Ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe - kuyini? Ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla nezinhlobo zayo

Ukuhlobisa nokusebenzisa ubuciko kuyisigaba esiphezulu sobuciko esihlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomsebenzi wobuciko futhi sihlose ekudaleni imikhiqizo ye-utilitarian. Izinga lokulinganisa lemisebenzi enjalo, njengombuso, liphakeme kakhulu. Iqoqo elihlanganisayo lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zobuciko - ezisetshenziselwa nokuhlobisa. Eyokuqala inezibonakaliso zokusebenza okusebenzayo, okwesibili kuklanyelwe ukuhlekisa indawo yomuntu.

Ubunjiniyela nokusebenza

Ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe - kuyini? Okokuqala, lezi yizinto ezizici eziseduze nesitayela sobuciko, futhi inhloso yabo ihluke kakhulu. Ama-vase, amajugs, izitsha noma amaqoqo we-porcelain emihle, kanye neminye imikhiqizo eminingi, ukuhlobisa amakamelo aphilayo, amakhishi ekhishi, amakamelo okulala namakamelo abantwana. Ezinye izinto zingaba yimisebenzi yobuciko beqiniso kodwa nokho kungokwezigaba zokusebenzisa ubuciko.

Ubukhulu bemisebenzi

Ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe - buyini kusukela ekubukeni kwenkosi? Inqubo enzima yokudala noma isandla esilula esenziwe ngezinto ezilungisiwe? Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu kungumsebenzi wezobuciko, okufanele uzuzise kakhulu. Inhloso yobuchwepheshe yomkhiqizo ayikuvimbeli ekufanelekeni kwayo. Ukuhlobisa nokusebenzisa ubuciko kuyinkambu enkulu yomsebenzi wabaculi nabadwebi bemifanekiso, abakhiqizi kanye namasikethi. Imisebenzi ekhethekile kakhulu yobuciko eyenziwa ngekhophi eyodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imikhiqizo eyenziwa nge-serially ibhekwa njengezikhumbuzo.

Imihlobiso endlini

Ukuhlobisa nokusetshenziswa kobuciko - kuyini, uma sikubheka njengengxenye yokugcwalisa ubuhle bemvelo yansuku zonke? Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo nezinto ezikhona nxazonke zibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu abasondelene nabo, njengoba umuntu ezama ukuzungezile ngezinto ezinhle. Ukuhlobisa nokusebenzisa ubuciko kunika ithuba lokuhlobisa indawo yokuhlala, indawo yehhovisi, indawo yokuzilibazisa. Ukuqaphela ikakhulukazi kukhokhwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinganeni.

Futhi ekugcineni, ukusebenzisa ubuciko - yini lokhu ekuqondeni umphakathi? Lezi yiziboniso, ama-vernissages, ama-fairs nezinye izenzakalo zomphakathi eziningi eziletha abantu emasikweni. Ukuklama okuhle nokusetshenziselwa okuhle kuphakamisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa komuntu, kunomthelela ekwakheni ukunambitheka kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwezethulo kukhulisa ama-horizons jikelele. Umbukiso ngamunye wobuciko obusetshenzisiwe ukujwayela umphakathi jikelele ngokuphumelela okusha emkhakheni wokudala ubuciko. Imisebenzi enjalo ibaluleke ngokukhethekile ekukhulisweni kwesizukulwane esincane.

Umlando omncane

Ubuciko bokuhlobisa abantu nobuciko obuvela emadolobheni aseRussia. Ubuciko obulula bezingcweti ezikhulile ekhaya bavame ukuhlukaniswa njengemikhiqizo kwisigaba "sobuciko kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuciko". Isibonelo esihle sesitayela sezingoma kukhona okuthiwa ama-cockerels, ama-cockerels, amidwebo, imihlobiso eyenziwe ngobumba obomvu.

