni kudingeka ucabangele ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama - umthwalo lesikhashana unomphela.

• Okokuqala - lokhu Yiqiniso, isisindo isakhiwo ngokwaso. Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto isakhiwo yakhiwa izingxenye eziningana. Uphiko sokuqala - kuba isisindo isamba slabs zokwakha iphansi, uphahla, Lesisemkhatsini, njll Ingxenye yesibili - .. Ingabe esisindo sazo zonke izindonga, njengoba abathwali zangaphakathi. Uphiko wesithathu - yiyona isisindo kwezokuxhumana, ezibekwe ngaphakathi endlini (indle, Ukushisa, amanzi). Yokugcina ingxenye - yiyona isisindo izakhi zokuhlobisa of endlini.
• Futhi eqoqweni kuya imithwalo isisekelo kubalulekile ukucabangela isisindo, okuthiwa umthwalo ewusizo isakhiwo. Kuleli qophelo, sisho bonke kudivayisi yangaphakathi (ifenisha, izinto zikagesi, izakhamizi nokunye. D.) House.
• Uhlobo lwesithathu ukucindezeleka - Ngalesi sikhathi, okuyinto evame zibandakanya kokuvela ngenxa yesimo sezulu, umthwalo ezengeziwe. Lezi zihlanganisa ungqimba kweqhwa imithwalo e imimoya ephezulu nokunye. D.

Isibonelo iqoqo umthwalo isisekelo

Ukuze abale ngokunembile zonke imithwalo ezizokwenzeka isisekelo kudingekile ukuba olunembile ipulani yephansi okuklama, futhi ukwazi ukuthi izinto iyokwakhiwa isakhiwo. Ukuze ukuchaza ngokucacile ngaphezulu inqubo iqoqo umthwalo isisekelo, ukwakhiwa okunye yendlu kuzoxoxwa ne mansandroy obitaemoey okuzokwenziwa akhiwe esifundeni Ural yeRussia.

• A olulodwa storey indlu nge mansandroy sikulungele ukuba kuphilwe kuso.
• usayizi House 10 ngo-10 metres.
• Ukuphakama phakathi ukushanela (ophahleni kanye phansi) kuyoba 2.5 amamitha.
• izindonga yangaphandle yendlu iyokwakhiwa ka zikasimende, ukushuba of okuyinto ilingana 38 cm. Futhi, ngaphandle isakhiwo liyombozwa nalezi amabhlogo furring isitini tolischnoy 12 cm.
• Ngaphakathi endlini kuyoba udonga ukuzala, okuzoba ububanzi 38 cm.
• Ngenhla plinth yendlu uzobe elise i phansi ezingenalutho kwagcizelela tintfo mbamba. Kusukela ukwaziswa okufanayo ke Kuzokwakhiwa futhi ukweqa i elisophahleni lwendlu.
• I truss ophahleni kuyoba uhlobo, futhi uphahla eyenziwe ibhodi lukathayela.

Ukubalwa umthwalo isisekelo

Ngemva ukuqoqwa kwatholwa imithwalo phezu kwesisekelo sendlu, ungaqala ukubala.

• Into yokuqala okudingeka ukubala - kuba endaweni ingqikithi zonke izibuya. usayizi 10 ngo-10 amamitha House, ngakho endaweni Imininingwane kuyoba square metres 100. m (10 * 10).
• Ngaphezu kwalokho kungenzeka ukuqhubekela ekubalweni Imininingwane udonga endaweni. Lokhu value kuhlanganisa futhi isikhala ukuvuleka ngoba iminyango namafasitela. Ngokuba okokuqala izibuya ukubala ifomula izobukeka kanje - 2,5 * 4 * 10 = 100 sq. m. Njengoba indlu mansandroy sikulungele ukuba kuphilwe kuso, khona-ke ukuqoqwa imithwalo isisekelo ezisuselwa kulesi ukwakhiwa. Ngenxa yalesi endaweni phansi kulingana 65 square metres. m. Ngemva izibalo, kokubili izinto eziningi kunezelwa futhi kuvela ukuthi yonke leyo ndawo kwezindonga sakhiwo 165 sq. m.
• Okulandelayo, ubale endaweni Imininingwane kophahla isakhiwo sika. Kuzoba 130 square metres. m -. 1,3 * 10 * 10.

