Ukwakheka, izingxenye, isakhiwo nezakhiwo igobolondo yomhlaba kwendawo

Izimpumelelo emkhakheni seismology isintu ulwazi eningiliziwe Zomhlaba kanye izingqimba zazo yakhiwa inikezwe. ugqinsi ngalunye has impahla zayo siqu, isakhiwo kanye izici ezithinta izinqubo eziyisisekelo emhlabeni. Ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo kunqunywa igobolondo kwendawo izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko.

Ukumelwa Zomhlaba ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bazama ukuthola baqonde ukwakheka kanye nokwakheka kwe-Earth. Imibono zokuqala babe luyingxenye isimo sokungakhethi kwesikhwama yesayensi ngendlela ezinganekwaneni noma izinganekwane zenkolo ezihilela onkulunkulu. Phakathi nenkathi endala futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi kwakukhona eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningana mayelana umsuka iplanethi nokwenza yayo efanele. Imfundiso endala umhlaba ngesimo sphere flat noma cube. Kakade 6th ekhulwini BC, zefilosofi yamaGreki aqala ukuphikisana ngokuthi umhlaba empeleni uyisiyingi futhi yakhiwa amaminerali kanye nezinsimbi. nokucabanga senziwa ngekhulu le-16, u-Edmund Halley ukuthi Umhlaba siqukethe sphere eyindilinga, futhi ngaphakathi kuyize. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, izimayini kanye izinguquko kwezezimboni nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni okusheshayo sciences emhlabeni. Kwatholakala ukuthi okwakheke rock ahlelwe ukuze kumiswa zabo ngesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi bokuma komhlaba futhi zemvelo athoma ukulemuka bona engu-izinsalela kungaba azimisele kusukela iphuzu Geological umbono.

Ukuphenywa Ukwakheka zamakhemikhali Geological

Sakhiwo izakhiwo igobolondo kwendawo ihlukile kwezinye izingqimba by isakhiwo zamakhemikhali Geological, futhi kunomehluko omkhulu e lokushisa nokucindezelwa. ukuqonda yamanje yesayensi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi Umhlaba esekelwe okucatshangwayo eyenziwe izindlela zokuqapha zokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye yizilinganiso Amasimu okudonsa kanye uzibuthe. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, intuthuko ukuphola radiometric, esisetshenziselwa anqume yobudala amaminerali nasemifantwini yamadwala, kwenza kwaba lula ukuthola idatha olunembile ngoNkulunkulu weqiniso engu-Earth, okuyinto iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4-4.5. Ukuthuthukiswa yezindlela zesimanje izimayini kanye izinsimbi eziyigugu, kanye nokuqwashisa elikhulayo ukubaluleka amaminerali kanye nokusatshalaliswa zabo zemvelo nakho kwaba nengxenye ekusindeni ekugqugquzeleni intuthuko yokwakheka komhlaba banamuhla ngokunenzuzo, kuhlanganise ulwazi mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo izingqimba ayingxenye imvilophi ezindawo ka the Earth.

Sakhiwo izakhiwo imvilophu kwendawo

Geosfera kuhlanganisa hydrosphere, ocwilayo cishe eziyishumi amakhilomitha ukujula phezu kogu lolwandle, futhi uqweqwe umkhathi, asinikeze ukuphakama amakhilomitha angu-30. Okukhulu kunakho ibanga igobolondo kuyahlukahluka amakhilomitha amane. Lesi sendlalelo sibhekene nemiphumela kokubili izinqubo eliwumhlaba futhi emkhathini. Izinto ezitholakala uthi ezintathu ngokomzimba, futhi ungase wakhiwe izinhlayiya ezincane aphansi ezifana athomu, ion kanye nama-molecule kodwa futhi zihlanganisa izakhiwo eziningi ezengeziwe multicomponent. Isakhiwo igobolondo kwendawo ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengento umphakathi zemvelo nezenhlalo. Izingxenye imvilophi kwendawo imelelwa amadwala eMhlabeni uqweqwe, umoya, amanzi, inhlabathi kanye biogeocoenoses.

izici sici geosphere

Sakhiwo izakhiwo igobolondo kwendawo isho inani izici ezibalulekile. Lawa: ubuqotho, umjikelezo we ndaba, isigqi nokuthuthukiswa njalo.