Ukudoba kusekelwe esikhathini esedlule, uneminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amane ubudala. Kukhona ubuciko bokusetshenziswa obudala Ngenxa yeholidi likazwelonke elithi "Whistler", lapho bonke abesilisa besifazane bebumba izingoma zebumba kuze kube namuhla njengamazinkukhu, amawundlu, amahhashi. Umkhosi wagcina izinsuku ezimbili.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli holide elahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo, futhi ubuciko bokusetshenziswa kwabantu buqhubeka nokuthuthukisa. Njengamanje, imikhiqizo yobuciko e-Dymkovo iphindwe emhlanganweni wezokukhiqiza weToyat. Imikhiqizo ijwayele ukumbozwa ngemhlophe futhi idwetshwe ngemibala ekhanyayo, enemibala.

Ubuciko nobuciko

Imikhiqizo yobuciko bendabuko efomini yayo yasekuqaleni, njengomthetho, iba yisisekelo semiklamo yezohwebo. Abalingiswa bezinganekwane, ezakhiwe izakhamuzi zaseRussia, zikhonjiswe emasikethikithi adumile asePalekh, amathrekhi eZhostovo, imikhiqizo yaseKhokhloma yokhuni. Ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe baseRussia buhlukile, ukuqondisa ngalunye kuyithakazelisa ngendlela yayo, imikhiqizo yabaphathi baseRussia inesidingo esikhulu phakathi kwabathelisi bangaphandle.

"Ukufuna kudala isinqumo" - lokhu kuveza kubonisa isimo sezindaba emkhakheni wezobuciko zobuciko kazwelonke eRussia. Isibonelo, imikhiqizo yobuciko kwisitayela se-Gzhel idumile emhlabeni jikelele ngamakhulu eminyaka amaningana. Ama-Vases anamhlophe ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe, amapuleti, itiye nekhofi ezifunwa kuzo zonke izindlu, futhi izibonelo eziyigugu kakhulu ukuziqhenya kwabaqoqi. Akukacaci lokho okusetshenziselwa ubuciko - umsebenzi, ubuciko noma ubuciko bokudweba. Eqinisweni, umkhiqizo ngamunye udinga umzamo wokuwudala, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukunikeza isithombe sobuciko.

Ubuciko obusetshenzisiwe ekamelweni labantwana

Ezimweni ezithile, isihloko sokudala ubuciko singakhululwa esizukulwaneni esincane. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezandla zezingane inenani elikhethekile. Ukushesha okuhambisana nabafana namantombazane asekuqaleni kweminyaka, isifiso esingafani nesifiso sokuveza imizwa yabo yangaphakathi ivulela ubuciko obuqotho. Izingane ezisetshenzisiwe zobuciko, ezimelelwe imidwebo, imidwebo yama-plasticine, abantu bamakhadibhodi, ngumsebenzi wangempela wobuciko. Namuhla, kulo lonke elaseRussia, imincintiswano iqhutshwa, lapho "abaculi" abancane "nabadwebi" behlanganyela khona.

I-Contemporary Russian isebenzisa ubuciko

Izithombe, ama-daggerotypes, ama-etchings, ukuqoshwa, ukuphrinta, kanye nezinye izibonelo eziningi, ubuciko bokubukeka. Imikhiqizo ingahluka kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bonke bahlanganiswa ngokuphila komphakathi kanye namasiko ngaphansi kwegama elivamile - ubuciko nobuciko. Isebenza kule ndawo zihlukaniswa ngesitayela esikhethekile somlando. Akumangalisi ukuthi yonke ingcweti yobuciko yavela emaphandleni aseRussia, emizaneni nasemizaneni. Imikhiqizo ilandelela ukungathobeki ekhaya futhi iphelele ukungabikho kokuziqhenya okwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi emisebenzini yobuciko obuhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lobuciko lobuciko bomuntu liphakeme kakhulu.

ERussia, ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ziyingxenye yamandla omnotho wezwe. Ngezansi uhlu lwezikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko zobuciko bokudweba kwabantu, abaye bathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi bathunyelwa emazingeni omsebenzi.

