Noma alternation of izizukulwane - kuba ... I alternation izizukulwane ezitshalweni

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla sekuyinto wesiko ukubiza matemu konke okusizungezile. ukukhiqizwa kabusha indlela ... Kunjalo, "ngokuthi" isayensi izingqondo isimangaliso sokuphila esisha.
Miracle, lapho ingxenye ngayinye liyavumelana ngakho, ahlukahlukene futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lubaluleke, ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi igama elilodwa can wonder kuphela. izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka isintu wasebenzisa ubuchopho babo phezu umbuzo we igunya kwamaqanda inkukhu, futhi ube uhlobo isikhathi eside impendulo yonke imibuzo. Rationalism futhi izingxube ezihlukahlukene zoketshezi ekulondolozeni ukuzinza zilwane ngazinye futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo izimpawu isikhathi ukwehluka yokufuna e nature olungenakuqhathaniswa.

Ngesisekelo zofuzo zokuphila

Omunye amadivayisi sinjalo alternation izizukulwane. Izinhlobonhlobo izilwane nezitshalo kufezwa ngokusebenzisa kudalwa inhlanganisela ezahlukene zofuzo. Noma alternation of izizukulwane - kuwuhlobo ekhethekile zezinto eziphilayo nokongiwa endaweni kwesimo zangaphandle, ikakhulu etholakala izitshalo eziningi ezingenamgogodla aphansi. Kuyinto ushintsho ukuzala futhi asexual. Yini ebangela kwethulwa indlela ethile yokuzala futhi imiphi imigomo bephishekela? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kufanele baqonde ngokujulile iziphi nokungafani okukhona ukuzala futhi asexual, yiziphi izinzuzo ukuze zinhlobo nemibi bekhulisa.

syngenesis

Inqubo ukuzala kuhilela ekudalweni impilo entsha abantu ababili abafunga ukuthi, ngamunye uqobo, kukhona abathwali siqu amathelevishini abo ngamunye wama-chromosomes e-DNA Helix double chain. Lokhu isethi eyingqayizivele nesidoda okunikelwe sivezwe kula khona abantu ubuciko, namatshe wakhe kuphela, izici ezithile kuyo ingxenye okuhambisa siyinzalo yayo.

Nge iqhaza inqubo ukuzala abantu ababili, ngamunye okunikeza ezingaba owalandela uhlobo nengxenye-isethi wama-chromosomes, isizukulwane esilandelayo uzobe ebonakala izici zombili izinto eziphilayo sabazali. Yingakho kukhona alternation izizukulwane, njengoba e elula amafomu isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuphila bephethe ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngenxa ukuzala.

Naliphi igalelo pool isakhi sofuzo kwezinhlobo kwenza ukuzala

Ngisho ngaphakathi labantu elincani iqoqo zofuzo impahla inhlanganisela kungaba ngokungenamkhawulo ububanzi. Lolu hlobo zizalela olandela inqubomgomo yokwazisa ukwehluka ngemuva zofuzo sabantu zilwane. Ukungafani kungabuye kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa imiphakathi ngaphakathi esungulwe izimo ezintsha kohlobo unikezwa, okuyinto ngezindlela ezahlukene kakhulu akwazi ukungena kulo kwabavela ngaphandle. Noma kanjani, isibonelo, izitshalo noma ezinye coelenterates, ngenxa germ cells "ekhaya kwezidingo 'ngosizo umoya, amanzi noma izinambuzane.

Iphuzu elibalulekile e ukuzala kuyadingeka ukuze akhombise ukuthi kungenzeka iqhaza abantu ogxile enempilo futhi enamandla kunazo. Ngakho, lolu hlobo ukukhiqizwa kabusha ivumela ukuqaliswa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, okuyinto enomthelela kungenzeka ukulungisa izimpawu sokusebenzela ezinhle lezi zilwane.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha Asexual njengoba inani labamemezeli ifomula Okuphindaphinda

Noma alternation of izizukulwane - uhlelo esetshenziswa ukwandisa kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo, lapho indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual. Of zako kungaba ukusho ngokuphepha kungenzeka ukwandisa ngokushesha yenani labantu ngaphansi esihle lolu hlobo zezemvelo. Londoloza futhi sandise isitokwe zofuzo sabantu usebenzisa amaningi cloning inhlanganisela ekhona zezakhi zofuzo, okuyinto kakhulu kwandisa amathuba izitshalo iqhaza kulezi inhlanganisela ku ukuzala esizayo.

Alternation phenotypes e mikhakha ezahlukene

Noma alternation of izizukulwane ulwelwe incike lokushisa ngemuva, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini (ikakhulukazi lokuhlushwa usawoti kuwo), isikhathi photoperiod nsuku zonke, umfutho ukukhanya, ushintsho zonyaka. Zonke lezi zici alawule nokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana ezithile zokuzala. Ezinye izimila zikhiqiza ezinhlamvu isisekelo ukuveza asexual, wabiza sporophyte. Izitshalo ezikhiqiza gametes zokugaya ukuba ukuzala (cell zokuzala neqoqo elilodwa wama-chromosomes nucleus), ubizwa ngokuthi gametophyte. Kukhona ulwelwe ezikhiqiza zombili izinhlobo ubulili amaseli (gametes futhi ezinhlamvu), bona-ke ngokuthi gametosporofitami. Ulwelwe zonke lezi zinhlobo kungahluka bodwa kokubili morphologically futhi bangempela. Ngakho obomvu alga Porphyry Tener ngesimo sporophyte libukeka intambo, ekhelini ilandelana, luzoqala ku substrate, elingasebenza njengesibuko a amatshe calcareous noma amagobolondo of mollusk. Sporophytes kwalesi silwane ukuphila ekujuleni ezinkulu, uthanda ukukhanya ongaphakeme. Abantu abathintekayo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ngokobulili ukukhiqizwa kabusha amangqamuzana (gametophytes), siphile ngendlela namapulethi zone of amagagasi emanzini angajulile ngaphansi ukukhanyisa okukhulu. ulwelwe Red, ngokuba kakhulu khombisa ahlukahlukene futhi inselele ukuthuthukiswa imijikelezo lapho kukhona ushintsho lwezinhlobo ezahlukene ukuba khona izinto eziphilayo zohlobo olulodwa ngesikhathi umjikeleto wemphilo - heteromorphic ukuthuthukiswa.

Obani libhekene ekwandeni gametosporofitov

Gametosporofity ejwayelekile kwezinhlobo eziningi ulwelwe oluhlaza, ensundu abomvu. Noma alternation of izizukulwane kwenzeka kuzo kakhulu ekuthuthukeni zombili izinhlobo amaseli enzalo: ezinhlamvu kanye gametes evela ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, futhi ngenxa yezinguquko zezemvelo. Ukungaguquguquki phakathi izimpawu zesifo ku phenotype elihambisana nezinguquko ezenzeka endaweni ezungezile - main isici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuhlinzeka ukushayela Ukukhetha indlela.

Noma alternation of izizukulwane ezitshalweni kanye nezilwane: lokho ibukeke imibuso emibili ehlukene

Ukwahlukanisa, ukuhlukanisa izwe abahlala ku 4 imibuso, lula kakhulu bezibona isayensi yemvelo kusaqalwa cwaningo yayo. Nokho, inkambo okuthuthukile kuba sobala ukuthi kukhona izimo eziningi eziphakathi kule ngezigaba zamanje. Ngakho, alternation izizukulwane e coelenterates kuyinto umlingisi ethile ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo izizukulwane ukuzala futhi asexual abe ehlukene ukubukeka, kukhona ngokuphelele sihluke indlela nomunye wokuphila, kohlala ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi ekuphakelweni okuhlukile. Ngo metagenesis i alternation eziphilayo: polyp kanye jellyfish. Njengoba unamathele polyp substrate kukhona umzimba. Ukuze ama-polyp nokuzala asexually by luthela kusuka umzimba umzali entsha ezifanayo zofuzo Ukwakheka ezingaphansi abantu abachitha izimpilo zabo ngesimo ama-polyp. Amandla wumnikezeli filtration uquqaba amanzi, nge zamanje okuyinto izinhlayiya ezincane baletha ukudla okukhiqizwe ngendlela engokwemvelo kokukhonza umzimba.

