Biography emfushane Ivana Fedorova - iphayona, abadala kanye nezingane ebhaliwe

Namuhla, siye saba izincwadi evamile - izincwadi, omagazini, amaphephandaba. Ziyakwazi engabizi, kuthiwa butholakale, yingakho sengqondo maqondana nabo ngokuvamile sokungahloniphi futhi zokunganaki. Futhi uma incwadi kwakubiza kakhulu kunegolide, yebo ababenako kuphela ocebile kakhulu. Ukudalwa ibhuku elilodwa Ngachitha iminyaka eminingi ngezinye izikhathi emashumini. Kwaba umshikashika nzima futhi onzima echazayo kanye ilungelo ukuba umbhali kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso lungelo, okuyinto ungathola hhayi wonke umuntu.

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani izinto zaqala ukushintsha phakathi nekhulu-15, lapho-German Johann Gutenberg yasungulwa yokunyathelisa. ERussia, owokuqala wokunyathelisa ngemiyalo Ioanna Groznogo e 1563 eyakhelwe-Ivan Fedorov. Yini esiyaziyo ke namuhla? Biography emfushane Ivana Fedorova - iphayona, izingane kanye nabantu abadala kuyoba mnandi kakhulu. It is abekwe ngezansi.

umsuka

Ukuze mlando ezithile awazi usuku nendawo umuntu azalelwa Ivana Fedorova, uhlu lozalo lwakhe. It is Nokho babekholelwa, aze azalwe e Moscow, endaweni ethile phakathi iminyaka 1510 futhi 1530, ingeyamakhosi Belarusian Ragozina ubudala. Abacwaningi abaningi ekuphileni iphayona bagcizelele ukuthi wazalwa ngo-1510 esifundazweni Kaluga.

Qala biography

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Ivan Fedorov wafunda e-University of Krakow 1529 i 1532 futhi wathola iziqu ze-bachelor. Leli rekhodi usekhona zomlando University. Mhlawumbe Yilapha lapho uqala ukuzwa mayelana nemidwebo.

Emuva ngo-dolobha, le nsizwa wajoyina iSonto St Nicholas Gostunskii. Bafunde, kahle ukufunda, kahle ezifuywa, wafika ngaphansi ukusekelwa Metropolitan Macarius. Lesi sakamuva kwakuthandeka Tsar Ivan le Kubi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi nguye aphakanyisiwe ukuphathisa ukudalwa umshini wokuqala wokunyathelisa ngezinhlamvu eRussia uyakwazi nsizwa.

Ukwakhiwa ukunyatheliswa endlini yokuqala Russian

Biography emfushane Ivana Fedorova - iphayona, izingane kanye nabantu abadala kwembula iqiniso elibalulekile. Ngo-1550, ukuphila Fedorov wenza esejika. Ngu oda Ioanna Groznogo wayefundiswe ukuhlela zokunyathelisa. Yethulwe operation omkhulu kudivayisi wokunyathelisa wokuqala Russian. Qotho abasizi iphayona onzima baba uPetru Mstislavets futhi Marusha Nerefev. Imisebenzi zaphela kuphela 1563.

"Umphostoli" futhi "Breviary"

April 17, 1563 master waqala ukwakha incwadi yokuqala "Umphostoli." Yaphela cishe ngonyaka. Usuku olusemthethweni yokukhishwa kwawo ubhekwa 1 Mashi 1564.

Noma yimuphi Biography emfushane ka-Ivan Fedorov - iphayona, izingane noma abadala ukubhala, qiniseka ukusho le ncwadi, kodwa ikhumbule amaqiniso athakazelisayo ezifana:

• ncwadi kwakufanele 268 amashidi, zazo 262 sibalwe
• It wadedelwa ngolimi isiSlavonic Esidala;
• ukuphrinta esetshenziswa ezimnyama, negama obomvu eprintiwe izahluko;
• ngohlamvu olukhulu uhlamvu lokuqala ekuqaleni isahluko omusha ngamunye wakhangwa ngesandla ngabaculi;
• Isahluko ngasinye liye wembethe enhle umhlobiso ezimibalabala ngezandla;
• ukuzungeza ingqikithi "Umphostoli" kwaba amakhophi 1,000, zazo ngasinda 47 kuphela.

Ngo 1565, magazini ababili wadedelwa incwadi yesibili - ". Breviary" Kwamakhophi 345 ukuze ezisekhona 7 kuphela.

indiza

Ngokulandelayo, Biography emfushane ka-Ivan Fedorov - iphayona, izingane kanye nabantu abadala ukuze ubhale, lisitshela ukuthi bableka eMoscow. Kwakunezizathu ezizwakalayo eziningana:

• sekuphindze sibe ngemahlahlandlela letinye alwa ukukhanya kakhulu yokwesaba ukuthi lokho bekuyokwenza eKufundza neKubhala incwadi ukuphrinta kufinyeleleke abantu abavamile futhi abantu abafundile kunzima ukuqhuba okuningi;
• Kwakumelwe unganeme ababhali zezindela, empeleni elahlekile isinkwa sabo;
• abefundisi yamemezela okusungulile diabolical yendlu zokunyathelisa.

Push ukuze yokuphunyuka wanika wokhelwa ngo-1566, okwaphumela iphrinta kuqala Ivan Fedorov balahlekelwa cishe konke okungokwakhe. Waya Lithuania.

isikhathi-Lithuanian

Grand Duchy of Lithuania wemukelwa ephrintiwe begolide. Iphrinta kuqala Ivan Fyodorov usebenzisa Hetman Chodkiewicz seyakhe kwesitshalo esisha sokunyathelisa Zabludovo. Ngo 1568-1569 GG. It yanyatheliswa "ivangeli didactic", futhi 1570 wabona ukukhululwa kwe "Psalter nge chasoslovtsem".

Ngesizathu esingaziwa ngokuzumayo Chodkiewicz anqunywe uxhaso sokuphrinta, Fedorov Wethule edolobhaneni engiyalela ukuthi bahlanganyele ukulima. U-Ivan Fedorov - iphayona, Biography iDemo izingane kanye nabantu abadala okuyinto echazwe esihlokweni, wahlala ethembekile udaba lwakhe. Ngakho waqoqa izinto zabo ezibonakalayo futhi nomkhaya (wazi, ukuthi, enenkosikazi futhi izingane) sathuthela edolobheni.

Umsebenzi e Lviv

Lapho ngiyoshumayela okwesithathu, iphrinta kuqala Ivan Fyodorov waqala impilo kabusha. Wahlela sokunyathelisa, lapho 1574 wanyathelisa izincwadi 2:

• "Umphostoli" nezinye izithasiselo nokulungiswa;
• "Primer".

Lesi sakamuva - enye yezincwadi ezibalulekile kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphambi kwesikhathi yethu ifinyelele 1 kuphela Ngokwesibonelo ngakho. Namuhla, lilondolozwe umtapo Harvard.

Okunzima nokushona kwelanga

Ngo-1575, Fedorov Wamukele isimemo kusuka omunye izicukuthwane abacebe - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, abe wokunyathelisa ejele naseVolyn. Pioneer lasamukela futhi futhi yayiswa endaweni entsha. Kukhona imali yenkosi esehlela yokunyathelisa.

Lase-Ostrog kwaba yinkathi ukundlula emphilweni Ivan Fedorov. Nge eminyakeni 1578 futhi ngo-1581. wamkhulula izincwadi 6.

Ngo-1582, okuyinhloko ukuphrinta amacala ibuyiselwe emkhayeni wakhe eLvov, lapho afela khona ngo nobuphofu 1583. Wembelwa lezindela eSt Onufrievskom. Lokhu kwaqeda umshikashika wecala Biography emfushane ka-Ivan Fedorov - iphayona, izingane kanye nabantu abadala ukuze ubhale.