1. I-Lacquer amaminithi esisekelo sokhuni (Palekh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Umdwebo wobuciko be-Zhostovo wensimbi, i-Limoges koqweqwe lwawo koqweqwe lwawo, u-koqweqwe lwawo.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, ubuciko baseMezen obukhuni.
4. I-Gzhel, ithoyizi le-Filimonovsky, i-Dymkovo ithoyizi - ukudweba ubuciko kwi-ceramics.

I-Palekh

I-Palekh yobuzwe nobuciko bezobuciko yabonakala ezindaweni ezivulekile zaseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ubuciko bokudweba kwe-lacquer kwavela emzaneni omncane wesifundazwe sase-Ivanovo esibizwa ngePalekh. Ukudoba kwakuwukuqhutshwa komdwebo wesithonjana, obuyela emuva ezikhathini zangaphambi kwePeterrine. Kamuva abaphathi basePalekh bahlanganyela emdwebo weComet Faceded of the Moscow Kremlin, i-Novodevichy Monastery, amasonto aseTroitsko-Sergius Lavra.

Ukuguqulwa kuka-1917 kuqeda umdwebo wesithonjana, abaculi bashiya ngaphandle komsebenzi. Ngomnyaka we-1918 i-mastermasters yadala i-Palekh Artistic Artel, lapho izihloko ezenziwe ngezandla zenziwe ngomuthi. Khona-ke abadwebi bafunda ukwakha amabhokisi e-papier-mâché bese bependa ngesitayela esincane, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bendabuko-imidwebo yezithombe.

Ngo-1923, amaminerali ama-lacquer awethulwa kwi-All-Russian Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, lapho athola khona idiploma yesilinganiso sesibili. Futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva ama-caskets e-Palekh aboniswe eParis, e-World Exhibition.

Impumelelo yemikhiqizo yobuciko engavamile yavuselela ukudala izinhlangano "Union of Palekh Artists" kanye ne "Palekh Art Workshops" ngaphansi kweSikhwama semifanekiso ye-USSR.

Fedoskino

Ngalesi gama ukuhlanganisa umdwebo wokugcoba waseRussia nokusetshenziswa kwamapende eoli. Ukudoba kwavela emzaneni waseFedoskino ngaseMoscow engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18. Umdwebo wasetshenziselwa imikhiqizo yamaphepha we-papier-mache bese uhlotshiswe ngezigaba eziningana.

Umhwebi waseRashiya uPI Korobov, owavakashela idolobha laseJalimane laseBraunschweig, wathatha ubuciko be-Fedoskino encane futhi wathatha ubuchwepheshe ukuze kudalwe amabhokisi okugcoba, amabhokisi okubhoboza, amakhakethi nezinye izinto ezihlotshiswe ngezithombe ezinhle kakhulu.

I-miniature ye-Fedoskino lacquer idwetshwe ngamafutha ezinyathelo ezine: kuqala iskripthi sephethini senziwe, bese kuhlolwa okuningiliziwe ("mopping"), i-glaze ihlanganiswe ngamaphoyinti abonakalayo, inqubo yokugcina i-glare ehambisa ama-glare kanye nemithunzi esithombeni.

I-Fedoskino inqubo yokudweba inikeza ukusetshenziswa koqweqwe olungaphansi kokupenda lwezinto ezikhanyayo: ihlamvu legolide, i- metal powder noma i-potal. Kwezinye izimo, inkosi ingenza uhlaka lwamama-pearl. I-glaze engafani ukudweba kanye nesikhumba idala umphumela oyingqayizivele wokukhanya okukhulu. Uhlaka olumibalabala lugqanyiswa ngemuva kwesizinda esimnyama.

I-Mstera

Ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi i-Russian folk craft, eyavela phakathi nekhulu le-18 esifundazweni saseVladimir. Konke kwaqala nge "izinhlamvu ezincane" - izithonjana ezincane ngokudweba kwemininingwane encane kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kuka-1917, lapho isidingo sokudweba imifanekiso sishaya, uMstera wathuthela kuma-caskets namabhokisi amaphepha we-papier-mache. Umdwebo wenziwa nge-tempera peints, ehlanganiswe namaqanda amaqanda. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ubuchwepheshe be-lacquer encane yamakhosi babuqedile ekugcineni.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokudweba umdwebo zihlanganisa ekudluliseni umjikelezo ojwayelekile ovela ephepheni lokulandelela emkhakheni womkhiqizo, bese ulandela "i-rozkish", ngokudweba ngqo emdwebeni. Isigaba esilandelayo ngumdwebo oningiliziwe. Futhi ekugcineni, "plavi" - umbala wokugcina nge-glare, okufaka igolide (i-powder encane kakhulu yegolide). Umkhiqizo oqediwe uhlanganiswe ne-varnish ebonakalayo emigqeni eyisithupha ngokumiswa okuphakathi, khona-ke kupholile.

Izimpawu ezibonakalayo zokudweba kwe-Mstera ziyi-carpet yokuhlobisa, i-subtle game of shades nemibala emithathu esetshenziselwa ukubala: ocher ophuzi, obomvu nesiliva-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Indaba yesithombe yi-classic: izindaba zezinganekwane, izikhumbuzo zomlando, izakhiwo.

Zhostovo

Ubuciko bezinhlanga Zhostovo - ithrekhi yensimbi, edwetshwe ngesitayela esikhethekile. Ubuciko bukaZhostovo buqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, emadolobheni aseTroitskoye Volost, esifundeni saseMoscow. Izakhamuzi zemizi emithathu (Ostashkov, Zhostovo noKhlebnikovo) zazibandakanya ekwenzeni izinto ezidwetshiwe ezivela emaphepheni-mache. Futhi emhlanganweni wabazalwane baseVishnyakov baqala ukwenza amathreyi e-tin ngephethini elimibalabala.

Uhlu lwamanani kaVishnyakov lwaluhlanganisa nemikhiqizo emibili yezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene kanye ne-papier-mache, zonke zazidwetshiwe, zihlotshiswe ngemibala futhi zifunwa kakhulu emasimini, nge-tray eqoshiwe ngaphambili.

Umdwebo we-Zhostovo uyinhloko yembali ezinhlobonhlobo eziningana: i-bouquet yasebindu, izimbali "voskidku", i-garland, i-wreath eboshwe. Izitshalo zasensimini zakha ukwakheka okuhlukile.

Izimbali ezithandwayo zibukeka zemvelo ngenxa yokutadisha ngokucophelela izingxenye ezincane. Iphalethi yombala isetshenziswa ngangokunokwenzeka ngokugcwele. Isizinda, njengombuso, simnyama, imiphetho yethreyi ihlotshiswe ngomhlobiso ovulekile, imifino noma isakhiwo sezinkuni ezibunjwa. I-trash yeZhostovo ihlale idwetshwe ngesandla futhi iyinto ekhethekile yobuciko.

Khokhloma

Leli gama lanikezwa ubuciko bomuntu waseRussia, lusekelwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 leminyaka. Ukudweba kweKhokhloma kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kuyabiza kuzo zonke izindlela ezikhona. Ubuciko bokusetshenziswa kobuciko yinqubo ende yokudala ehlotshaniswa nokucubungulwa kwezinkuni, umdwebo we-multilayer kanye nomdwebo wamafutha.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yeKhokhloma iqala ngezikhala. Okokuqala amakhosi aphuza amabhakede, okungukuthi, imigoqo yamapulangwe ibambezela imbazo. Khona-ke ama-workpieces asetshenzwa emishini kuze kube ngosayizi oyifunayo nokuma. Izikhala ezikhonjiwe zibizwa ngokuthi "ilineni". Ngemuva kokugaya, zenziwe ngodaka olukhethekile lwamanzi futhi lumile. Khona-ke izikhala ezikhonjiwe zimbozwe ngezingxenye eziningana zamafutha e-linseed kanye nokomiswa okuphakathi. Bese kulandela ukuqubuka, noma ukuhlikila emhlabathini we-powder aluminium, emva kwalokho umkhiqizo uba umbala omhlophe-isibuko. Kulesi sigaba silungele ukudweba.

