Kuyini kwemvelo? Izinhlobo kwemvelo (etafuleni)

Omunye izindlela main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphezu ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ukufuduka kwabantu nokungabi isakhi sofuzo ukuguqulwa kuyinto ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Izinhlobo kwemvelo kusho ushintsho olunjalo esikhathini genotype, okuyinto ukwandisa amathuba somzimba sokusinda nokuzalwa kwabantu. Evolution ubonakala njalo ngenxa yale nqubo, okungaholela kusukela umehluko zilwane maningi amathuba okuba basinde, lokuzalwa amazinga, ijubane ukuthuthukiswa, impumelelo kokuzalela noma nganoma yiziphi ezinye izici zokuphila.

ibhalansi nature

isakhi sofuzo amaza ahlale njalo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane, inqobo nje uma kungekho izici eziphazamisayo ukuphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa Migration (noma isakhi sofuzo ukugeleza), okungahleliwe drift zofuzo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Kwezakhi - ushintsho okuzenzakalelayo isakhi sofuzo amaza e labantu, okuyinto libhekene izinga eliphansi kwezentuthuko. Kulokhu, lo muntu ihamba komunye labantu kwenye, bese ukushintshwa. Okungahleliwe drift zofuzo - ushintsho ukuthi sisuka kwesinye isizukulwane idluliselwe kwesinye okungahleliwe ngokuphelele.

Zonke lezi zici ukushintsha ukuvama nokungahlanganisiwe izakhi zofuzo ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa amathuba ukusinda i umzimba nokudlala emuva yayo yemvelo. Bonke bangabangasokile izinqubo okungahleliwe. Ukukhethwa zemvelo, izinhlobo kwemvelo kuyimiphumela ngokulinganisela okuphazamisayo yalezi zinhlelo, ngoba uphindaphinde izikhathi izinto ezinezakhi eziguquliwe ukuze izizukulwane eziningi nezigaba asuse izingxenye eziyingozi.

Kuyini kwemvelo?

Ukukhetha Natural kunomthelela ukugcinwa Amalungu alawo maqembu eziphilayo zingcono bazivumelanisa nezimo ngokomzimba futhi yemvelo kwendawo yazo. ke
isinyathelo ezicini heritable phenotypic nokusebenzisa ingcindezi abakhethayo kungathinta noma isiphi isici imvelo, kuhlanganise Ukukhetha ngokobulili kanye nokuncintisana namalungu zohlobo olulodwa noma ezinye.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi le nqubo siqondiswe njalo futhi zikhiqize kwemvelo oluhambelana. Ukukhetha Natural, izinhlobo kwemvelo iyonke, ngokuvamile iholela nokuqedwa ezahlukeneyo kancane kufanelekile.

Ukuhluka ezikhona ngaphakathi lonke labantu eziphilayo. Ngokwezinga elithile lokhu kubangelwa kukhona izakhi zofuzo e ufuzo we umzimba owodwa, nenzalo yayo Angaba yindlalifa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo enjalo. Ngokuhamba ukuphila genomes uxhumana imvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, inani labantu lithuthuka.

Umqondo kwemvelo

Ukukhetha Natural ingenye ngamatshe biology yesimanje. It uba phezu phenotype, ngesisekelo zofuzo okunikeza inzuzo zokuzala ukuze yokudlanga ephakeme sabantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nqubo kungaholela ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kuyinto (nakuba hhayi kuphela) inqubo ebalulekile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphakathi labantu.
Wona kanye umqondo welithi ukuthi zavela futhi lwanyatheliswa ngo-1858 ngu-sikaCharles Darwin futhi Alfred Russel Wallace, ku kuhanjiswa ngokuhlanganyela kwemibhalo mayelana umsuka zilwane.

Igama elithi iye yachazwa ngokuthi fanekiso ukuze Ukukhetha yokufakelwa, ie inqubo lapho izilwane nezitshalo benezici ezithile kubhekwa othandeakayo yokuzalanisa nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Igama elithi "ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo" ekuqaleni ngokungabi bikho ifa theory. Ngesikhathi sokubhala le imisebenzi yakhe ethi Darwin isayensi ayesazobhekana ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isayensi yezakhi zofuzo yanamuhla. Ukuhlanganisa bendabuko kwemvelo kaDarwin nezinto eziningi eziye zatholwa okwalandela zofuzo zakudala yamangqamuzana ubizwa ngokuthi zamagama yesimanje kwemvelo. 3 izinhlobo kwemvelo uhlala nencazelo esiyinhloko kwemvelo oluhambelana.

Kanjani kwemvelo?

Ukukhetha Natural - indlela lapho umzimba isilwane uvuma futhi lithuthuka. Enkabeni yalo, nezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa umuntu ukuthi kangcono imvelo ukusinda, futhi zizalane ngaphezulu ngempumelelo, is izala evundile. Ngemva imijikelezo eziningi yokuzalana zinhlobo abanjalo bangabaphostoli evelele. Ngakho uhlobo izihlungi kahle ingashintshwa abantu ukuze kuzuze sonke isibalo sabantu.

Lena indlela elula elibangela amalungu ethile labantu ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eqinisweni, kungaba igqekezwe izinyathelo ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo: kokuhlukana, ifa, ukukhethwa, isikhathi kanye nendawo.

Darwin kwemvelo

Ngokwemfundiso yeSonto kokukhethwa kaDarwin yemvelo siqukethe izingxenye ezine:

1. Ukuhluka. Ezikhona labantu abonise umehluko ngabanye ngokubukeka nokuziphatha. Lezi zinguquko zingase zihlanganise usayizi umzimba, izinwele umbala, izindawo ebusweni, property izwi noma isibalo inzalo kukhiqizwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izici ayihlobene ne umehluko phakathi kwabantu, okufana nenombolo amehlo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla.
2. Ukulandelana. Ezinye izici uchungechunge ziyadlula kubazali enzalweni. Lezi zici zizuzwe, kuyilapho omunye kakhulu kuthonywa zezemvelo, futhi zizuzwe ababuthakathaka.
3. I okusezingeni eliphezulu ukukhula rate sabantu. Kwenqwaba izilwane ukuze ezizala minyaka yonke izinto eziningi ezinkulu kakhulu kunazo kuyadingeka isabelo sokwaba alinganayo izinsiza phakathi kwazo. Lokhu kuholela mncintiswano interspecific, nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
4. Ukusinda umehluko nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Zonke izinhlobo kwemvelo kwemiphakathi siyekele labo izilwane bayakwazi ezidla imithombo yendawo.

Ukukhethwa Okuyimvelo: izinhlobo kwemvelo

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yasishintsha isiqondiso ikusasa umcabango ngokwesayensi. Ngo isikhungo salo ukukhethwa inqubo yemvelo, okuyinto eyenzeka phezu izizukulwane ezizolandela, futhi ichazwa ngokuthi genotypes umehluko ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Noma iluphi ushintsho ebaleni imvelo (isib ushintsho umbala ipotimende isihlahla) kungaholela lithathelwe lendawo. Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kwemvelo (bheka inombolo etafuleni 1):

eliletha ukuthula Ukukhetha

Ngokuvamile imvamisa yokwanda koshintsho e-DNA engaphakathi ezinye izinhlobo zawo wezibalo kunaleyo nezinye. Lolu hlobo kwemvelo kunomthelela nokuqedwa iyiphi ukweqisa esikhathini phenotypes kakhulu ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo abantu sabantu. Lokhu kunciphisa ukwehluka phakathi olulodwa lwento ephilayo. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi bonke abantu etholwe ngokuphelele ezifanayo.

I ezibangela ukuzinza kwemvelo kanye izinhlobo kungenziwa kafushane echazwe njengo sekulinganiswa noma unganyakazi, lapho bakhona eyohlobo ngaphezulu. Ngokuyinhloko ithonywe wadalula izici polygenic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phenotype ilawulwa izakhi zofuzo eziningana, futhi kukhona ezahlukene umphumela ungase ube yini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izakhi zofuzo zivaliwe noma simaskwe ngamanye, kuncike lithathelwe kokunika amandla.

izici eziningi zabantu walokhu Ukukhetha. Isisindo umuntu ngesikhathi sokuzalwa - akuyona nje imfanelo polygenic, ibuye elawulwa okuthonywa nayizimo zendawo. Izinsana nge isisindo isilinganiso ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kunamathuba amaningi okuthi baphile kunalawo nge encane kakhulu noma likhulu kakhulu.

