Izindlela ngokukhiqiza izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Izinhlobo Alloys. Ukulungiselela of izinsimbi alikhali

Umuntu namuhla ekuphileni kwayo kwansuku zonke, sizungezwe ezihlukahlukene izinsimbi. izinto kakhulu ukuthi sisebenzisa, lezi amakhemikhali abakhona. Kwenzeka ngoba abantu baye bathola izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukukhiqiza metal.

Siyini isizinda

Lezi izinto ezibalulekile abantu babandakanywe ku-chemistry wezinto ezingaphili. Ithola izinsimbi ivumela umuntu ukwakha ngaphezulu inqubo ephelele, kuthuthukisa ukuphila kwethu. Yini abakubonisayo? Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole izindlela ezivamile esikhiqiza izinsimbi, kubalulekile ukuqonda lokho abayikho. Izinsimbi iqembu izakhi zamakhemikhali ngesimo izinto ezilula kokuba izakhiwo isici:

• ezishisayo kanye conductivity kagesi;

• ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu;

• bukhanye.

Indoda kalula kwehlukaniswe nezinye izinto. Isici nobuntu zonke izinsimbi kuyinto khona kukhanye ekhethekile. Yena livela ibonisa imisebe yokukhanya falling phezu ungaphuthelwa kubo. Isicwebezelisi - eka ezivamile zonke izinsimbi, kodwa ibonakala kahle kakhulu isiliva.

Namuhla, ososayensi bathola 96 zalezi izakhi zamakhemikhali, nakuba kungebona bonke abaqashelwa isayensi olusemthethweni. Basuke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu kuye izakhiwo zabo esingokwemvelo isici. Ngakho insimbi kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

• ane-alikhali - 6;

• ane-alikhali - 6;

• ushintsho - 38;

• Esilula - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

ukuthola izinsimbi

Ukuze bhila ingxubevange kufanele uqale ukuthola isizinda kusuka ore zemvelo. izakhi Native - lawa izinto ezitholakala ngokwemvelo esimweni khulula. Lezi zihlanganisa i-platinum, igolide, ithini mercury. Bahlukene ukungcola athutha noma reagents zamakhemikhali.

I izinsimbi aseleko ekhishwe ukwelashwa nge zezakhi. Atholakala namaminerali ahlukahlukene. Ore - lokhu amaminerali kanye namadwala, aqukethe metal compounds njengoba oxides, carbonates, noma sulfides. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yabo usebenzisa ukuphathwa amakhemikhali.

Izindlela ukuthola izinsimbi:

• yokutakula carbon oxides;

• tin kusukela itshe tin eyamukelayo;

• ukukhiqizwa cast iron kusukela nsimbi ;

• ukushiswa sulphur compounds e amaziko ekhethekile.

Ukuze iwenze ube lula izinsimbi ukuthola emadwaleni ore kunezelwa kubo izinto ezihlukahlukene ngokuthi fluxes. Asiza akhiphe amanyela engadingeki ezifana ubumba, limestone, isihlabathi. Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo ekhiqizwa compounds fusible ngokuthi slag.

Ephambi kwezinduna amanani abalulekile amanyela phambi ore metal sokuncibilikisa okucetshiswe ukususwa ingxenye enkulu izingxenye ezingadingekile. Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi izindlela kulolu ukwelashwa - flotation, la mandla kazibuthe kanye indlela adonsela phansi.

izinsimbi alikhali

IMisa ethola metal alikhali - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ziseZwini imvelo kuphela ngesimo zamakhemikhali. Njengoba basuke ekunciphiseni ejenti, ukulungiselela yabo ephelezelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla izindleko. Kunezindlela eziningana ukuthola izinsimbi alikhali:

• Li ingalungiswa kusuka oxide yayo vacuo noma ncibilika electrolysis chloride yayo imiswe phakathi kucutshungulwa spodumene.

• Sodium ekhishwe yokuwugazinga nge amalahle umlotha e crucibles uphawu noma chloride electrolysis ka ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga nge kwalokho i-calcium. Indlela yokuqala kakhulu isikhathi-ukudliwa.

• potassium etholwe electrolysis ncibilika noma nosawoti yayo, i-sodium umusi edabula chloride yayo. Futhi wawubumba is by ukusabela a oncibilikisiwe potassium hydroxide kanye sodium ketshezi ezingeni lokushisa 440 ° C.

• Cesium futhi rubidium ekhishwe ekubuyiseleni calcium yabo chloride at 700-800 ° C noma zirconium at 650 ° C. Ukulungiselela we metal alikhali ngale ndlela amandla kakhulu olunzulu futhi zibiza.

Umehluko phakathi izinsimbi kanye Alloys

Ngomqondo onabile, umngcele ocacile phakathi izinsimbi kanye Alloys zabo cishe non-akukho, kusukela ngisho okumsulwa kakhulu, izinto ezilula Uyi ingxenyenamba amanyela. Ngakho yini umehluko phakathi kwalokhu? Cishe zonke izinsimbi elisetshenziswa umkhakha nakwamanye amagatsha emnothweni, asetshenziswa ngendlela Alloys etholwe ngokungeza ngenjongo ukuba chemical isici esiyinhloko nezinye izingxenye.