Ngemva ekuqhubeni le izibalo, kufanele usebenzise ithebula lokuqoqa imithwalo esisekelweni, elinikeza amagugu ezimaphakathi izinto okumele asetshenziswe kwakhiwa isakhiwo.

Strip isisekelo

Njengoba kukhona izinhlobo eziningana isisekelo, okuyinto ingasetshenziswa ukwakhiwa sikhungo, kuzoxoxwa futhi ongakhetha eziningana. Inketho yokuqala - it is ukuqoqa phezu imithwalo strip isisekelo. Uhlu izobandakanya isisindo imithwalo lwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha lesi sakhiwo.

1. Isisindo izindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Esibaliwe endaweni inani, ngaphandle amathuba amafasitela nezicabha bengena.
2. Endaweni slabs phansi futhi izinto kusuka kulo izokwakhiwa.
3. Indawo ophahleni kanye ophahleni.
4. Le ndawo kohlelo umshayo ukwakha uphahla noma isisindo ezintweni zokwakha uphahla.
5. Indawo isitebhisi kanye nezinye izakhi yangaphakathi yendlu, kanye isisindo impahla okuvela ngazo zenziwa.
6. Futhi udinga ukwengeza isisindo izinto ezisetshenziswa nokubopha ukwakhiwa, zikhipha cap, ukushisa kanye nomoya ukwahlukanisa, kanye ebhekene izindonga zangaphakathi kanye / noma yangaphandle yendlu.

La maphuzu ambalwa izibonelo umthwalo iqoqo kuze kube sesisekelweni nganoma yisiphi isakhiwo esizokwakhiwa ku uhlobo ukwesekwa ibhande.

Ukumeda Izindlela strip sisekelo

Bala base itheyiphu ngezindlela ezimbili. Indlela sokuqala sihilela ukubala besikhundla eziveza inhlabathi ngaphansi base isisekelo, kanti eyesibili - kwi ukusonteka kwenhlabathi efanayo. Njengoba kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise indlela yokuqala ukubala, futhi ngeke sibuyekezwe. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukwakhiwa eqondile iqala isisekelo, okuklama le sayithi wenziwa baphendukela zokugcina. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi injongo eyinhloko yalo mklamo - ukuze uthumele umthwalo kusukela endlini emhlabathini. Iqoqo ukuze imithwalo isisekelo kungaba kwenziwe kuphela ngemva uhlelo eningiliziwe is izakhiwo esizayo esaziwa. ukubala ngqo kwesisekelo zingahlukaniswa izigaba 3:

• Isigaba sokuqala - kwencazelo umthwalo esisekelweni.
• Eyesibili esiteji - kukhethwa izici tape.
• Isigaba sesithathu - nemingcele ukulungiswa kuye ngokuthi izimo yokusebenza.

ikholomu Fundam ngaphansi

Lapho ukwakha izindlu kukholamu ingasetshenziswa ezigobile njengezinto zokuthutha. Nokho, ukuze afeze ukubala kunzima kwalolu hlobo isakhiwo support. Zonke yinkimbinkimbi ukubala ukuthi ukuqoqwa imithwalo esisekelweni umbhoshongo lokufeza bebodwa kunzima. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele ube imfundo ukwakhiwa ekhethekile kanye nemakhono latsite. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga lomthwalo okusekelwe isisekelo ikholomu, kumele ube idatha elandelayo:

• Umngcele we yokuqala okumele kunakwe ukukhathazeka ngesimo sezulu. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa izimo zezulu esifundeni, okuyinto eyenziwa ukwakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ipharamitha ebaluleke kuyoba uhlobo kanye nomthamo umoya, kanye nobuningi ukudlula imvula amandla abo.
• Isinyathelo sesibili siwukwenza ibalazwe geodetic. Kuyadingeka ukuba ucabangele ukulandelana kwamaphuzu komhlaba, zonyaka ukufuduka zabo, uhlobo, isakhiwo kanye ukushuba zokwakheka ovela ngaphansi komhlaba.
• In esigabeni sesithathu, yebo, udinga ukubala umthwalo amakholomu ivela isakhiwo uqobo, okungukuthi, isisindo isakhiwo esizayo.
• Ngesisekelo idatha ngaphambilini etholwe, kumelwe ukhethe ebangeni elifanele ngokhonkolo izici, amandla kanye nokusungulwa.

Indlela ukuchitha isisekelo sokubalwa kukholamu

Lapho kubalwa isisekelo ikholomu ehloselwe umthwalo ukubala ngamunye square isentimitha endaweni kwesisekelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuze ukubala isisekelo ezidingekile ikholomu, odinga ukukwazi konke mayelana isakhiwo, inhlabathi kanye komhlaba eliya eseduze. Kuyadingeka ukuqoqa lonke ulwazi, ukuhlela, futhi ngesisekelo imiphumela uzobe azokuqhubela ukubala egcwele imithwalo esisekelweni ngaphansi ikholomu. Ukuze ube lonke ulwazi oludingekayo, lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Kuyadingeka ukuba abe okusalungiswa okuphelele isakhiwo nazo zonke nezokuxhumana, oyokuba kulesi sakhiwo, kanye ukwazi ukuthi izinto izosetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.
2. Kuyadingeka ukuba abale endaweni ingqikithi omunye isakhiwo support.
3. Kumele ukuqoqa wonke kwemigomo wokwakha ngesisekelo sawo ukuba abale ingcindezi ezonikeza isakhiwo ukusekela ikholomu hlobo.

isisekelo ukopha

isisekelo ukopha - ingxenye engenhla asekelayo isakhiwo ukhonkolo, okuyinto ebangela ingcindezi main isakhiwo. Kukhona ukulandelana ocacile lapho udinga ukuqoqa imithwalo onqenqemeni isisekelo, kanye ukubala kwabo okwengeziwe. Ukuze ukwazi ukubona umthwalo onqenqemeni, kudingeka babe nohlelo we phansi ejwayelekile yalesi sakhiwo, uma kuyindodana, indlu multi-storey, noma engaphansi kohlelo ejwayelekile, uma isakhiwo has phansi eyodwa kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele ube plan for the izigaba longitudinal futhi transverse lesi sakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ukubala umthwalo onqenqemeni isisekelo ngo isakhiwo eziyishumi storey, kubalulekile ukwazi lokhu okulandelayo:

• Isisindo, ukujiya kanye ukuphakama odongeni lwezitini.
• Isisindo eziyize ukhonkolo slabs, ezisetshenziswa njengoba ophahleni, nande le nombolo ngenani izibuya.
• Isisindo ngodonga, siphindwe ngesibalo samaphansi.
• Futhi udinga ukwengeza isisindo ophahleni, isisindo ungangenisi amanzi kanye isithiyo ububi ngentukuthelo.

okutholakele

Njengoba singabona, ukuze ukubala umthwalo esisekelweni kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, kumele ube yonke idatha emayelana isakhiwo, kanye ukwazi iqoqo amafomula ukubala.

Okwamanje, Nokho, le nkinga kulinganiselwe lula ngenxa yokuthi kukhona yokubala electronic ukuthi enze zonke izibalo esikhundleni abantu. Kodwa usebenza ngendlela efanele futhi ephumelelayo kumele ukulayishwa zibe idivayisi lonke ulwazi mayelana wokwakha leyo nto kusuka kulo izokwakhiwa, nokunye. D.