Imibala eyinhloko yekhokhloma imnyama futhi ibomvu (i-soot ne-cinnabar), amapende abasizayo: igolide, i-brown, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi. Ukubhubhisa ngesikhathi esisodwa kusetshenziselwa kakhulu kakhulu (kwenziwa kuphela ku-squirrel tailings), ngoba ama-smears asetshenziswa ngokuthinta okungaqondakali.

Okuqukethwe kwetheksthi kulesisitshalo se-ash ash, viburnum, sitrobheli, amahlamvu amancane, amancane, amancane aqoshiwe. Konke kudwetshwe ngemibala ekhanyayo, enamandla, izinkulumo zicaciswe ngokucacile. Isithombe sakhiwe ngesimiso sokuphambene.

Gzhel

Lona ubuciko obudume kakhulu bendabuko, isikhungo sobuRashiya bendabuko ekukhiqizeni ubuciko bokudweba. Iphethe isifunda esikhulu, esinezindawo ezingama-27, ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile iGzhel bush, amakhilomitha angu-60 avela eMoscow.

Izakhiwo zamakhulu eminyaka zazidume ngamadayimani aphezulu, okufanelekile ezitsheni ze-apothecary. Ngo-1770 amazwe aseGzhel aqala ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Aptekarsky. Khona-ke emadolobheni aseGzhel ukukhiqizwa kwezitini, amapayipi ebumba, izitofu zezitofu kanye namathoyizi wezingane eMoscow asungulwa.

Izitsha ezenziwe ngoGzhel zobumba zazihle kakhulu, zilula futhi ziqinile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, leli dolobha lalinamafemu angu-25 enza izitsha. Ukusondela kweMoscow kwavuselela ukukhululwa kwemikhiqizo yobumba, izindlu zezinhloko zezimpahla zathengisa iziqu eziningi, izitsha, izitsha nezinye izinto zasekhishini.

Ama-Gzhel amathoyizi ngaleso sikhathi ayenziwe ekudakeni kokukhiqiza ubumba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubumba obuningi kangakanani, konke kusetshenziselwa ukufanisa ama-cockerels, izinkukhu, amawundlu nezimbuzi. Ama-workshops okokuqala asebenza ngokuzikhandla, kodwa maduzane umugqa othile ekukhiqizeni wawucacisiwe. Izinto zokwakha ezivuthiwe zaqala ukuvunwa ikakhulukazi izinkumbulo, amakhosi abuye akhetheke kuphrofayli yemikhiqizo ethandwa kakhulu.

Amahhashi amhlophe aqoshiwe nama-statuettes ayedwetshwe ngemibala ehlukene kuze kubonakale i-cobalt, upende wendawo yonke. Umbala obomvu obomvu kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangene ne-koqweqwe elimhlophe lomsebenzi wokusebenza. Emashumini amahlanu ekhulwini lokugcina, abaculi abalahla yonke iminye imibala futhi baqala ukusebenzisa umbala okhanyayo obala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izisusa zokudweba zingase zihluke kakhulu, kunoma yisiphi isihloko.

Okunye yezandla

I-spectrum yobuciko obujwayelekile baseRussia kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ibubanzi obungavamile. Lapha kanye nokukhishwa kwe-Kasli kwezobuciko, nokuxosha ngezakhi ze-interspersed. Ubuchwepheshe be-intarsia ne-marquetry buvumela ukudala izithombe ezinhle nama-panel. Ukusetshenziswa kobuciko baseRussia ungqimba olunzulu lwezamasiko ezweni, impahla yomphakathi.