Alloys

Ubuchwepheshe idinga ezihlukahlukene metal izinto. Kulokhu, izakhi okumsulwa chemical kungukuthi cishe kusetshenziswe ngoba awunawo izakhiwo ezidingekayo ukuze abantu. Izidingo zabo siye yasungulwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokukhiqiza Alloys. Le nkulumo ibhekisela material macroscopically homogenous, esakhiwa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu izakhi zamakhemikhali. Kulokhu yezingxenye metallic wansuku zonke ingxubevange. Le into ine isakhiwo ayo. Ngo Alloys ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• isisekelo, ehlanganisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinsimbi;

• anezele elincane ukulungisa kanye alloying izakhi;

• ukungcola iyekiswe ukususwa (inqubo, yemvelo, okungahleliwe).

Lokho Alloys metal kukhona impahla main kwesakhiwo. Ngo ubuchwepheshe, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5,000.

izinhlobo Alloys

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu ezihlukahlukene Alloys, abantu abaningi ukudlala Inani labo okuncike yensimbi kanye ne-aluminium. Is they zivame kakhulu ezitholakala ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Izinhlobo Alloys zihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlukene ngokuvumelana nezimfuno eziningi. Njengoba kukhona izindlela ezahlukene ngokukhiqiza Alloys. Ngokusho lokhu umbandela, bahlukene zibe:

• ingxubevange, okuyinto etholakala ngokuzikhandla crystallization ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga ezihlangene izingxenye.

• Powder, ngokusebenzisa kokucindezelwa ingxube ka izimpushana futhi sintering okwalandela ashisa kakhulu. Futhi ngokuvamile izingxenye Alloys ezinjalo azibona nje elula izakhi zamakhemikhali, kodwa compounds zabo ezihlukahlukene ezifana carbides titanium noma tungsten Alloys ku okuqinile. Ukungeza kubo izinto eziningi ezahlukene ukushintsha izakhiwo metallic izinto.

Izindlela ukulungiswa Alloys ngesimo isihloko esiphelele noma workpiece lihlukaniswa:

• ekubunjweni (silumin, yensimbi inkatho);

• deformable (steel);

• powder (titanium tungsten).

izinhlobo Alloys

Izindlela ngokukhiqiza izinsimbi zihlukile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ekhiqizwa ngenxa kubo izinto babe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Esikhathini okuqinile isimo Alloys yilezi:

• homogenous (iyunifomu), ehlanganisa zinhlayiya yohlobo olufanayo. Basuke uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi owodwa esigabeni.

• heterogeneous (heterogeneous), ukubizwa ngokuthi multi-Isigaba. Uma they etholwe kumila ingxubevange sithathwa isixazululo okuqinile (-matrix isigaba). Ukwakheka izinto heterogeneous yalolu hlobo incike ukubunjwa yayo izakhi zamakhemikhali. Alloys okunjalo kungahlanganisa zingxenye ezilandelayo: izixazululo interstitial kanye substitutional okuqinile, chemical compounds (carbides, compounds intermetallic, nitrides), crystallites izinto ezilula.

ingxubevange izakhiwo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisetshenziselwa izindlela lokuveza izinsimbi kanye Alloys, impahla yabo zinqunywa ngokuphelele isakhiwo crystal we izigaba futhi microstructure lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu. Ngamunye wabo ahlukile. I izakhiwo macroscopic ka Alloys zincike microstructure yabo. Ziyakwazi kunoma isiphi isimo zihlukaniswa isigaba sabo izici akuyi ngetintfo isakhiwo crystal material. homogeneity Macroscopic ka heterogeneous (multiphase) Alloys etholwe ukusatshalaliswa umfaniswano izigaba kuleli matrix metal.

I izakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu ingxubevange ubhekwa weldability. Uma kungenjalo, bakuphi izinsimbi ezifanayo. Ngakho, Alloys babe conductivity ezishisayo kukagesi, ductility futhi reflectivity (isicwebezelisi).

izinhlobonhlobo Alloys

Izindlela ezahlukene ngokukhiqiza Alloys baye bavumela umuntu okuletha inqwaba izinto metallic kokuba izakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nezici. Ngokusho injongo zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• Bezakhiwe (steel, duralumin, yensimbi). Leli qembu kuhlanganisa, Alloys nge anezakhi ezikhethekile. Ngakho bayehluka izakhiwo intrinsically ephephile noma anti-friction. Lezi zihlanganisa zethusi nezitsha zethusi.

• Ukuze agcwalise amabombo (Babbitt).

• Ukuze bafudumale electric futhi imishini yokukala (nichrome, manganin).

• Ukuze kukhiqizwe amathuluzi ukusika (uwine).

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa abantu basebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo izinto eyinsimbi njengemali ongaphakeme-ukuncibilika, ukushisa ukumelana, ukugqwala ukumelana futhi Alloys amorphous. Futhi kukhona kabanzi odonsa esetshenziswa futhi thermoelectrics (selenide teluridy futhi bismuth, okuhola antimony nabanye).

ferroalloy

Cishe zonke zensimbi smelted emhlabeni siqondiswe ukukhiqizwa elula lezinsimbi ingxubevange. It is libuye lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa ingulube yensimbi. yensimbi Alloys yatha- yayo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ifa izakhiwo inenzuzo abantu. Bakhandwa etholwe ngokungeza elula amakhemikhali isici yezingxenye ezahlukene. Ngakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Alloys ahlukahlukene yensimbi ekhiqizwa ngesisekelo into eyodwa, lezinsimbi bese waphonsa ezinsimbini babe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalesi zingabantu sphere ezahlukene isicelo. neningi lezinsimbi kunokukwenza yensimbi. Izindlela ezahlukene wokulungiselela lezi zinsimbi avumele ukuthola amamaki ezahlukene (grade) lezi Alloys yensimbi.

izakhiwo okuthuthukisiwe we Alloys

Ngokusebenzisa izinsimbi alloying nezinye izakhi ezinye Ungathola izinto ezinezici ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla isivuno aluminiyamu okumsulwa 35 MPA. Esikhathini ukulungiswa ingxubevange metal ngethusi (1.6%), Zn (5.6%), i-magnesium (2.5%) inkomba idlula 500 MPA.

Ngenxa kwakwakhe okungu ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene ikhemikhali ingatholakala izinto metallic nge izakhiwo ngcono kazibuthe, ezishisayo noma kagesi. Iqhaza main kule nqubo isakhiwo ingxubevange emele ukusatshalaliswa zinhlayiya yayo futhi uhlobo ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-athomu.

Steel nensimbi

Lezi Alloys akhiqizwa compounds yensimbi ne-carbon (2%). Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa izinto elixutshiwe wanezela kubo a-nickel, i-chromium, vanadium. Zonke izinhlobo kokujwayelekile steel uhlukaniswe:

• carbon ongaphakeme (0.25% carbon) esetshenziselwa womshini ezakhiwe ahlukahlukene;

• carbon okusezingeni eliphezulu (ngaphezu kuka-0.55%) senzelwe ukukhiqizwa amathuluzi ukusika.

lemikhiqizo letehlukene ingxubevange lezinsimbi asetshenziswa isiqoqi sama-softwe, kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

i ingxubevange yensimbi ne-carbon, okuyinto iphesenti 2-4% libizwa ingulube yensimbi. Ukwakheka kwale nto kuhlanganisa silicon. Imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene cast iron kokuba izakhiwo ezinhle lokukhanda.

izinsimbi non-ayoni

Ngaphezu bamba ithambo, nezinye izakhi esetshenziswa ukwenza ezihlukahlukene metal izinto. Ngenxa yalokho compounds zabo kukhona Alloys non-ayoni. Ekuphileni, abantu baye bathola ukuthi isicelo izinto enkulu ngesisekelo:

• yethusi, zethusi ngokuthi. Ziqukethe 5-45% zinc. Uma okuqukethwe 5-20%, nethusi ngokuthi obomvu, futhi uma 20-36% - yellow. Kukhona Alloys zethusi silicon, ithini beryllium, aluminium. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi zethusi. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zalokhu Alloys.

• Hola emele solder ezivamile (tretnik). Kulesi ingxubevange, kuya ku-1 ingxenye chemical pripadaet 2 izingxenye ithini. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa amabombo esetshenziswa Babbitt esiwumfanekiso ingxubevange lomthofu, ithini, i-arsenic ne-antimony.

• aluminium, titanium, magnesium beryllium, okuyizinto engasindi Alloys non-ayoni kokuba amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi enhle kakhulu izakhiwo lokukhanda.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Izindlela eziyinhloko yokuthola izinsimbi kanye Alloys:

• Foundry lapho solidification of ingxube homogeneous we izingxenye ezahlukene esibunjiweyo. Ukuze Alloys usebenzisa izindlela pyrometallurgical ukuthola nezinsimbi electrometallurgical. Samuntu sokuqala isetshenziswa ukufudumeza amandla eluhlaza ezishisayo okuholela phakathi kwenqubo amandla omlilo. Etholwe steel pyrometallurgical kuvulekile-kwemizi amaziko nensimbi e kuqhuma amaziko. Lapho electrometallurgical inqubo feedstock ukufuthelana ku kagesi arc noma lokungeniswa amaziko. Kulokhu, indaba rasslavlyaetsya eluhlaza ngokushesha okukhulu.

• Powder, lapho izimpushana bathole ezinye zezici zalo esetshenziswa ngokukhiqiza i ingxubevange. Ngenxa ngokucindezela kubo ukunikeza umumo othile, bese sintered e amaziko ekhethekile.