Polyp ungakwazi ukuhlela umphakathi omkhulu. Ngokufanayo, alternation izizukulwane e coelenterates kudala eziphilayo isikhathi eside amafomu wamakoloni polyp ngesimo coral. Uma izimo ezithile zenzeka ukuthi ngamunye (ushintsho lokushisa, isikhathi sonyaka, ekushintsheni undercurrents, esigabeni ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, ukufuduka, njll), ama-polyp iveze imiqumbe jellyfish encane. Jellyfish kukhona mobile futhi kalula zingasuswa emanzini, lo izilwane ezidla ezinye endleleni kwamandla. Khulisa yobudala ukulungela ngokobulili, jellyfish zinhlobo angaqhubeka nomjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa esebenzisa ukuzala. iseli elivundisiwe eba izibungu mobile ezizika phansi, anamekwe substrate, ulahlekelwe ukuhamba yabo futhi bakhulise ibe polyp. Noma alternation of izizukulwane - ke sika umjikeleto wemphilo, sibhekana uhlobo okuyinto njalo ivale, abuyele isigaba saso sokuqala, kodwa nge ahlukene-chromosomes, futhi ngenxa yalokho nako nabanye izici.

Mosses futhi ukukhiqiza kabusha indlela ucansi

Noma alternation of izizukulwane kwenzeka izitshalo ephakeme, kuhlanganise wona. Isici nobuntu uMnyango ukuphila isitshalo umjikelezo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ifomu ekuphileni evelele iyona gametophyte njengoba isitshalo zisetshenziswa oluhlaza kokuba ezihlobene leaf-like futhi rhizoids, okuyinto sibona. Noma alternation of izizukulwane e wona ihlinzeka sporophyte, okuyinto esigabeni asexual emjikelezweni ukuthuthukiswa omelelwa ibhokisi encane ekhadini Isiqu nge ezinhlamvu elihlobene ne izinyawo gametophyte, okuyothi ngalo yesondlo bokuphila ingxabano. Sporophyte has a short eshalofini yokuphila, awukwazi ukuthatha impande bebodwa. Bome out emva nokuvuthwa nesimungumungwane ingxabano.

Kungani biology 1 + 1 = 3

Ephawula ngenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi izindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza kabusha anencazelo yabo kwemvelo. Noma alternation of izizukulwane - inqubo ukuthi uthola lezimpawu ezidingekayo kanye nokwenqatshwa ezingadingekile, ebonakaliswa phenotype, ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Kuphela uma ukuveza asexual, "inkantolo" kwemvelo uzobe "obala" ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nokuguqulwa, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-ubulili, ngaphezu ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ku phenotype izibonakaliso kokubili zinhlobo sabazali.

Kungani eziphilayo ezikholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, lapho bekhuluma ukuzala, isamba amayunithi ezimbili akulingani ezimbili (1 + 1 ≠ 2)? Ngoba ngenxa kweqanda ngabanye zezingane uthola iqoqo izakhi zofuzo akuzona ezifanayo kunoma yiziphi izinyoni umzali. Ngamunye ngeke benalesi sakhi sofuzo komama kanye zoyise, kodwa ukuthuthukisa ngesisekelo ulwazi ukuthi sivela kubazali. Kuzoba esiphathiswa lwesithathu, genotype eliyingqayizivele futhi unrepeatable, ngakho izazi zezinto eziphilayo ukuxazulula izibalo isibonelo ihlukile. Yilokhu inikeza alternation izizukulwane ezitshalweni nezilwane ezincelisayo, lapho nge nokuzalwa kabusha entsha ngamunye nesidoda okunikelwe kuba yinkimbinkimbi, nenhle futhi ephelele!