Kuqondiswe ngu kwemvelo

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ngokuvamile nasemkhakheni nemibandela, kushintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isibonelo, isimo sezulu, isimo sezulu noma inani lokudla kungaholela Ukukhetha ohlangothini. Ukuzibandakanya komuntu kungase futhi kusheshiswe umsebenzi. Abazingeli ngokuvamile ziyababulala izilwane esengeziwe inyama noma ezinye izingxenye ezinkulu zokuhlobisa noma ewusizo. Ngenxa yalokho, inani labantu azothanda skew ubheke abantu ezincane.

I-carnivores emikhulu bulala udle inhlanzi kancane sabantu, siyoba sikhulu ouschestvlyatsya etshekile maqondana abameleli kuphumelele kakhulu futhi esheshayo sabantu. Izinhlobo kwemvelo (ithebula izibonelo № 1) kungaba ngaphezulu ngokucace wabonisa usebenzisa izibonelo zemvelo.

UCharles Darwin watadisha Ukukhetha ohlangothini, ngesikhathi elapha iziQhingi zaseGalapagos. Ubude Uqhwaku izintaka wendawo zashintsha njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka ngenxa imithombo ekhona amandla. Uma kungekho lokusinda izinambuzane izintaka ngoqhwaku esikhulu eside, okwasisiza ukuba ziyazidla lezi zinhlamvu. Njengoba kwaba ngaphezulu nokusebenzisa inyoni ngoqhwaku Ukukhetha ohlangothini kancane kancane bangenwa izinambuzane ezincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izici diversification (siphambukisa) Ukukhetha

Ukukhetha okuphazamisayo - uhlobo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, okuyinto kuqhathaniswa alinganiselwa zinhlobo nezici sabantu. Le nqubo ezingavamile kakhulu, uma thina zichaza izinhlobo kwemvelo kafushane. Divesifikatsionnaya Ukukhetha kungaholela speciation amafomu amabili noma ngaphezulu ezahlukene ezindaweni izinguquko elibukhali imvelo. Njengoba Ukukhetha ohlangothini, le nqubo ingase futhi behlisa ngenxa wethonya elonakalisayo isici womuntu nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Esinye sezibonelo kakhulu wafunda kokukhethwa okuphazamisayo kunjalo izimvemvane eLondon. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, cishe bonke abantu babe umbala ukukhanya. Nokho, lezi izimvemvane efanayo yayifiphele kakhulu ezindaweni zezimboni. Kwakukhona izimo ngokwesilinganiso umbala umfutho. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi uvemvane amnyama wafunda ukuze sisinde ukubaleka ezilwaneni eziyingozi ezindaweni zezimboni ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. amabhu Khanyisa nasezindaweni zezimboni kutholwa kalula wadla nalabo abanukubeza izingane. Isithombe okuphambene siyenzeka ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Butterflies isilinganiso umbala umfutho zibonakala kalula kuzo zombili izindawo, ngakho banesikhathi esincane kakhulu.

Ngakho, incazelo Ukukhetha ukunyakaza phenotype bangamavukela-mbuso ukuba ngokwedlulele, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze Ukuqhubeka kwalezi zilwane zikhona.

kwemvelo kanye kwemvelo

Umqondo oyinhloko we-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ukwehluka kancane kancane savela amafomu ukuphila okulula yaba yiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule (ngoba uqhathanise, engu-Earth kuyinto iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.5 ubudala). Izinhlobo kwemvelo kanye nezibonelo ezivela amagciwane kuqala abantu bokuqala yesimanje ukudlalwa ukuthuthukiswa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo indima ephawulekayo.

Organisms eziye kabi bazivumelanisa imvelo yabo mancane amathuba okuthi ukusinda, futhi zizalane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhi mancane amathuba okuthi zidlulele isizukulwane esilandelayo. Indlela eya ukwehluka zofuzo akufanele elahlekile, kanye nekhono emangqamuzaneni ukuphendula ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo.