Hydrogen - yini ukuthi izinto? Chemical futhi izakhiwo ngokomzimba hydrogen

Ngamunye isici chemical inezidingo endaweni yaso uhlelo gqwa, okutshengisa izici ezaboniswa kubo futhi ukhuluma oyiyo electronic. Nokho, kukhona esinye oluthile wonke ama-athomu, okuyinto ethatha amaseli amabili nje. Itholakala ezimbili okuphambene ngokuphelele ezakhiweni ezaboniswa amaqembu izakhi. Ingabe i-hydrogen. Lezi zici yenza kungafani.

Hydrogen - akuyona nje isici, kodwa into elula, kanye iyingxenye ebalulekile compounds eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi, biogenic elementi organogenic. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga izici yayo kanye nezimpahla ngokuningiliziwe.

Hydrogen element kwamakhemikhali

Hydrogen --elementi iqembu lokuqala iqembu main, kanye neqembu lesikhombisa iqembu eliyinhloko esikhathini sokuqala encane. Le nkathi siqukethe athomu amabili kuphela: Helium kanye contact isici. Sichaza izici eziyinhloko sesimweni hydrogen ohlelweni gqwa.

1. neenomborosikhundla hydrogen - 1, inani electron kuyafana, ngokulandelana, proton okuningi. mass Atomic - 1,00795. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu IKhompyuthaYami timphawu ne mass izinombolo 1, 2, 3. Nokho, izakhiwo ngamunye buhluke kakhulu, ngoba ngenxa yokwanda kwesisindo per unit ngisho nakanye nje hydrogen double.
2. Iqiniso ukuthi yangaphandle amandla ezingeni liqukethe electron eyodwa kuphela, kungaba kokubili oxidizing kanye nokunciphisa izakhiwo ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva electron ukufinyela uhlala khulula esemkhathini, okuyinto ohilelekile kumiswa izibopho amakhemikhali donor-acceptor indlela.
3. Hydrogen - eyisidalwa esinenkululeko eqinile ukunciphisa. Ngakho-ke, ubhekwa yindawo leqembu lokuqala iqembu main, lapho ehola izinsimbi ezimatasa - ane-alikhali.
4. Nokho-ke, ukusabela nge ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni ezifana, isibonelo, izinsimbi, futhi kungase kube oxidant, ngokwamukela electron. Lezi zinto zehlela kukhona okuthiwa hydrides. Kulesi sisekelo Uyabahola elincane halogens, okuyinto efana.
5. Ngenxa mass elincane kakhulu le-athomu e-hydrogen ubhekwa element akhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuminyana futhi incane kakhulu, ngakho-ke futhi lokuma kalula.

Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi athomu ye-hydrogen - is a unique ngokuphelele, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye isici. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo liphinde ekhethekile, futhi kwakhiwa izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi abaluleke kakhulu. Ake sixoxe ngazo phambili.

izidakamizwa elula

Uma sikhuluma lesi sici njengoba molecule, kumele bathi diatomic. Okungukuthi, i-hydrogen (imfuyo elula), - igesi. ifomula wayo enokwehla kulotshiwe njengoba H _2, kanye ihluzo - ngokusebenzisa olulodwa sigma-isibopho H-H. Mshini ukwakha isibopho phakathi ama-athomu - a covalent non-polar.

Ngisho uHenry Cavendish ngo-1766, wakwazi ukuvula ketshezi. Ukuthi wazibonakalisa ukuthi i-hydrogen - Lapho, igesi, i-omunye elikwaziyo nishaye emoyeni. Kamuva, izakhiwo ziye wafunda kahle, kwaba sobala ukuthi izidakamizwa - elula phakathi adumile.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi Lavoisier awunika igama (njengoba isici, futhi into esekelwe ke) e-Latin - ". Obeletha amanzi" hydrogenium, okusho Owathola 1781 godu lesi sici uHenry Cavendish wafakazela ukuthi amanzi - inhlanganisela hydrogen nomoya-mpilo, isb kuba umkhiqizo ukuphendula yalo. Futhi lokho igesi futhi nokukhanya oluvuthayo kakhulu, kwakuvele kwaziwa ekhulwini XVI, lokhu kwabonakala amarekhodi Paracelsus.

Ngakho, i-hydrogen yamangqamuzana - kuvamile kakhulu emvelweni futhi zemvelo kwakwakhe gaseous ehlanganisa athomu amabili elikwaziyo nishaye emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-molecule ye kungenziwa ukubola zibe ngama-athomu, okuyinto iqhaza ukusabela zenuzi, kuphenduke nucleus helium. Lezi zinqubo ngokuqhubekayo zenzeka Sun futhi emkhathini, okuyizinto abahlinzeki eyinhloko kwakwakhe.

Hydrogen - ikhemikhali uyakwazi bazikhulumele, futhi njengoba i-ejenti oxidizing, futhi njengoba i-ejenti ukunciphisa. Futhi, igama elisetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu izinto ezenziwa abantu.

izakhiwo

Amapharamitha Physical hydrogen has okulandelayo:

1. Ukuvala abacaphuni - (-252.76 ⁰ C).
2. Ukuma - (-259.2 ⁰ C).
3. Esikhathini uhla lokushisa wabonisa iwuketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle, abangenalo iphunga.
4. Ngezinye izingcindezi eliphezulu kakhulu khona snowlike zinhlayiya hydrogen okuqinile.
5. Ezimweni ezithile (umfutho ophakeme futhi lokushisa ongaphakeme) kuyinto ukuguqulelwa isimo metallic.
6. Cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini, ngakho icala kungenzeka by ukufuduka yamanzi ukulungiselela egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.
7. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezejwayelekile hydrogen - Lapho, igesi, i-ayinaphunga, kungekho nto enemibala emihle futhi kunganambitheki.
8. izinto ezingase zibambe umlilo futhi kuqhume.
9. Ancibilikisa kahle izinsimbi, njengoba uyakwazi ekubhebhetselisa ngokusebenzisa Uhlonze lwalo.
10. Cishe izikhathi 14.5 igesi ulula kunokotini emoyeni.

Eheleni crystal we izinto yamangqamuzana elula, zokuxhumana ababuthakathaka, Kalula nje wabulala.

chemical izakhiwo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-hydrogen kungaba abonise kokubili ukunciphisa kanye izakhiwo oxidising. Okungenzeka amandla oxidizing timphawu 1; -1. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa umkhakha ngoba syntheses ahlukahlukene nendlela ezisabela ngayo.

Namachibi izakhiwo hydrogen

1. Ukusebenzisana esebenzayo izinsimbi (ane-alikhali futhi umhlaba ane-alikhali) ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kuholela ekwakhekeni compounds usawoti-like ngokuthi hydrides. Ngokwesibonelo: LiH, noMahakha _2, KH, MgH _2, kanye nabanye.
2. Compounds ezisansimbi kancane esebenzayo ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu noma ukukhanya namandla (i-photochemical Ukuqalwa ukuphendula) lwakha hydrides.

Hydrogen ekunciphiseni izakhiwo

1. Ukuxhumana ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kuphela sasekhaya (njengoba oxidizing ejenti eqinile). Ngenxa yalokho, i-fluoride hydrogen noma hydrofluoric acid hf.
2. Ukuxoxa cishe zonke ze-non-okusansimbi, kodwa ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile kunalokho elawula. Izibonelo ezibangela: H ₂ S, NH _3, H ₂ O,-PH _3, Sih ₄ nabanye.
3. Uyalulama izinsimbi kusuka oxides kwabo izinto ezilula. Lona omunye zezimboni izindlela ngokukhiqiza metal vodorodotermiey -called.

Kufanele futhi ukugqamisa ukusabela ukuthi asetshenziswa syntheses organic. Zibizwa ngokuthi hydrogenation - dehydrogenation ne-hydrogen ukugcwaliswa, okungukuthi, cleavage yayo kusukela engqamuzaneni. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zindlela, sebuningini kugucuka hydrocarbon nezinye organic compounds.

Ukuba nemvelo

Hydrogen - kungukuqiniseka ezivamile eplanethini yethu futhi nangale. Phela, cishe yonke indawo interstellar kanye izinkanyezi ezenziwe ngayo kusukela kule kwakwakhe ikakhulukazi. Emkhathini, kungaba khona ngesimo:

• plasma;
• igesi;
• ion;
• Ama-athomu omoya;
• ama-molecule.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene ukuminyana amafu, ehlanganisa ngokunembile yalolu ketshezi.

Ukukhuluma babukana esiphelweni e uqweqwe eMhlabeni, i-hydrogen endaweni yesibili ku-athomu ye-mpilo ngemva cishe 17% walo. Ifomu khulula iyindlala, kuphela izimali ezincane njengengxenye emoyeni elomile. Egcekeni ezivamile kwalesi sakhi - amanzi. Kungenxa isimo sawo futhi butholakala emhlabeni.

Futhi, i-hydrogen iyingxenye kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-63% emzimbeni womuntu ngesikhathi ingxenyenamba ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. Hydrogen - the isici organogenic ke edonsa molecule amaphrotheni, amafutha, carbohydrate acid nucleic, kanye nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziningi ezibalulekile.

reception

Kunezindlela ezahlukene kokuthola igesi ngaphansi kwethu. Lezi zihlanganisa ezimbonini kanye laboratory zamagama ezahlukeneyo eziningana.

izinqubo Commercial for esikhiqiza hydrogen :

1. Intuthu-methane ukuguqulwa.
2. Gasification kwamalahle - nqubo ihilela amalahle carbon 1000 ⁰ C, kanjalo ukwakha i-hydrogen ne-carbon-olunzulu.
3. Electrolysis. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela izixazululo aqueous nosawoti ahlukahlukene njengoba ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga aliholeli amanzi liphele ngesikhathi cathode.

izindlela Laboratory ngokukhiqiza i-hydrogen:

1. I hydrolysis metal hydrides.
2. Isenzo of acid alulaze ku izinsimbi asebenzayo futhi umsebenzi yesibili.
3. Ukuxhumana of alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi ngamanzi.

Ukuqoqa hydrogen ekhiqizwa, kubalulekile ukugcina tube esiphendula esibhekisa phansi. Phela, igesi ayikwazi eqoqwe njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, i-carbon dioxide. Ingabe i-hydrogen, ke ulula kakhulu kuka air. Ngokushesha ubalekela, futhi izinto eziningi ezinkulu lapho exutshwe emoyeni Kuqhuma. Ngakho-ke, kufanele tube ujike. Ngemva kokuqedwa kwalo kufanele ivalwe ngesivalo zenjoloba.

Ukuhlola ubumsulwa hydrogen eqoqwe kufanele uziyise intamo umdlalo ovuthayo. Uma ukotini buthuntu futhi kuthule - ngakho gas kuhlanzekile, sakugcina emoyeni ukungcola. Uma ikhwela elikhulu - ezingcolile, nge ingxenye enkulu izingxenye angaphandle.

Izindawo yokusetshenziswa

Phakathi omlilo hydrogen kudedelwa kuyinto ngesilinganiso esikhulu kangaka amandla (ukushisa) ukuthi uphethiloli igesi iyona nenzuzo kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, non-engcolisa. Namuhla, Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungagcini kule ndawo. Lokhu kungenxa kabi weluleka hhayi ngokuphelele awuzixazululanga izinkinga zamagama hydrogen okumsulwa, obekungadala ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli sikhungo izinjini kanye namadivayisi ephathekayo, kanye Ukushisa boilers izindlu.

Ngempela, izindlela ukulungiswa negesi kunalokho kuyabiza, ngakho ngaphambi kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa zamagama indlela ekhethekile. Omunye oluyokwenza ukuthola umkhiqizo ngezinga elikhulu futhi zokukhekheleza.

Kukhona izindawo ezithile ezingukhiye lapho igesi isetshenziswa ngaphansi ukucabangela yithi.

1. zamagama Chemical. Ngokusekelwe etholwe hydrogenation insipho, imajarini, plastic. Lapho i-hydrogen iqhaza kwemiqondo methanol kanye ammonia, nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.
2. Esikhathini yokudla - njengoba okufakiwe E949.
3. Imboni zezindiza (rocket, izindiza).
4. Amandla kagesi.
5. Meteorology.
6. Ugqugquzela ukubukeka wezindlu.

Ngokusobala, i-hydrogen egazini kubaluleke njengokugwema kwasakazwa nemvelo. Namanje zidlala indima ebalulekile akha compounds ezahlukene.

compounds hydrogen

Le into eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqukethe ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. izinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo izinto ezinjalo kungathiwa.

1. Halides. I jikelele ifomula - HHal. Okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwazo hydrogen chloride. Lokhu igesi, okuyinto ancibilikisa emanzini ukwakha isixazululo acid hydrochloric. Le asidi kabanzi lisetshenziswe cishe yonke syntheses zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili organic wezinto ezingaphili. Hydrogen chloride - enkompolo kokuba enokwehla ifomula HCL futhi enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ngokuya ukukhiqizwa ngonyaka kuleli zwe. Kukhona halide hydrogen zihlanganisa i-hydrogen iodide, i-hydrogen fluoride ne-hydrogen bromide. Bonke yakha acid elihambisana.
2. hydrogen oluyingozi compounds nonmetal. Cishe bonke amagesi ngempela anobuthi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyi-hydrogen sulfide, i-methane, silane, phosphine, nabanye. Kuyinto oluvuthayo kakhulu.
3. Hydrides - compounds ezisansimbi. Bheka nosawoti kwekilasi.
4. Hydroxides: lezisekelo, acid, nama-compounds amphoteric. Ukwakheka yabo liyadingeka ukufaka ama-athomu ye-hydrogen, eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Isibonelo: NaOH, K ₂ [AL (OH) _4], H _{2 4} SO nabanye.
5. hydrogen hydroxide. Le ngxube kuyinto eyaziwayo kangcono njengoba amanzi. Enye i-nitrous igama hydrogen. ifomula wayo enokwehla kuyinto - H ₂ O.
6. I-hydrogen peroxide. Lokhu oxidizer eqinile, okuyinto inefomula ifomu H ₂ O _2.
7. organic compounds eziningi: hydrocarbon, amaphrotheni, amafutha, lipids, amavithamini, ama-hormone, kanye nezinye amafutha abalulekile.

Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuhlukahluka uxhumano sisuke sicabanga element likhulu kakhulu. Lokhu waphinda kuqinisekisa kwenani nemvelo futhi indoda, kanye lazo zonke izidalwa.

Oxide hydrogen - iyona kuphela umhlabeleli

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, igama plebeian efana - amanzi. Siqukethe ama-athomu ye-hydrogen ababili kwathi omunye umoya-mpilo oxhumene covalent polar izibopho. I-molecule yamanzi kuyinto dipole, echaza eziningi izakhiwo ezaboniswa ke. Ikakhulukazi yokuthi kuba kuphela jikelele.

Kwakungenxa imvelo yasemanzini zenzeka cishe zonke izinqubo zamakhemikhali. Inner ukusabela plastic namandla umzimba eziphilayo nayo eyenziwa nge-hydrogen oxide.

Amanzi ubhekwa ayinto ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphandle ngeke uphile eziphilayo olulodwa ezaziwayo. Emhlabeni, kungaba khona ezintathu zithi wokuhlanganisa:

• uketshezi;
• Negesi (umusi);
• okuqinile (ice).

Kuye IKhompyuthaYami hydrogen engqamuzaneni, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu amanzi.

1. Easy noma protium. Usizo ngokwengqikithi ngenombolo mass 1. Ifomula - H ₂ O. Lokhu kungolunye uhlobo ajwayelekile esebenzisa zonke izinto eziphilayo.
2. Deuterium noma ezisindayo, ke ifomula - D ₂ O. iqukethe IKhompyuthaYami ² H.
3. Superheavy noma tritium. Ifomula njengoba T ₃ O IKhompyuthaYami - ³ N.

izinqolobane ebaluleke kakhulu amanzi ahlanzekile kwi protium iplanethi. Kakade, emazweni amaningi kukhona ukungabi nayo. izindlela athuthukisiwe ngoba impatho amanzi anosawoti ukukhiqiza amanzi ahlanzekile.

Hydrogen peroxide - kuyindlela jikelele

Le ngxube, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-oxidant kakhulu. Nokho, ngokuvamile nezithunywa eqinile angasebenza futhi njengendlela agent ukunciphisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunomphumela oqinile amagciwane.

Enye igama laleli kwakwakhe - peroxide. Kuleli fomu isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. 3% isixazululo compounds crystalline olucutshungulwayo - lokhu izidakamizwa wezokwelapha esetshenziselwa ukwelapha izilonda ezincane sinombono decontamination yabo. Nokho, it is wafakazela ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo ephulukisa amanxeba iyakhula.

Futhi i-hydrogen peroxide isetshenziswa i-rocket fuel e umkhakha for magciwane kanye amakhorali, njenge-ejenti yesivini ukuthola izinto esihambisanayo (foam, isibonelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, peroxide kusiza ukuhlanza okugcinwa, discolor izinwele namazinyo zibe mhlophe. Nokho, umonakalo kwezicubu, ngakho ochwepheshe le njongo is hhayi Kunconywa.