1. Ubuqotho kunqunywa umphumela umzimba okuqhubekayo kanye namandla, futhi inhlanganisela yalokhu zonke izingxenye yokuxhuma kubo yinye ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, lapho ekuguquleni yiziphi izixhumanisi kungaholela izinguquko global e bonke abanye.
2. igobolondo ihlukene libhekene kokuba eyindilinga kwegazi ndaba, ezifana kwegazi emkhathini futhi ulwandle surface imisinga. izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ahambisana ushintsho Ukwakheka uquqaba ndaba (umjikelezo wamanzi). Ngamanye imijikelezo babe chemical ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezithintekayo noma okuthiwa umjikelezo begazi.
3. Esinye isici igobolondo kuyinto nesigqi somqondo, okungukuthi, ukuphindaphindwa ngesikhathi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene kanye izenzakalo. Sibangelwa ikakhulukazi ngentando amabutho yezinkanyezi futhi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Kukhona angu-24 isigqi (imini nobusuku), isigqi yonyaka (zonyaka), isigqi okwenzeka iminyaka eyikhulu (isibonelo, eneminyaka engu-30 nowe lapho kunokwehluka sezulu, izinguzunga zeqhwa, amazinga echibini nomthamo imifula). Kukhona ngisho isigqi okwenzeka amakhulu eminyaka (isib, kushintshana izigaba obandayo futhi zinomswakama nge isigaba sishisa futhi somile, okwenzeka kanye eminyakeni 1800-1900). isigqi Geological zingaba khona cishe usuku eminyakeni million 200 kuya 240, nokunye.
4. Sakhiwo izakhiwo igobolondo kwendawo ihlobene ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.

ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo

Kukhona ezinye izici Imiphumela nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo. Okokuqala, kukhona ukwahlukana endawo amazwekazi, izilwandle futhi olwandle. Kuleli umehluko nomthelela amaphethini kwezendawo isakhiwo womhlaba, kuhlanganise zonation ezindawo altitudinal. Okwesibili, kukhona asymmetry polar kubonakala ukuba khona umehluko okukhulu Northern futhi Southern ama-. Lokhu kubonakala, isibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa amazwekazi nasolwandle, nesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo, ukubunjwa yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene zezinhlanzi kanye landforms kanye namathafa. Okwesithathu, ukuthuthukiswa ku geosphere is ongenakuzihlukanisa kuya heterogeneity lubandlululo kanye zemvelo. Lokhu ekugcineni kuholela yokuthi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene amazinga ahlukene inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni kanyekanye. Ngokwesibonelo, ice age lasendulo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe waqala futhi yaphela ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Ezindaweni ezithile sezulu zemvelo iba zinomswakama ngaphezulu, kuyilapho abanye kukhona isithombe okuphambene ngokuphelele.

lithosphere

Ukwakheka igobolondo kwendawo kuhlanganisa isakhi ezifana lithosphere. Kunzima, ingxenye engaphandle yomhlaba, edlulisela aze aphakame cishe 100 amakhilomitha ukujula. Lesi sendlalelo yakhiwa uqweqwe futhi isiphuku engenhla. I isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi okuqinile emhlabeni ungqimba ephathelene ne-eside ezifana umsebenzi zomhlaba. I lithosphere uhlukaniswe 15 ezinkulu izingqimba zomhlaba: North American, Caribbean, South America, abantu baseScotland beSonto, Antarctic, eYurophu nase-Asia, Arabian, Afrika, Indian, Filipino, e-Australia, i-Pacific, uJuan de Fuca, le Nazca futhi Cocos. Ukwakheka Umhlaba igobolondo kwendawo kulezo zindawo libhekene khona izinhlobo ezahlukene kwamadwala lithosphere futhi isiphuku cortical. uqweqwe Lithospheric elinesimo yezwekazi futhi wasolwandle gabbro gneiss. Ngezansi ukuthi umngcele, e isiphuku engenhla kwenzeka peridotite rocks ikakhulu aqukethe namaminerali Olivine futhi pyroxene.

ukuxhumana kwezingxenye

Ukwakheka imvilophi ezindawo kuhlanganisa geosphere ezine yemvelo: i lithosphere, hydrosphere, umkhathi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Amanzi ahwamuka izilwandle nezilwandle imimoya ukuhambisa ukugeleza komoya phezu kwezwe, lapho kwakhiwa, futhi kwezulu uwela, okuyinto uphindela izilwandle ngezindlela ezahlukene. Umjikelezo begazi umbuso zemifino ukuguqula inorganics ukuze engokwemvelo. Ngemva kokubhujiswa eziphilayo, izinto eziphilayo phinda ungqimba lomhlaba kancane kancane siguqulelwa wezinto ezingaphili.

I izakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu

Izakhiwo ikhava womhlaba:

1. I kungenzeka isitoreji amandla nokuguqulwa ukukhanya welanga.
2. Ukuba khona amandla khulula kwadingeka kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene enkulu kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo.
3. Ikhono esiyingqayizivele ukukhiqiza ukwehlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye ukukhonza njengoba ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo yemvelo ukuphila.
4. ezindawo ikhava izakhiwo zihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene izakhi zamakhemikhali.
5. Amandla iza kokubili kusuka Isikhala kusukela amathumbu ezijulile umhlaba.

Ohlukile imvilophu ezindawo ukuthi at kwalapho kuhlangana khona lithosphere, umkhathi hydrosphere empilweni organic. Kwaba lapha nalaphaya wayesalokhu ukuthuthukisa umphakathi wesintu wonke, esebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ezifanele ukuze baphile. emgodleni ihlukene ihlanganisa yonke le mbulunga, ngakho-ke libizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwamaplanethi ehlanganisa rocks sakhiwa uqweqwe, umoya namanzi, inhlabathi kanye ukwahlukana okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo.